Brachial plexus injuries associated with cervical spine fractures

The concomitant occurrence of brachial plexus injuries and cervical spine fractures in three recent patients is reviewed. The injuries included a fracture or dislocation of the upper portion of the cervical spine and damage to the upper roots of the brachial plexus. All of the patients had associated head injuries and two suffered a spinal cord injury. Recognition of the brachial plexus injury was delayed in each case because of the associated injuries. Probable mechanisms of injury include forced lateral bending of the cervical spine, with or without rotation, combined with forcible depression of the shoulder. All three patients required surgical fusion and/or halo bracing. Two have persistent Erb-type palsies. Brachial plexus injuries must be suspected in all cervical spine injury patients.     

小儿颈椎及颈脊髓损伤的影像学诊断

总结小儿颈椎及颈脊髓损伤的影像学诊断经验。回顾分析 59例小儿颈椎及颈脊髓损伤 ,全部病例均常规摄颈椎正、侧位片及齿状突开口位片 ,2 5例摄断层 ,2 8例摄屈 /伸侧位片。 2 1例行CT扫描 ,2 6例行MRI检查。上颈椎损伤 4 6例 ,其中寰椎椎弓骨折 9例 ,枢椎骨折 7例 ,齿状突骨折 2 1例 ,寰椎椎弓骨折合并齿状突骨折 1例 ,寰椎横韧带断裂 8例 ;下颈椎损伤 1 1例 ,其中椎体骨折 3例 ,脱位 2例 ,骨折脱位 6例 ;多节段间隔性颈椎损伤 2例 ,无X线异常的脊髓损伤 (SCIWORA) 3例。认为影像学检查对于小儿颈椎及颈脊髓损伤的诊断具有重要价值 ,对怀疑有颈椎及颈脊髓损伤的小儿患者应常规摄颈椎正、侧位片及齿状突开口位片 ,小儿颈椎SCIWORA应常规行颈椎MRI检查     

Imaging diagnosis of cervical spine and spinal cord injuries in children

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齿状突骨折并存下颈椎损伤的诊断及治疗

目的 研究齿状突骨折并存下颈椎损伤的机制、临床特点及治疗方法.方法 回顾性分析1999年1月至2004年12月57例经手术治疗的Ⅱ型或浅Ⅲ型齿状突骨折患者的临床及影像学资料.其中并存下颈椎损伤6例,平均年龄54岁,4例同时合并颈椎退行性变或强直性脊柱炎.在下颈椎损伤中,骨折脱位2例,椎间盘、韧带结构损伤4例.6例患者均行上、下颈椎Ⅰ期手术治疗：2例并发脊髓不完全损伤来自于下颈椎损伤,先行下颈椎融合固定;无脊髓损伤4例,其中2例齿状突骨折术前不能复位,先固定齿状突骨折,另2例齿状突骨折术前解剖复位,先固定下颈椎损伤.结果 6例患者术后均获得随访,平均随访10个月,6例齿突骨折及下颈椎损伤均获骨性愈合;未出现与手术直接相关并发症及长期卧床所导致的并发症;2例不完全性脊髓损伤患者术后脊髓功能Frankel分级提高1级.结论 齿状突骨折并存下颈椎损伤的发生率占齿状突骨折的10.5%,多见于合并颈椎退行性变的老年患者,常需MRI检查以明确诊断.手术治疗此类损伤安全有效,可促进康复、减少并发症.对于合并神经功能损伤者,先固定导致神经功能损伤节段;无神经功能损伤者,先处理相对不稳定节段.     

颈脊髓损伤为主严重多发伤的伤害控制(附32例报告)

[目的]探讨伤害控制原则在颈脊髓损伤为主严重多发伤救治中的临床应用。[方法]回顾性分析32例颈脊髓损伤为主严重多发伤患者临床治疗资料，颈椎骨折并截瘫18例，外伤性颈椎间盘突出并高位截瘫2例，颈椎骨折脱位并截瘫12例。神经功能评定按ASIA分级。[结果]31例获得平均14个月随访。29例颈椎骨折愈合，神经症状10例完全恢复，13例有Ⅰ级以上恢复，8例无变化。死亡1例。[结论]颈脊髓损伤为主严重多发伤急诊遵循伤害控制原则，待病情稳定后7—10d内安全地进行最终手术，可提高救治成功率。     

Sternal fractures associated with spinal injury

Twenty-eight cases of sternal fractures and/or dislocations were reviewed for the presence of associated spinal injury. Patient records and radiographs were studied. Sixteen cases had inadequate radiographs to rule out spine fracture. Three cases had known direct injuries to the sternum. Of the remaining nine patients, eight had spine fractures. All of the spine fractures were consistent with a flexion injury mechanism. Three patients had spine fractures at the thoracic level and four at the lumbar level. One patient had lower cervical and thoracic injuries. In the patients with spine injury, the proximal manubrial fragment tended to displace posteriorly. Similarly, the manubrium would move posteriorly in manubriosternal dislocations. A case of spontaneous sternal fracture in a patient with osteoporosis and multiple thoracic compression fractures is described. One patient had open reduction of the manubriosternal joint. Three patients who were admitted for their sternal injuries had spine fractures which were not recognized during the hospitalization. There were no cases of mediastinal injury in the patients with combined sternal and spinal injuries. Flexion injury to the spine may cause buckling of the sternum. However, indirect sternal injury continues to be overlooked. Careful evaluation for spine injuries should be done on all patients with sternal fractures and vice versa.     

Application of damage control orthopedics in 41 patients with severe multiple injuries

Objective： To probe the feasibility and efficacy of damage control orthopedics （DCO） in treating severe multiple injuries. Methods： A retrospective analysis was made on the clinical data of 41 patients （31 males and 10 females, aged 18-71 years, mean： 36.4） with multiple injuries admitted to our department and treated by DCO from January 1995 to December 2005.
Results： As a first-stage therapy, devascularization of internal iliac arteries was performed in 29 patients with pelvic fractures combined with massive bleeding, including ligation of bilateral internal iliac arteries in 21 patients and embolization of bilateral internal iliac arteries in 8. And early external fixation of pelvis was performed in 10 patients. Ten patients with severe multiple injuries combined with femoral fractures were managed with primary debridement and temporal external fixation and 2 patients with spinal fractures combined with spinal cord compression received simple laminectomy. Thirty-one patients received definite internal fixation after resuscitation in intensive care unit. The overall mortality rate was 12.1% （5/41） with an average injury severity score of 41.4. The main causes of death were hemorrhagic shock and associated injuries. Complications occurred in 7 patients including acute respiratory distress syndrome in 3 cases, thrombosis of right common iliac artery in 1, subphernic abscess in 2 and infection of deep wound in lower extremity in 1. After treatment, all the patients got cured.
Conclusions： Prompt diagnosis and integrated treatment are keys to higher survival rate in patients with severe multiple injuries. In this condition, DCO is an effective and safe option.     

The cause of neurologic deterioration after acute cervical spinal cord injury

STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective review was performed to identify patients at risk for secondary neurologic deterioration after complete cervical spinal cord injury. OBJECTIVE: To examine the causes of early neurologic deterioration in patients with complete spinal cord injury at a regional spinal cord injury center. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: After complete spinal cord injury, neurologic deterioration occurs in a subgroup of patients. Despite anecdotal reports, no study has clearly identified the subgroups at highest risks. METHODS: One hundred eighty-two patients with complete spinal cord injury were identified among 1904 consecutive patients with acute spinal trauma evaluated from March 1993 through September 1999. Parameters analyzed included demographics, mechanism of injury, American Spinal Cord Injury Association (ASIA) level on admission and during hospital stay, onset of ascension, blood pressure, hemoglobin, febrile episode, heparin administration, and the timing of operation and traction. Radiographs of patients with ascending complete spinal cord injury were reviewed with attention to fracture type and neurologic and vascular injuries. RESULTS: Twelve of 186 patients with ASIA Grade A (6.0%) complete spinal cord injury had neurologic deterioration during the first 30 days after injury. No patients with penetrating injuries had deterioration. A significant association between death and ascension was observed. The onset of ascension of the injury could be categorized into three discrete temporal subsets. Early deterioration (less than 24 hours) was typically related to traction and immobilization. Delayed deterioration (between 24 hours and 7 days) was associated with sustained hypotension in patients with fracture dislocations. Late deterioration (more than 7 days) was observed in a patient with vertebral artery injuries. CONCLUSION: Delayed neurologic deterioration in complete spinal cord injury (ASIA A) is not rare. Specific causes were identified among discrete temporal subgroups. Management of complete spinal cord injury can be improved with recognition of these temporal patterns and earlier intervention.     

Association of head trauma with cervical spine injury, spinal cord injury, or both

BACKGROUND: Links between cervical spine and/or spinal cord injuries and head trauma have not been reported in detail. METHODS: 188 patients with cervical spine and/or spinal cord injury were divided into two groups, i.e., with upper cervical and mid-lower cervical injury, and compared for head injury. RESULTS: Associated head trauma was investigated in 188 patients with cervical spine and/or spinal cord injuries; 35% had moderate or severe injuries. Brain damage was more frequently observed in patients with upper cervical injury than in those with mid to lower cervical injury. Those patients with upper cervical injury appeared to have an elevated risk of suffering skull base fractures, traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage, and contusional hemotoma. CONCLUSIONS: Approximately one third of patients with cervical spine and/or spinal cord injuries had moderate or severe head injuries. Brain damage was more frequently associated with upper cervical injury. Those patients with upper cervical injury are at greater risk of suffering from skull base fractures and severe intracranial hematomas than those with mid to lower cervical injury.     

强直性脊柱炎脊柱骨折的治疗

目的 了解强且性脊柱炎(AS)脊柱骨折治疗的特点及注意事项。方法对19例AS脊柱骨折病例进行回顾性分析硬随访,19例中颈椎骨折11例,9例发生在C5-7间;胸腰椎骨折8例,7例为应力骨折,均发生存T10-L2间。二柱骨折16例。9例并发脊髓损伤,其中8例为颈椎骨折。所有19例患者均接受了手术治疗。颈椎骨折或脱位采用了4种手术方式,其中9例做了前路间盘切除或椎体次全切除、椎间值骨加钢板内固定术。胸腰椎骨折也做了4种术式,其中5例的术式为后路长节段固定加前、后联合融合,结果术岳18例患者获得了平均46．4个月的随访。并发脊髓损伤的9例患者,术后8例的神经功能有恢复。18例患者的骨折部位均已骨性愈合一术中并发脊髓损伤2例,因脑血管意外死亡1例,并发肺炎2例。结论 AS脊柱骨折好发于下颈椎及胸腰段,大多为三柱骨折,颈椎骨折并发脊髓损伤的发生率较高。胸腰椎多为应力骨折一手术治疗可使大多数患者的骨折愈合良好,神经功能有不同程度的恢复。对颈椎骨折患者,可采用前路椎体问植骨、钢板内固定的术式;而对于胸腰椎骨折,主张后路长节段固定,前、后联合植骨融合,术中及术后均可能出现并发症,应注意预防或避免。     

A multilevel noncontiguous spinal fracture with cervical and thoracic spinal cord injury

Introduction and importanceA multi-level non-contiguous spinal fracture (MNSF) caused by a high-energy impact is a type of complex traumatic injury that is been frequently initially missed, and resulting in delayed diagnosis which adversely affects can result in spinal deformity and neurological deficit. This report describes the operative management of a patient with MNSF with spinal cord injury involving the cervical and thoracic vertebrae by cervical orthosis and posterior thoracic decompression and fusion.Case presentationAn 18-year-old male presented with extensive neck pain and paraplegia (ASIA A), following a motor vehicle accident. Radiographic imaging revealed MNSF: a non-displaced spinous process fracture of C5 (AO Spine subaxial cervical injury classification A0) with spinal cord injury combined with fracture-dislocation of T5 to T9 (AO Spine thoracolumbar injury classification C3). Posterior thoracic decompression and fusion was performed at T3 to T8. After the patient underwent the thoracic spine and cervical orthosis treatment, He received rehabilitation program and training transfer with wheelchair without caregiver. His sitting and balance were significantly improved at the 6 months follow-up. Although the lower extremity functions (ASIA A) may not improve due to the severe spinal cord injury.Clinical discussionMNSF with spinal cord injury following a high-velocity accident is an unstable and complex injury. Important of the clinical assessment and according to the injuries the treatment may vary.ConclusionsCervical orthosis was alternative treatment to preserve cervical motion treatment and posterior thoracic decompression with fixation is an effective option for patients in this MNSF with spinal cord injury.     

胸椎骨折脱位的手术治疗

目的 总结分析胸椎骨折脱位的临床特点,探讨手术治疗方式的选择和疗效. 方法对2004年4月至2007年12月手术治疗的52例胸椎骨折脱位患者资料进行回顾性分析.52例患者骨折共累及70个节段,其中21例为多节段(两个节段以上)骨折.骨折AO分型:A1型15例,A2型3例,A3型5例;B1型2例,B2型3例;C1型3例,C2型19例,C3型2例.术前神经损伤ASIA分级:A级21例,B级4例,C级5例,D级8例,E级14例.后路减压植骨融合椎弓根内固定44例,前路减压植骨融合加内固定7例,前后联合入路1例.多节段固定21例,单节段固定31例. 结果 48例患者术后获12～56个月(平均32.4个月)随访,4例失访.术前椎体高度丢失平均43.6%,最终随访时为7.5%;术前Cobb角平均21.2°,最终随访时为6.2°.术后并发症:肺部感染5例,伤口感染1例,深静脉血栓1例,硬膜外血肿1例.其中21例术前ASIA分级为A级者无改善;2例B级者改善至C级,2例失访;5例C级患者中,2例改善至D级,1例改善至E级,2例失访;8例D级患者均改善至E级;14例E级无变化. 结论胸椎骨折脱位的临床特点为损伤外力强大,损伤部位多在下胸段,中上胸椎骨折造成的脊柱脊髓损伤严重且多发伤合并率高.手术方式以后路椎弓根固定为主,中上胸椎骨折应采用长节段固定,下胸椎骨折可以采用短节段固定.对于不稳定性骨折,即使是合并完全性脊髓损伤,也应考虑早期手术减压并稳定脊柱,以利于患者的早期康复治疗.     

颈椎骨折手术入路的选择策略

目的 回顾性分析前路、后路及前后联合入路手术治疗颈椎骨折的临床效果,为临床颈椎骨折手术入路的选择提供依据. 方法对2004年1月至2008年1月采用前路、后路及前后联合入路手术治疗且获得随访的151例颈椎骨折患者进行回顾性分析.入院时ASIA脊髓损伤分级:A级51例,B级40例,C级28例,D级24例,E级8例.手术方式:前路手术87例,后路手术49例,前后联合入路15例.前路手术方式包括前路颈椎间盘切除或椎体次全切除减压、椎体间融合、前路钛钢板内固定,或齿状突空心螺钉复位固定.后路手术方式主要为椎板切除减压、骨折复位,侧块钢板或椎弓根螺钉内固定.前后联合入路一般先行后路减压,解除关节交锁、骨折复位、植骨内固定,再一期行前路椎间盘或次全椎体切除减压、植骨融合内固定术. 结果 151例患者术后获平均12.5个月(6个月～4年)随访.术后除2例患者外,其余患者伤口均一期愈合.所有骨折复位满意,颈椎排序及稳定性均获得良好恢复,植骨逐步融合.骨折愈合时间平均为2.6个月(2.0～4.5个月).所有患者神经功能均有不同程度恢复,最终随访时ASIA脊髓损伤分级:A级30例,B级24例,C级31例,D级40例,E级26例.其中前路手术和后路手术患者神经功能恢复较好. 结论前路、后路及前后联合入路手术治疗颈椎骨折均可获得较好的临床疗效,三种入路各有其适应证及优、缺点,脊髓受压方向、颈椎骨折的部位及外伤后残留的脊柱稳定性足选择手术入路的关键.     

下颈椎损伤改良Moore分类的临床应用研究

目的：探讨改良Moore分类法在下颈椎损伤中的临床应用。方法：2006年8月至2010年3月收治下颈椎损伤患者200例,男165例,女35例;年龄19-88岁,平均52岁。应用下颈椎损伤改良Moore分类全面地描述下颈椎损伤的状态,颈椎损伤严重程度（稳定性）量化评分与有否神经症状表现相结合,根据骨折类型和稳定性、脊髓或神经根受压损伤情况、韧带损伤后的稳定程度及其他参考因素进行分类诊治,选择治疗方法。其中伴有脊髓神经损伤者130例（ASIA评分：A级6例,B级13例,C级43例,D级68例）,不伴有脊髓神经损伤者70例。对伴有脊髓神经损伤的下颈椎损伤患者,根据ASIA评分进行疗效评定;对不伴有脊髓神经损伤的患者,根据影像学检查对颈椎的序列和高度进行观察。结果：前、左、右侧和后柱均损伤35例;前柱损伤33例;前、后柱均损伤90例;前、左侧和后柱均损伤5例;前、右侧和后柱均损伤3例;前、左侧和右侧柱均损伤3例;前、右侧柱损伤2例;前、左侧柱损伤5例;后柱损伤12例;左侧柱损伤7例;右侧柱损伤5例。200例患者中手术治疗98例,非手术治疗102例（其中可以手术而患者家属要求非手术治疗39例）。完全性脊髓损伤患者中3例行手术后脊髓功能无恢复迹象,ASIA分级无变化,但其肢体麻木、疼痛等症状有不同程度的缓解,另3例未手术患者脊髓功能及肢体症状均无变化。不完全性脊髓损伤患者手术后脊髓功能均有一定程度恢复,ASIA评分平均提高1．2级。未手术的不完全性脊髓损伤患者非手术治疗后ASIA评分平均提高0.3级。不伴有脊髓神经损伤者手术后经影像学检查显示均恢复了颈椎的正常序列和高度。结论：根据改良Moore分类法,稳定性量化评分值大于等于4分有下颈椎不稳可能,需要手术治疗,分值越大,手术指征越明显,若伴有脊髓或神经根受压损伤表现者则有绝对手术指征。稳定性量化评分为3分且伴有脊髓或神经根受压损伤表现者一般也有手术指征。稳定性量化评分为3分不伴有脊髓或神经根受压损伤表现者或3分以下者均不需要手术治疗。应用改良Moore分类法有利于下颈椎损伤患者的临床规范化、标准化诊治,以获得较满意的疗效。     

无骨折脱位型急性中央颈脊髓损伤的手术疗效分析

目的分析评价无骨折脱位型中央颈脊髓损伤的手术治疗效果。方法自2000年5月至2005年4月,手术治疗了52例无颈椎骨折脱位型中央颈脊髓损伤患者,均经术前影像学检查证实。所有患者都接受损伤段颈椎前路或后路减压、融合和内固定手术。住院期间每日进行症状和体征的观测,脊髓功能采用美国脊柱损伤协会（ASIA）标准进行评分,以线性回归分析方法评价手术对患者ASIA评分的影响。随访患者的最终脊髓功能恢复情况,时间从12～42个月,平均29个月。结果手术后ASIA恢复曲线明显较手术前抬升（P〈0．01）。最终随访时所有患者的ASIA运动、针刺觉和轻触觉评分分别为（91±7）,（107±6）和（107±6）分,均较术前有明显好转（P〈0．01）。结论对损伤水平的脊柱充分减压和固定,可以给水肿的脊髓创造一个宽松和稳定的膨胀空间,加速脊髓功能的早期恢复,改善远期效果。     

Tracheostomy after anterior cervical spine fixation

BACKGROUND: Patients with cervical spine injury may require both anterior cervical spine fusion and tracheostomy, particularly in the setting of associated cervical spinal cord injury (SCI). Despite the close proximity of the two surgical incisions, we postulated that tracheostomy could be safely performed after anterior spine fixation. In addition, we postulated that the severity of motor deficits in patients with cervical spine injury would correlate with the need for tracheostomy. METHODS: A retrospective review was undertaken of all adult trauma patients diagnosed with cervical spine fractures or cervical SCI admitted between June 1996 and June 2001 at our university Level I trauma center. Demographic data, severity of neurologic injury based on the classification of the American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA), complications, and use and type of tracheostomy were collected. In the subgroup of patients with unstable cervical spine injury that underwent anterior stabilization and tracheostomy, data regarding timing and technique of these procedures and wound outcomes were also collected. Categorical data were analyzed using chi analysis using Yates correction when appropriate, with p <0.05 considered significant. RESULTS: During this time period, 275 adult survivors were diagnosed with cervical spinal cord or bony injury. Forty-five percent of patients with SCI (27 of 60) and 14% of patients without SCI (30 of 215) underwent tracheostomy (p <0.001). Moreover, on the basis of the ASIA classification system, 76% of ASIA A and B patients, 38% of ASIA C patients, 23% of ASIA D patients, and 14% of ASIA E patients were treated with tracheostomy (p <0.001). In the subgroup that underwent both anterior spine fixation and tracheostomy (n=17), the median time interval from spine fixation to airway placement was 7 days (interquartile range, 6-10 days), with 71% of these tracheostomies performed percutaneously. No patient developed a wound infection or nonunion as a consequence of tracheostomy placement, and there were no deaths because of complications of either procedure. CONCLUSION: These data support the safety of tracheostomy insertion 6 to 10 days after anterior cervical spine fixation, particularly in the presence of cervical SCI. The presence of severe motor neurologic deficits was strongly associated with the use of tracheostomy in patients with cervical spine injury. Percutaneous tracheostomy, which is our technique of choice, may be advantageous in this setting by virtue of creating only a small wound. The optimal timing and use of tracheostomy in patients with cervical spine injury requires further study.     

Combined injuries in the upper cervical spine: clinical and epidemiological data over a 14-year period

Concomitant traumatic injuries in the upper cervical spine are often encountered and rarely reported. We examined the data concerning 784 patients with cervical spine injuries following trauma, including 116 patients with upper cervical spine injuries. Twenty-six percent of patients with upper cervical spine injuries (31 cases) were found to have combined injuries involving either the upper or the upper and lower cervical spine. The frequent patterns were combined type I bipedicular fracture of the axis and dens fracture, and combined dens fracture and fracture of the posterior arch of C1. Other patterns posed specific problems, such as combined dens and Jefferson fracture and combined dens and C2 articular pillar fracture. Seventy percent of atlas fractures, 30% of C2 traumatic spondylolistheses and 30% of dens fractures were part of a combination. A total of 1.7% of patients with lower cervical spine injuries had a combined injury in the upper cervical spine. A comprehensive therapeutic schedule is outlined. Combined injuries in the upper cervical spine should be sought in any patient with a cervical spine injury. Received: 11 October 1999/Revised: 12 February 2000/Accepted: 1 March 2000     

非手术治疗无骨折脱位型颈脊髓损伤预后的多因素分析

目的 :探讨影响非手术治疗无骨折脱位型颈脊髓损伤预后的因素。方法 :回顾性分析2009年1月至2012年12月接受非手术治疗的122例无骨折脱位型颈脊髓损伤患者的临床资料,其中男84例,女38例;平均年龄(52.37±13.27)岁(18~83岁)。选择年龄、性别、受伤原因、受伤至治疗时间、脊髓损伤ASIA分级、MRI脊髓损伤类型、脊髓损伤范围、有效颈椎管率、椎间盘突出Pfirrmann分级、椎间盘突出节段、椎间盘韧带复合体损伤、大剂量甲基强的松龙冲击治疗12个可能对非手术治疗预后产生影响的因素,应用单因素和多因素Logistic回归分析,研究其对预后的影响。结果:单因素分析显示MRI脊髓损伤类型、脊髓损伤范围、有效颈椎管率、椎间盘突出Pfirrmann分级、椎间盘突出节段及脊髓损伤ASIA分级均对预后有显著影响(P均0.05)。进一步行多因素分析,按照其作用强度,影响预后的主要因素依次为:MRI脊髓损伤类型、脊髓损伤范围、有效颈椎管率、椎间盘突出Pfirrmann分级、脊髓损伤ASIA分级(P均0.05)。结论 :影响非手术治疗无骨折脱位型颈脊髓损伤预后的主要因素是MRI脊髓损伤类型及范围,同时与有效椎管率、椎间盘突出程度及脊髓损伤ASIA分级相关。对于选择非手术治疗需谨慎,仅适用MRI检查提示脊髓信号无改变或水肿程度轻且范围局限者,其余则建议积极手术治疗。     

Autonomic dysreflexia: incidence in persons with neurologically complete and incomplete tetraplegia

BACKGROUND: Autonomic dysreflexia (AD) is a common problem in patients with spinal cord injury (SCI) above the T6 neurologic level and may cause serious medical complications if untreated. Previous studies have focused on patients with complete SCI. DESIGN: Prospective analysis of a historic cohort. A retrospective review of a subset of the cohort also was performed. OBJECTIVES: To examine the percentage of persons with complete and incomplete tetraplegia who developed AD and determine whether patients with incomplete injuries were at risk for developing AD; and to study the onset of AD and determine the time period that patients are at risk for developing AD. METHODS: Data were collected prospectively on 332 patients with tetraplegia to determine American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) impairment score, neurologic level, presence of AD, and length of hospital stay. The charts of 34 patients who developed AD were then reviewed retrospectively for further data such as onset and contributing factors of AD. Also obtained were data from the National SCI Statistical Center database for comparison of percentage of patients with complete and incomplete injuries who developed AD. RESULTS: Patients with motor-complete SCI (ASIA A or ASIA B) had a higher percentage of AD (P = 0.001) during their initial hospitalization than did patients with motor-incomplete SCI. However, patients with motor-incomplete injuries also were at risk for developing AD. The onset of AD occurred between 1 and 6 months after injury. CONCLUSION: Patients with incomplete tetraplegia are at risk for developing AD. As hospital lengths of stay decrease, patients may be discharged before onset of symptoms. Patient and family education about AD is, therefore, increasingly important for all patients with tetraplegia.     

胸椎骨折合并胸骨骨折的治疗

目的 探讨胸椎骨折合并胸骨骨折的损伤特点及治疗.方法 1996年5月至2007年11月,治疗胸椎骨折合并胸骨骨折患者21例,男15例,女6例;年龄17～65岁,平均35.4岁.受伤至就诊时间为1～24 h.致伤原因:交通事故伤14例,高处坠落伤5例,钝器伤2例.21例患者均合并多发创伤或骨折,其中胸椎压缩型骨折11例,骨折脱位7例,爆裂型骨折2例,屈曲牵张型骨折1例.完全性神经损伤6例,不完全性神经损伤4例,无神经损伤11例.非手术治疗6例,手术治疗15例.结果 21例患者均获得随访,随访时间8～99个月,平均37.7个月.术后6例完全性神经损伤患者神经功能无明显改善;1例无神经损伤患者出现迟发性神经功能障碍,余10例病情无加重,其中4例仍有胸背局部疼痛;4例不完全性神经损伤患者中1例恢复正常,1例有改善,2例无改善.结论 胸椎骨折合并胸骨骨折的临床特点为致伤暴力大,脊髓损伤严重,合并多发伤的概率高.早期固定胸骨有助于加强胸椎的稳定性,延缓胸椎后凸畸形的进展.