HPLC法测定扎来普隆分散片的含量及有关物质

目的:建立HPLC法测定扎来普隆分散片的含量及有关物质.方法:采用Agilent TC-C18(2)色谱柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm),流动相为乙腈-0.004 mol·L-1醋酸铵溶液(用醋酸调pH至4.0)(38:62),流速为1.0 mL·min-1,柱温为30℃,检测波长339 nm.结果:在选定的色...     

高效液相色谱法测定糠酸莫米松鼻腔喷雾剂的含量

目的:建立测定糠酸莫米松鼻腔喷雾剂含量的高效液相色谱法.方法:采用ODS-C18色谱柱(250mm×4.6mm,5μm);流动相为甲醇-水(75∶25);流速为1.0mL·min-1;柱温为40℃;检测波长为254nm.结果:该方法的线性范围为1.0～100.0μg·mL-1,r=0.999 7.日内和日间精密度均良好(RSD<1.0%).结论:该方法操作简便,结果准确,专属性强,可用于糠酸莫米松鼻腔喷雾剂的质量控制.     

扎来普隆片的人体药动学及生物等效性评价

目的:评价扎来普隆片的生物等效性.方法:20例健康志愿者随机交叉自身对照,单剂量口服扎来普隆片剂和胶囊10mg后,血浆样品经液-液萃取后,以液相色谱荧光检测法测定浓度,进行人体相对利用度及生物等效性研究.结果:受试制剂扎来普隆片及参比制剂扎来普隆胶囊的Cmax分别为(35.01±9.01)和(34.63±12.75)μg·L-1,Tmax分别为(0.72±0.40)和(0.73±0.30)h,t1/2分别为(1.04±0.21)和(1.09±0.39)h,AUC0-t分别为(75.31±26.35)和(74.54±37.13)μg·h·L-1,主要药动学参数均无显著性差异(P>0.05 ).受试制剂与参比制剂的相对生物得用度为(105.94±17.69)%.结论:扎来普隆片与扎来普隆胶囊具有生物等效性.     

高效液相色谱法测定那格列奈含量及其有关物质

目的:采用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测定那格列奈原料、片剂、胶囊的含量及相关物质检查方法.方法:采用Symmetry C18色谱柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm);以乙腈-磷酸盐溶液(每1 000mL水含磷酸二氢钾4.08 g,用磷酸调节pH 2.8)(41:59)为流动相;流速:1.0 mL·min-1;检测波长:214 nm,柱温:室温;进样量:10μL.结果:在该色谱条件下,那格列奈在49～295 mg·L-1范围内呈良好线性关系,r=0.999 9(n=6),平均回收率为99.5%,RSD为1.4%,检测限为7μg·L-1.结论:该方法简便、准确,可作为那格列奈含量及有关物质的测定方法.     

扎来普隆分散片的人体相对生物利用度

目的:研究扎来普隆分散片的人体相对生物利用度.方法:采用随机交叉试验设计,20名健康男性受试者分别单剂量口服两种制剂20 mg,反相高效液相色谱法测定血浆中扎来普隆的浓度.结果:受试者单剂量口服扎来普隆分散片与胶囊后扎来普隆的Cmax分别为(63.6±14.7)和(61.9±16.0)μg·L-1,Tmax分别为(0.9±0.4)和(1.0±0.4)h,T1/2分别为(0.96±0.09)和(0.92±0.10)h,AUC0-6h分别为(156.4±42.8)和(151.4±42.8)μg·h·L-1,AUC0-∞分别为(160.9±46.6)和(155.4±46.0)μg·h·L-1.扎来普隆分散片相对于胶囊的生物利用度为(105.4±20.0)%.结论:两制剂的各药动学参数间差异均无显著性(P＞0.05),经双单侧t检验证实,两制剂具有生物等效性.     

HPLC法检测苯磺酸氨氯地平片剂中的乳糖相关杂质

目的:建立HPLC法测定苯磺酸氨氯地平片剂中的乳糖相关杂质含量.方法:分别选择Kromasil 100-5C18柱(250mm×4.6mm,5μm)、Xtimate C18柱(250mm×4.6mm,5μm)和Agilent HC-C18柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm)为固定相,乙腈-0.05 mol· L-磷酸二氢钾溶液(以三乙胺调节pH为3.0)(35∶65)为流动相,流速为1.0 mL· min-1,柱温为30℃,检测波长为237 nm.分别以标准曲线法和多浓度点法测定校正因子.结果:2种方法测得的校正因子均为2.2;来自3个厂家的苯磺酸氨氯地平片均未检出乳糖相关杂质.结论:该法可用于测定苯磺酸氨氯地平片剂中的乳糖相关杂质含量.     

HPLC法同时测定苦参碱葡萄糖注射液中苦参碱及有关物质的含量

目的:建立高效液相色谱法测定苦参碱葡萄糖注射液中苦参碱及有关物质的含量。方法:以 Lichospher 氨基柱(200mm×4.6mm,5μm)为分离柱;乙腈-0.02 mol·L~(-1)磷酸二氢钠(75:25)为流动相;流速:1.0mL·min~(-1);检测波长:210nm;进样量:20μL。结果:采用该方法线性范围为0.006～0.40mg·mL~(-1)(r=0.9990,n=6);稳定性试验 RSD 为0.43%(n=5);重复性试验 RSD 为0.52%(n=5);平均回收率为100.7%(n=9)。结论:本法简便、准确,重复性好,可用于苦参碱葡萄糖注射液的质量控制。     

高效液相色谱法测定扎来普隆原料的含量

目的:测定扎来普隆原料的含量。方法:采用HPLC法,色谱柱为ODS(250mm×4.6mm,5μm),检测波长为339nm,以甲醇—0.01mol·L~(-1)乙酸铵溶液(600:400)为流动相,柱温为室温。结果:线性范围为0.02～0.08mg·mL~(-1)。结论:该方法准确,可行,快捷。     

高效液相色谱-大气压化学离子化-质谱法测定人血浆中扎来普隆的浓度及相对生物利用度

目的:建立测定人血浆中扎来普隆的高效液相色谱-大气压化学离子化-质谱(HPLC-APCI-MS)分析方法,研究扎来普隆口腔崩解片的人体相对生物利用度.方法:以艾司唑仑(estazolam)为内标,血浆碱化后经醋酸乙酯提取,进行HPLC-APCI-MS测定.色谱柱为Shim-pack VP-ODS C18(250 mm×2.0 mm),流动相为甲醇-水(70:30),流速为0.2 mL·min-1.结果:HPLC-APCI-MS测定人血浆中扎来普隆浓度的线性范围为0.2～100μg稬-1,检测限0.1μg稬-1,提取回收率大于90%,方法的准确性和精密度优于液相色谱-电喷雾离子化-质谱法(HPLC-ESI-MS).18名志愿者单剂量交叉口服试验制剂与参比制剂后的血药浓度测定结果表明,试验片与参比片的主要药动学参数差异无显著性,试验片的相对生物利用度为(107.6±15.3)%.结论:HPLC-APCI-MS方法操作简单,专属性强,灵敏度高,准确性好.试验片和参比片生物等效.     

RP-HPLC测定辛芩口服液中木兰脂素的含量

目的:建立辛芩口服液中木兰脂素含量的RP-HPLC测定方法。方法:采用Shim-pack VP-ODS色谱柱C_(18)(250mm×4.6mm,5μm);流动相为乙腈-四氢呋喃-水(35:2:63);流速:1.0ml·min~(-1);检测波长:278nm;柱温:室温.结果:木兰脂素在32～320μg·ml~(-1)范围内线性关系良好(r=0.9999),平均回收率为100.4%,RSD为0.8%(n=6).结论:该方法简便、灵敏、重现性好。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

---

Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.