冠状动脉介入术中低渗和等渗对比剂肾毒性的最新临床证据

对比剂肾病(contrast-induced nephrot oxicity,CIN)定义为患者接受对比剂48～72h内发生、除外其他因素导致的急性肾功能损伤[1]。CIN的诊断标准尚未达成统一,目前通常将接受对比剂48～72h血肌酐绝对值增加44μmol/L(0.5mg/dL)以上或     

等渗对比剂和低渗对比剂与冠心病介入治疗后对比剂肾病及远期预后的关系

目的:探讨等渗对比剂和低渗对比剂与经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)后对比剂肾病(CIN)及远期预后的关系。方法:连续纳入2013年1月1日至12月31日我院所有接受PCI的患者9903例,根据使用对比剂类型分为等渗对比剂组(n=1691)和低渗对比剂组(n=8212)。分析使用等渗对比剂对CIN的发生率及2年远期预后的影响。结果:等渗对比剂组和低渗对比剂组患者的CIN发生率分别为6.2%和9.0%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.001)。经充分校正的多因素分析显示,应用等渗对比剂始终是CIN的独立预测因素(OR=0.629,95%CI:0.495~0.799,P<0.001)。经Cox回归分析显示,相比于低渗对比剂,等渗对比剂并不是2年全因死亡的独立危险因素(OR=0.744,95%CI:0.438~1.263,P=0.273)。结论:与低渗对比剂相比,使用等渗对比剂能显著降低PCI后CIN发生率,但对2年全因死亡率无显著影响。     

对比剂肾病的研究进展

对比剂肾病(CIN)是指在使用对比剂48～72小时内出现的急性肾功能损害,目前已成为医源性急性肾功能衰竭的重要原因之一。CIN发病率在一般人群发病率2%,但在慢性肾功不全、糖尿病等高危人群中发病率明显增加。为降低CIN发病率,在应用对比剂检查前,应准确评价肾功能,进行危险分层。对于高危患者,充分水化、限量、选择低渗透压和低粘度对比剂仍然是预防CIN最有效措施。     

低渗与等渗造影剂对外周血管介入患者发生造影剂肾病的比较研究

目的:对比低渗性造影剂与等渗性造影剂对外周血管介入治疗患者发生造影剂肾病(CIN)的影响。方法:入选2012年1月1日至2013年12月31日间,北京安贞医院血管外科行介入治疗的下肢缺血患者170例,随机分成低渗性造影剂组(欧乃派克)和等渗性造影剂组(威视派克),终点事件是血清肌酐升高44.2μmol/L以上或相对于基线水平升高25%的患者比例。结果:欧乃派克组(n=98)和威视派克组(n=72)发生CIN者分别为26(26.5%)及20(27.8%)例,发生率差异无统计学意义(P=0.856);且对于合并肾功能不全患者,两组CIN发生率差异无统计学意义(P=0.587)。结论:在外周血管介入治疗的下肢缺血患者中,等渗与低渗性造影剂所致CIN发生率类似,等渗性造影剂未显示优越性。     

低渗与等渗造影剂对糖尿病合并慢性肾功能不全患者肾功能影响的比较

目的比较使用低渗与等渗造影剂对糖尿病合并肾功能不全患者肾脏功能的影响。方法回顾性分析住院行冠状动脉造影及介入治疗126例糖尿病合并慢性肾功能不全患者的资料,着重比较低渗与等渗造影剂对糖尿病合并肾功能不全患者肾脏功能的影响。根据使用的造影剂将患者分为低渗造影剂(LOCM)组,86例;等渗造影剂(IOCM)组,40例,比较两组患者的临床特点、手术前后血清肌酐及估算肾小球滤过率变化、造影剂肾病的发生率。结果两组在临床特点、手术前后血清肌酐差值[6.4(38.5)vs.6.0(48.9),P0.05]及肾小球滤过率差值[0.9(9.7)vs.0.9(8.8),P0.05]的均值及造影剂肾病的发生率(24.4%vs.25.0%,P=0.944)比较,差异无统计学意义。结论对于糖尿病合并肾功能不全患者,两种造影剂对肾功能影响相当。     

对比剂肾病的预防治疗进展

正研究显示,对比剂肾病(contrast induced nepheopathy,CIN)首次报道于1954年,Barrels E首次报道了,有关对比剂应用及介入治疗术后出现急性肾损伤(acute kidney injury,AKI)~([1]),从此医学界开始关注CIN的发生,该病为对比剂严重的并发症,且该并发症为医源性肾功能损害的三大病因之一,发病率约3.3%~10.5%~([2]),近日相关研究显示,发病率可能并未达这么高,可能将其他相关性肾损伤误认为CIN~([3]),但目前仍存在争议。     

强化阿托伐他汀治疗在老年肾功能不全患者PCI术后对比剂肾病预防中的作用

目的探讨经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)术前强化阿托伐他汀治疗对老年冠心病合并肾功能不全的患者行PCI术后对比剂肾病(CIN)的预防作用及安全性问题。方法择期行PCI术的老年冠心病合并肾功能不全患者250例,随机分成强化阿托伐他汀组(强化组)和常规阿托伐他汀组(常规组)各125例。两组患者在水化的基础上在PCI术前3 d,分别给予阿托伐他汀40 mg/d和10 mg/d口服治疗。观察两组PCI术前及术后72 h血清尿素氮(BUN)、血清肌酐(Scr)、肌酐清除率(Ccr)、肾小球滤过率(eGFR)、β2微球蛋白(β2-MG)、超敏C-反应蛋白hs-(CRP)、白细胞介素(IL)-6、肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)-α、丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)的变化,记录两组CIN的发病率、住院中阿托伐他汀的不良反应。结果 (1)强化组125例患者,发生CIN3例(2.4%);常规组125例患者,发生CIN12例(9.6%),两组CIN发病率差异显著(χ~2=5.75,P<0.05)。多元Logistic回归分析结果亦表明强化阿托伐他汀治疗是CIN的保护因素(OR=0.079,95%CI 0.009~0.725,P=0.025)。(2)强化组与常规组的PCI术前血BUN、Scr、Ccr、eGFR、β2-MG、hs-CRP、IL-6、TNF-α、ALT等差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。而PCI术后72 h,两组β2-MG、hs-CRP、IL-6、TNF-α较PCI术前增高;Ccr、eGFR较PCI术前降低(P<0.05)。(3)PCI术后72 h,强化组β2-MG、hs-CRP、IL-6、TNF-α的水平低于常规组;Ccr、eGFR则高于常规组(P<0.05)。(4)两组PCI术后72 h ALT较PCI术前未见明显的升高(P>0.05),两组均未出现阿托伐他汀不良药物反应。结论强化阿托伐他汀治疗对于减少老年冠心病合并肾功能不全患者PCI术后CIN发病率具有一定的益处,具有良好的安全性,其机制可能与他汀抗炎症作用因素有关。     

不同水化疗程对慢性肾功能不全患者行经皮冠状动脉介入治疗后对比剂肾病的预防作用

目的探讨术前不同水化疗程对行择期经皮冠状动脉介入(percutaneous coronary intervention,PCI)治疗的慢性肾功能不全患者对比剂肾病(contrast induced nephropathy,CIN)的预防作用。方法本研究为前瞻性、随机、对照临床研究,入选2017年6月至2018年6月南方医科大学深圳宝安医院240例慢性肾功能不全拟行冠状动脉造影(coronary angiography,CAG)或PCI治疗的患者,随机分为6 h-水化(hydration,H)组及24 h-H组,6 h-H组患者于CAG及PCI治疗前以等渗盐水静脉水化6 h,术后维持水化12 h,滴速为1 mL/(kg·h);24 h-H组于CAG及PCI治疗前以等渗盐水静脉水化24 h,术后维持水化12 h,滴速为1 mL/(kg·h)。记录和分析患者在基线及对比剂使用后24 h、48 h、72 h的血清肌酐浓度,主要终点事件为CIN,次要终点事件为全因死亡、血液透析或血液滤过、出血及主要不良心血管事件(major adverse cardiovascular events,MACE)。结果 6 h-H组与24 h-H组患者基线特征比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05);两组术前、术后24 h、48 h、72 h血清肌酐浓度比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05);两组CIN发生率及其他主要不良临床事件发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05);CIN组患者MACE发生率较非CIN组高,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 PCI治疗前水化24 h与6 h对慢性肾功能不全患者血清肌酐浓度的影响无明显差异。     

等渗和低渗对比剂对慢性心力衰竭患者急性肾损伤的Meta分析

目的:系统评价慢性心力衰竭(CHF)患者等渗、低渗对比剂注射后对比剂引起的急性肾损伤(CI-AKI)的发生率.方法:检索PubMed、Embase、Cochrane Library、Web of Science、万方数据库、中国知网、中国生物医学文献数据库、ClinicalTrials.gov数据库,搜集CHF患者等渗...     

严重肾功能不全患者冠状动脉介入治疗后行血液滤过预防对比剂肾病的发生

目的评估严重肾功能不全患者冠状动脉介入治疗后行床旁血液滤过对对比剂肾病（CIN）的发生率及临床疗效的影响。方法回顾性分析本中心30例因严重肾功能不全行冠状动脉介入治疗的患者,术后即刻给予床旁血液滤过,收集临床资料,检测患者术前和术后24 h、72 h、1周的肌酸酐（肌酐）值,并根据Cockcroft和Gault equation公式计算肌酐清除率（CrCl）,评估术后CIN发生率,以及短期临床疗效。结果 30例患者平均年龄（729±8.7）岁,其中男21例（70.0%）。慢性肾疾病分期（CKD）3期3例（10.0%）,CKD 4期20例（66.7%）,CKD 5期7例（23.3%）;平均血液滤过持续时间（7.5±4.1）h,术前和术后24 h、72 h、1周血肌酐值分别为（498.7±143.7）、（353.2±128.0）、（450.0±132.2）、（488.0±145.7）μmol/L,CrCl值分别为（20.3±10.2）、（36.5±14.3）、（28.3±10.4）、（21.0±10.3）ml/min,患者术后未出现CIN。平均随访（3.1±2.6）个月,30例患者未见新发心血管事件,且未见新发需依赖血液透析患者。结论对于严重肾功能不全的患者,介入治疗后行床旁血液滤过可以减少对比剂肾病的发生,是一个可供选择的减少对比剂肾病的预防措施。     

A meta-analysis of the risk of total cardiovascular events of isosmolar iodixanol compared with low-osmolar contrast media

BackgroundThe iso-osmolar contrast agent iodixanol may be associated with a lower incidence of cardiac events than low-osmolar contrast media (LOCM), but previous trials have yielded mixed results.ObjectiveTo compare the risk of total cardiovascular events of the iso-osmolar contrast medium, iodixanol, to LOCM.MethodsMedical literature databases were searched to identify comparisons between iodixanol and LOCM with cardiovascular events as a primary endpoint. A random-effects model was used to obtain pooled odds ratio (OR) for within-hospital and 30-day events.ResultsA total of 2 prospective cross-sectional studies and 11 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) (covering 6859 subjects) met our criteria. There was no significant difference in the incidence of within-hospital and 30-day cardiovascular events when iodixanol was compared with LOCM, with pooled OR of 0.72 (95%CI 0.49–1.06, p = 0.09) and 1.19 (95%CI 0.70–2.02, p = 0.53), respectively. Subgroup analysis showed no relative difference when iodixanol was compared with ioxaglate (OR = 0.92, 95%CI 0.50–1.70, p = 0.80) and iohexol (OR = 0.75, 95%CI 0.48–1.17, p = 0.21). However, a reduction in the within-hospital cardiovascular events was observed when iodixanol was compared with LOCM in the RCT subgroup (OR = 0.65, 95%CI 0.44–0.96, p = 0.03). Sensitivity analyses revealed that three studies had a strong impact on the association of within-hospital cardiovascular events between iodixanol and LOCM. Meta-regression analysis failed to account for heterogeneity. No publication bias was detected.ConclusionsThis meta-analysis demonstrates that there is no conclusive evidence that iodixanol is superior to LOCM overall with regard to fewer cardiovascular events.     

Nephropathy after administration of iso-osmolar and low-osmolar contrast media: Evidence from a network meta-analysis

Background/objectives

Contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) may be a severe complication to the administration of iodine-based contrast media for diagnostic or interventional procedure using radiation exposure. Whether there is a difference in nephrotoxic potential between the various agents is uncertain. We aimed to perform a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized trials on iodine-based contrast agents.

Methods

Randomized trials of low-osmolar or iso-osmolar contrast media were searched in CENTRAL, Google Scholar, MEDLINE/PubMed, and Scopus. Risk of CIN was appraised within a hierarchical Bayesian model computing absolute rates (AR) and odds ratios (OR) with 95% credibility intervals, and probability of being best (Pbest) for each agent.

Results

A total of 42 trials (10048 patients) were included focusing on 7 different iodine-based contrast media. Risk of CIN was similarly low with iodixanol (AR = 5.7% [2.2%–13.9%], Pbest = 18.8%), iomeprol (AR = 6.0% [2.2%–15.4%], Pbest = 24.8%), iopamidol (AR = 6.1% [2.2%–15.5%], Pbest = 21.5%), and ioversol (AR = 6.0% [2.1%–16.4%], Pbest = 31.3%). Conversely, CIN was twice as common with iohexol (AR = 11.2% [4.1%–29.5%], Pbest = 0.1%) and ioxaglate (AR = 11.0% [4.0%–26.9%], Pbest < 0.1%), with both proving less safe than iodixanol (respectively OR = 2.18 [1.22–3.92] and 2.05 [1.26–3.29]), iomeprol (OR = 2.08 [1.04–4.17] and 1.96 [1.06–3.48]) and iopamidol (OR = 2.04 [1.15–3.85] and 1.92 [1.06–3.45]). Data on iopromide were less conclusive (AR = 6.9% [2.6%–17.1%], Pbest = 3.6%).

Conclusions

Iodixanol, iomeprol, iopamidol and ioversol are iodine-based contrast media with a similar renal safety profile. Iohexol and ioxaglate have a poorer renal safety profile, whereas further data may be required on iopromide.     

低渗非离子型造影剂对肾功能影响的前瞻性研究

目的：了解较大剂量新型低渗非离子型造影剂进行血管造影时对肾功能的影响。方法：前瞻性随机观察了100例应用低渗非离子型造影碘普胺进行心血管和肾血管造影病人的肾功能变化,其中造影前肾功能正常者96例,异常者4例。于造影前后第1,3,5d分别监测血肌酐（Scr),内生肌酐清除率（Ccr),血,尿渗透压,24h尿钠,尿糖和尿酶。结果：肾功能正常的96例,用碘普罗胺造影后第1d尿γ－谷胺酰转肽酶（γ－GT）与造影前比差异有显著性（P＜0．05）,但于造影后第3d均恢复到影前水平,Scr与Ccr造影前,后比较差异无显著性。尿常规指标有加重者22例,均于造影后第3－5d恢复到造影前水平。造影前肾功能异常的4例,用碘普罗胺造影后第1,3dScr升高,Ccr下降,第5d恢复到造影前水平。结论：对肾功能正常者用碘普罗胺行血管造影后出现一过性尿酶增加,并出现尿糖,尿蛋白,第3－5d后恢复正常。肾功能轻度异常者用碘普罗胺造影后Ccr下降,经积极处理第5d亦可恢复到造影前水平。     

不同CRRT方法对减少冠心病合并肾病患者PCI术后造影剂肾病的疗效分析

目的 探讨不同连续肾脏替代疗法（CRRT）对经皮冠状动脉介入治疗（PCI）的冠心病合并慢性肾功能不全患者肾功能改善的临床疗效分析。方法 选取2016年1月（与内文不符）[]至2017年8月在我院进行PCI治疗的肾病患者56例作为研究对象,分为两组,普通组28例实行CRRT治疗时间为PCI术后的12小时,加强组CRRP治疗的时间为PCI术前24 h及PCI术后12 h内。将两组患者慢性健康情况、急性生理情况、造影剂肾病（CIN）发生率、血肌酐水平进行比较。结果 普通组与加强组患者一般资料无明显差异。加强组患者CIN发生率比普通组明显减少(7.14% 比39.28%,P< 0.01)。普通组患者PCI术后24 h血肌酐水平比PCI术前增加［(308.14±45.08)μmol/L比 (254.59±80.44)μmol/L, P=0.02］;PCI术后48 h、72 h血肌酐水平与PCI术前差别不大[(232.49±20.12)μmol/L 比 (247.52±54.81)μmol/L 比 (254.59±80.44)μmol/L, P>0.05]。加强组患者PCI术后24 h血肌酐水平与PCI术前无明显差异[(274.04±71.06)μmol/L比 (286.65±53.04)μmol/L,P>0.05];加强组患者PCI术后48 h、72 h血肌酐水平比PCI术前明显减少［(220.12±23.87)μmol/L比 (286.65±53.04)μmol/L,P=0.01］、［(250.17±44.20)μmol/L比 (286.65±53.00)μmol/L,P=0.02］。结论 实施PCI术前、术后均进行CRRT取得的效果比实施PCI术后进行CRRT的效果更好,能够减少造影剂肾病发生。     

Shellfish allergy and relation to iodinated contrast media: United Kingdom survey

AIM: To assess current practice of United Kingdom cardiologists with respect to patients with reported shellfish/iodine allergy, and in particular the use of iodinated contrast for elective coronary angiography.Moreover we have reviewed the current evidence-base and guidelines available in this area.METHODS: A questionnaire survey was send to 500senior United Kingdom cardiologists(almost 50% cardiologists registered with British Cardiovascular Society)using email and first 100 responses used to analyze practise. We involved cardiologists performing coronary angiograms routinely both at secondary and tertiary centres. Three specific questions relating to allergy were asked:(1) History of shellfish/iodine allergy in pre-angiography assessment;(2) Treatments offeredfor shellfish/iodine allergy individuals; and(3) Any specific treatment protocol for shellfish/iodine allergy cases. We aimed to establish routine practice in United Kingdom for patients undergoing elective coronary angiography. We also performed comprehensive PubMed search for the available evidence of relationship between shellfish/iodine allergy and contrast media.RESULTS: A total of 100 responses were received, representing 20% of all United Kingdom cardiologists. Ninety-three replies were received from consultant cardiologists, 4 from non-consultant grades and 3 from cardiology specialist nurses. Amongst the respondents, 66% routinely asked about a previous history of shellfish/iodine allergy. Fifty-six percent would pre-treat these patients with steroids and anti-histamines. The other 44% do nothing, or do nonspecific testing based on their personal experience as following:(1) Skin test with 1 mL of subcutaneous contrast before intravenous contrast;(2) Test dose 2 mL contrast before coronary injection;(3) Close observation for shellfish allergy patients; and(4) Minimal evidence that the steroid and anti-histamine regime is effective but it makes us feel better.CONCLUSION: There is no evidence that allergy to shellfish alters the risk of reaction to intravenous contrast more than any other allergy and asking about such allergies in pre-angiogram assessment will not provide any additional information except propagating the myth.     

Effect of nonionic radiocontrast agents on the occurrence of contrast-induced nephropathy in patients with mild-moderate chronic renal insufficiency: pooled analysis of the randomized trials.

Contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) is associated with high morbidity and mortality. The recent literature contains numerous clinical trials with similar design, endpoints, and patient populations, describing the nephrotoxic effects of various contrast agents, which are higher with ionic vs. nonionic contrast agents. The difference in the incidence of CIN with nonionic contrast agents may be due to the number of benzene rings (monomer vs. dimer), iodine content, osmolality, and viscosity of the individual contrast agents. We evaluated the recently published data from clinical studies with nonionic iodinated contrast agents in patients with preexisting chronic renal insufficiency (CRI) and report the results of pooled analysis of data from recent prospective independent studies of CIN with various nonionic contrast agents. Review of the recent literature revealed that the CIN incidence varies across the studies reviewed and the contrast agents used. The highest incidence of CIN was observed in studies using iohexol or ioxilan. Results of the pooled analysis of nonionic contrast agents (with more than one randomized study) showed a similar incidence of CIN after iodixanol and iopamidol in patients with preexisting CRI, while both agents showed a significantly lower incidence of CIN compared to iohexol. Since iodixanol is more expensive than iopamidol, this observation may be clinically relevant.     

Pre-diabetes and the risk of contrast induced nephropathy in patients undergoing coronary angiography or percutaneous intervention

BackgroundContrast induced nephropathy (CIN) is a complication of coronary angiography/percutaneous intervention (PCI). It is known that diabetes is an independent risk factor for CIN, but we have no data regarding the association between CIN and glycemic levels in patients without diabetes. Aim of our study was to evaluate whether high level of glycated-haemoglobin in patients without diabetes is associated with an increased risk of CIN.MethodsA total of 1324 patients without diabetes, undergoing elective/urgent coronary angiography/angioplasty were divided according to quartiles of baseline glycated-haemoglobin. CIN was defined as an absolute ≥0.5 mg/dL or a relative ≥25% increase in creatinine level at 24–48 h after the procedure.ResultsPatients with elevated glycated-haemoglobin were older, with hypertension, metabolic syndromes, previous history of AMI, PCI and CABG. They had higher gycaemia, fasting-glycaemia and triglycerides but lower HDL-cholesterol. Patients with higher glycated-haemoglobin were more often on therapy with statins, diuretics and calcium-antagonist at admission, had higher basal, 24 and 48 h creatinine, lower creatinine clearance and lower ejection fraction. They had the highest incidence of PCI and contrast volume-eGFR rate. CIN occurred in 10.6% of patients with a linear association with glycated-haemoglobin (p = 0.001). No relationship was found between glycaemia/fasting glycaemia at admission and CIN. The multivariate analysis confirmed the association between elevated glycated haemoglobin (above the median value 5.7%) and the risk of CIN after adjustment for baseline confounding factors (Adjusted OR [95% CI] = 1.69 [1.14–2.51], p = 0.009). In fact, the results were consistent in major high-risk subgroups.ConclusionThis is the first study showing that among patients without diabetes undergoing coronary angiography/PCI elevated glycated-haemoglobin but not glucose levels is independently associated with the risk of CIN.     

早期连续性血液滤过治疗老年造影剂急性肾损伤患者的疗效观察

目的 观察造影剂导致急性肾损伤老年患者早期应用连续性血液滤过(CVVHF)治疗的疗效.方法 将造影剂引起急性肾损伤老年患者36例,随机分为常规治疗组和CVVHF组,常规治疗组给予常规治疗,CVVHF组行冠状动脉造影后2.5 h立即予CVVHF治疗12 h;观察两组患者肾功能变化、需要暂时肾替代治疗的发生率、冠状动脉造影临床相关事件(肺水肿、心肌梗死、休克)发生率以及住院期间病死率.结果 常规治疗组造影剂肾病发生率为88.9%(16/18),CVVHF组为16.7%(3/18),差异有统计学意义(χ~2=18.836,P<0.01);常规治疗组需暂时肾替代治疗的发生率为72.2%(13/18),CVVHF组为11.1%(2/18),差异有统计学意义(χ~2=13.829,P<0.01);常规治疗组造影临床相关事件发生率为83.3%(15/18),CVVHF组为22.2%(4/18),差异有统计学意义(χ~2=13.486,P<0.01);常规治疗组住院病死率为16.7%(3/18),CVVHF组为5.6%(1/18),差异无统计学意义(χ~2=1.125,P>0.05).结论 早期应用CVVHF治疗老年患者冠状动脉造影后引起的急性肾损伤,可以有效地阻止造影剂对肾功能的损害,并可明显改善患者的预后.