188例注射用头孢吡肟不良反应报告分析

目的了解头孢吡肟在临床应用的不良反应,探讨其一般规律及特点。方法对我市5所医院2004年1月～2006年12月ADR监测收集的188例头孢吡肟不良反应报告进行分析。结果头孢吡肟不良反应以神经系统表现为主且主要发生于老年患者,其次为皮肤系统损害及消化系统。结论老年患者应慎用头孢吡肟,规范合理用药,以减少或控制ADR的发生。     

头孢吡肟不良反应48例分析

目的：了解头孢吡肟在临床应用的不良反应，探讨其一般规律及特点。方法：对我院2003年1月-2006年3月ADR监测室收集的48例头孢吡肟不良反应报告进行分析。结果：头孢吡肟不良反应以神经系统表现为主且主要发生于老年患者，其次为皮肤系统损害及消化系统。结论：老年患者应慎用头孢吡肟，规范合理用药，以减少或控制ADR的发生。     

188例注射用头孢吡肟不良反应报告分析

目的 了解头孢吡肟在临床应用的不良反应,探讨其一般规律及特点.方法 对我市5所医院2004年1月～2006年12月ADR监测收集的188例头孢吡肟不良反应报告进行分析.结果 头孢吡肟不良反应以神经系统表现为主且主要发生于老年患者,其次为皮肤系统损害及消化系统.结论 老年患者应慎用头孢吡肟,规范合理用药,以减少或控制ADR的发生.     

某院78例输液反应分析

目的探讨药品不良反应发生的情况,为合理用药提供参考。方法对笔者所在医院2011年4～8月收集的78份输液室ADR报告进行回顾性统计分析。结果引起ADR最多的药物为抗感染药盐酸头孢吡肟,累及器官以皮肤及附件损害最多。结论应加强药品ADR监测及报告工作,保障患者安全合理用药。     

头孢吡肟致脑病1例并文献分析

目的:探讨头孢吡肟所致药品不良反应的一般规律和临床特点,为临床合理用药提供参考。方法:报道1例70岁慢性肾功能不全男性患者使用头孢吡肟后出现精神异常等症状,并检索1994～2010年国内医药期刊公开报道的头孢吡肟致不良反应的病例,进行分析。结果:头孢吡肟不良反应发生率低,其不良反应以神经系统表现为主,且主要发生于老年患者,其次为皮肤及消化系统的损害。结论:老年患者应慎用头孢吡肟,临床医师应规范合理用药,以减少或控制不良反应的发生。     

头孢吡肟不良反应相关因素调查分析及防治探讨

目的了解头孢吡肟在临床应用中的不良反应,探讨其一般规律及特点。方法对56例头孢吡肟不良反应资料进行分析。结果 56例不良反应中,女性不良反应发生率大于男性,且主要发生于老年患者。头孢吡肟不良反应以神经系统表现为主,其次为皮肤系统损害及消化系统。多数药物不良反应在第1次用药时即可出现。结论老年患者应慎用头孢吡肟,规范合理用药,以减少或控制ADR的发生。     

头孢吡肟不良反应相关因素调查分析及防治探讨

目的 了解头孢吡肟在临床应用中的不良反应,探讨其一般规律及特点.方法 对56例头孢吡肟不良反应资料进行分析.结果 56例不良反应中,女性不良反应发生率大于男性,且主要发生于老年患者.头孢吡肟不良反应以神经系统表现为主,其次为皮肤系统损害及消化系统.多数药物不良反应在第1次用药时即可出现.结论 老年患者应慎用头孢吡肟,规范合理用药,以减少或控制ADR的发生.     

头孢吡肟的不良反应及其防治

目的:了解头孢吡肟在临床应用中的不良反应,为临床合理使用头孢吡肟提供参考.方法:收集国内外有关头孢吡肟不良反应的文献(重点是病例报道),并对这些文献进行简要分析.结果:头孢吡肟的不良反应以神经系统表现为主,且主要发生在老年患者和肾功能不全患者.结论:老年患者和肾功能不全患者应慎用或减量使用头孢吡肟.     

头孢吡肟致抗生素脑病1例临床分析

目的探讨头孢吡肟致抗生素脑病的一般规律和临床特点,为促进头孢吡肟在老年患者中的合理应用提供参考。方法分析1例老年女性患者使用头孢吡肟后出现精神异常等症状,检索1994年至2013年国内医药期刊公开报道的头孢吡肟致神经系统不良反应的病例并进行分析。结果患者血清尿素氮及肌酐均在正常范围内,而肌酐清除率下降,停药后逐渐缓解。头孢吡肟致神经毒性反应在老年人、肾功能不良患者中发生率较高。结论常规剂量的头孢吡肟可导致老年患者抗生素脑病,老年患者及肾功能不全患者应用头孢吡肟应谨慎,以减少或控制药品不良反应的发生。     

头孢吡肟药品不良反应回顾性分析

目的 探讨头孢吡肟所致药品不良反应/事件(ADR/ADE)的特点和规律,指导临床合理用药.方法 采用回顾性分析方法分析2002-2011年国内医药期刊使用头孢吡肟发生ADR/ADE的65例报告.结果 65例ADR/ADE与性别关联性不显著,男31例(47.7％),女34例(52.3％);老年患者(＞60岁)发生率较高(67.7％);ADR/ADE以神经/精神系统损害(34例,52.3％)为主,其次为全身性损害(12例,18.5％)和皮肤及其附件损害(9例,13.8％).结论 临床用药应从多个角度出发,加强用药监测,避免不合理用药.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

---

Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.