超热中子活化法研究砷中毒大鼠体内砷的分布

目的研究砷中毒大鼠体内砷的分布,探讨地方性砷中毒的病因机制.方法用NaAsO2诱导出大鼠亚急性砷中毒模型,用超热中子活化法测定大鼠的肝、肺、肾、脾、心、脑、卵巢、睾丸、肌肉9种脏器组织中砷的含量.结果中毒组大鼠各脏器组织中砷的含量均极显著高于正常对照组(P＜0.01或P＜0.001).在中毒组大鼠各脏器组织中,肝脏中砷的含量与肾脏、肺无显著性差异(P＞0.05),但与脾脏有明显差异(P＜0.05),与心脏、脑、卵巢、睾丸、肌肉均存在非常显著的差异(P＜0.001).结论砷在肝、肺、肾、脾等脏器中大量的蓄积,导致各器官中细胞的损伤.     

利眠宁在急性中毒大鼠体内的分布

目的建立利眠宁的大鼠中毒模型,观察利眠宁在急性中毒大鼠体内的分布情况。方法实验组(0.5LD50剂量组、2LD50剂量组和4LD50剂量组)大鼠按不同剂量灌胃给药利眠宁,3h后处死,解剖取心、肝、脾、肺、肾、脑、心血、肌肉、胃和睾丸。血和组织样品加入内标物SKF525A后调至pH10乙醚萃取,气相色谱-质谱法定性,气相色谱法定量检测其中利眠宁含量。结果 0.5倍、2倍和4倍LD50实验组大鼠体内利眠宁浓度大小顺序如下,0.5LD50:胃、肝、脑、脾、睾丸、肾、肺、肌肉、心血和心脏;2LD50:胃、肝、肺、脾、心脏、心血、脑、肾、睾丸和肌肉;4LD50:胃、肝、脑、肺、肾、睾丸、肌肉、脾、心脏和心血。结论利眠宁在鼠体内分布不均,无剂量依赖性。     

砷中毒大鼠肝脏亚细胞组分中砷的分布

目的　研究砷中毒大鼠肝脏亚细胞组分 (细胞核、线粒体、溶酶体、微粒体及胞液 )中砷的分布 ,为地方性砷中毒的治疗提供科学依据。方法　用亚砷酸钠 (Na As O2 )诱导出大鼠亚急性砷中毒模型 ,采用差速离心生化分离技术与超热中子活化分析相结合 ,测定大鼠肝脏亚细胞组分中砷的含量。结果　中毒组大鼠肝脏中各亚细胞组分中砷的含量均极显著高于正常对照组 (P <0 .0 1或 P <0 .0 0 1) ;且砷在各亚细胞组分中的浓度并非均匀分布 ,在中毒组肝脏亚细胞中的浓度遵循微粒体 >胞液 >线粒体 >细胞核。结论　砷在微粒体、胞液和细胞核中的大量蓄积 ,可能导致肝细胞损伤。     

曲马多在中毒大鼠体内动态分布研究

目的 研究曲马多在染毒大鼠体内动态分布规律.方法 将曲马多LD50(0.228 g/kg)灌胃染毒的大鼠于不同时间点(5min、15 min、0.5 h、1 h、2 h、3 h、5 h、8 h、14 h、20 h)处死,立即取心血及脏器(心、肝、脾、肾、脑、肺、胃).检材酸化(pH1～2)、碱化(pH14),乙醚萃取两次,挥干定容,气质联用法定性,气相色谱法定量检测曲马多含量.结果 大鼠经LD50给药后均出现抽搐、兴奋性增强、对疼痛反应减弱等症状,个别动物出现中毒死亡现象;不同时间点各组织脏器曲马多含量以脾、肝、肾、肺、胃最高,心血及脑较低.结论 曲马多LD50灌胃大鼠体内曲马多分布不均匀,脏器中含量高于心血含量.曲马多中毒法医学鉴定中应采集心血、肝、肺、肾、胃和胃内容进行全面毒物分析.     

强化SOD刺梨汁对砷中毒大鼠肝脏的保护作用

目的 研究强化SOD刺梨汁(亦称强化SOD刺梨汁，简称SOD刺梨汁)对砷中毒大鼠肝组织砷含量、SOD、MDA、肝功能的影响以及对肝组织的保护作用。方法 以大鼠建立砷中毒动物模型，以二巯基丙磺酸钠(DMPS)作阳性对照，观察强化SOD刺梨汁对砷中毒大鼠肝组织砷含量、肝组织SOD活性、MDA浓度和肝功能的影响及其对肝组织的保护作用。结果 强化SOD刺梨汁对砷中毒大鼠能有效降低砷中毒大鼠肝组织砷含量．纠正砷中毒大鼠肝SOD活性的降低及MDA浓度的升高，防止肝脏损害、肝功能改变。结论 强化SOD刺梨汁能明显示降低砷中毒动物肝砷含量，对砷中毒造成的继发性损害有明显的抑制作用，其作用明显优于DMPS。     

盐酸普罗帕酮在大鼠体内的死后分布研究

目的 观察盐酸普罗帕酮在大鼠体内的死后分布特点.方法 大鼠以3.504 g/kg盐酸普罗帕酮(4倍LD50)灌胃染毒致死,取材,薄层色谱扫描法检测其心、肝、脾、肺、肾、大脑、肌肉、心血和外周血内盐酸普罗帕酮含量.结果 中毒死亡大鼠体内盐酸普罗帕酮含量由高至低依次为肌肉、肺、脾、肝、外周血、心血、心、肾、大脑.结论 盐酸普罗帕酮在中毒死亡大鼠体内分布不均匀,盐酸普罗帕酮中毒死亡法医学鉴定时,除血液外,还可取肌肉、肺、脾和肝等组织进行法医毒物分析.     

氯胺酮在大鼠体内死后的分布研究

目的建立大鼠氯胺酮灌胃给药致死模型,研究氯胺酮中毒大鼠体内的死后分布规律。方法雄性Wistar大鼠12只,随机分为2LD50组和4LD50组,经灌胃匀速注入2LD50(17.28mg/g)和4LD50(34.55mg/g)氯胺酮。观察给药到死亡时的生命体征变化及中毒症状,待呼吸和心跳全部消失时,迅速解剖,取心血、心、肝、脾、肺、肾、脑冷冻保存,碱性乙醚提取,气相色谱质谱法定性、气相色谱定量检测其中氯胺酮含量。结果各脏器组织氯胺酮含量由多到少分别为:①2LD50组:脑肝肾肺、脾、肌、心血、心;②4LD50组:脑、肾、肝肺心血、脾、心肌。结论氯胺酮灌胃给药致死的动物模型,可应用于氯胺酮中毒的法医毒物动力学研究。氯胺酮死后分布不均匀,含血丰富的器官如肺、肝较其他组织和血液含量高,氯胺酮中毒致死案件中,法医学鉴定时应全面正确的采取检材进行毒物分析。     

间充质干细胞在衰老大鼠体内归巢的研究

目的 探究间充质干细胞(MSCs)在衰老大鼠体内的归巢.方法 采用荧光染料CFSE标记的大鼠MSCs以3×105个尾静脉注射正常大鼠和衰老大鼠,24 h后处死大鼠,将脑、心、肝、肺、脾、肾、肠、睾丸和卵巢制作成冰冻切片及细胞悬液涂片,在荧光显微镜下观察并计数.结果 同种异体的MSCs能够归巢到衰老大鼠的脑、心、肝、肺、脾、肾、肠、睾丸和卵巢,与正常大鼠的归巢有相同趋势.结论 MSCs能够归巢到衰老大鼠的各个器官,这可能与局部血流量和组织器官结构有关.     

盐酸氯丙嗪在中毒大鼠体内的死后分布研究

目的 建立氯丙嗪灌胃染毒大鼠致死模型研究染毒致死大鼠体内各脏器氯丙嗪的死后分布规律.方法 雄性SD大鼠6只.体重200 g±10 g经灌胃匀速注入6LD50(1 350 mg/kg)氯丙嗪.观察给药到死亡时的生命体征的变化以及中毒症状,待呼吸和心跳全部消失时,迅速解剖动物,取大脑、心、肝、脾、肺、肾、心血等冷冻保存,碱性乙醚提取,气相色谱质谱法定性、气相色谱定量检测其中氯丙嗪含量.结果 大鼠在氯丙嗪灌胃后均出现体温降低,呼吸减慢,血压下降等症状,于染毒后10 h～11 h死亡.各脏器组织氯丙嗪含量由高到低分别为:胃>肝>肺>脑、脾、肾、心>心血.结论 本研究建立的模型可应用于氯丙嗪法医毒物动力学及中毒案件的法医学研究.氯丙嗪中毒(死)的法医学鉴定中,除了心血、胃外,应采肺、肝、脑、脾、肾、心等检材,进行全面毒物分析,并结合症状及体征发现进行综合判定.     

不同剂量硒对大鼠四种组织器官硒蓄积浓度的影响

目的观察不同剂量硒喂饲SD大鼠后,对其肝、肾、血、睾丸中硒蓄积浓度的影响。方法将40只4周龄雄性断乳大鼠,以缺硒饲料（BD）喂饲35 d后,按体重随机分为4组,每组10只。1组继续BD饲养,其它3组的饲料在BD基础上分别加含0.25、3.0、5.0 ppm亚硒酸钠形式的硒。经过28 d硒蓄积性毒性试验,处死采样,测定肝、肾、血细胞（全血离心沉淀）和睾丸中硒元素蓄积浓度。结果适量硒摄入的大鼠肾与睾丸的硒浓度最高。高硒暴露时,组织硒浓度依次为：肾〉肝〉血细胞〉睾丸。高浓度硒对4种组织硒浓度变化的影响依次是：血细胞〉肝〉肾〉睾丸。结论肝与血细胞硒蓄积浓度的变动幅度大,提示它们对维持其它组织硒含量的相对稳定具有重要作用;而睾丸硒蓄积量的稳定性印证了该元素对雄性生殖功能的重要性.     

Ghrelin tissue distribution: comparison between gene and protein expression

Ghrelin, the natural ligand of the GH secretagogue (GHS) receptor, was originally isolated from the stomach and detected in several tissues, but a systematic study of its tissue distribution has not been performed. In the present investigation, we evaluated ghrelin gene expression (by RT-PCR technique) and ghrelin protein concentration (by enzyme immunoassay technique) in tissues obtained from control rats as well as in rats subjected to 48-h fasting. The ghrelin gene was expressed in stomach, small intestine, brain, cerebellum, pituitary, heart, pancreas, salivary gland, adrenal, ovary and testis, with maximum expression occurring in the stomach, while no significant expression was detected by standard RT-PCR in liver, lung, kidney and skeletal muscle. Ghrelin protein was detected in stomach, small intestine, brain, cerebellum, pituitary, lung, skeletal muscle pancreas, salivary gland, adrenal, ovary and testis, at concentrations ranging from 0.05 to 1.43 ng/mg of homogenate protein (the highest concentration occurred in the lung, followed by the brain). Ghrelin was not detectable in the heart, liver and kidney. Therefore, gene and protein expression were dissociated. Fasting did not produce significant changes in ghrelin gene expression, while the distribution of ghrelin between different tissues was significantly modified: protein concentration increased in the brain, cerebellum, lung and salivary gland, while it decreased in the stomach.     

Tissue distribution and excretion of 125I-lidamycin in mice and rats

AIM: To investigate the tissue distribution, urinary and fecal excretions of 125I-lidamycin (125I-C-1027) in mice and its biliary excretion in rats. METHODS:The total radioactivity assay (RA method) and the radioactivity assay after precipitation with 200 mL/L trichloroacetic add (TCA-RA method) were used to dete-rmine the tissue distribution,and the urinary and fecal excretions of 125I-C-1027 in mice and its biliary excretion in rats. RESULTS:Tissue concentrations reached the peak at the fifth minute after administration of 125I-C-1027 to mice. The highest concentration was in kidney, and the lowest in brain at all test-time points. The organs of the concentrations of 125I-C-1027 from high to low were kidney, lung, liver, stomach, spleen, uterus, ovary, intestine, muscle, heart, testis, fat, and brain in mice. The accumulative excretion amounts of 0-24 h, and 0-96 h after administration of 125I-C-1027 were 68.36 and 71.64% in urine, and 2.60 and 3.21% in feces of mice, respectively, and the accumulative excretion amount of 0-24 h was 3.57% in bile in rats. CONCLUSION: Our results reflect the characteristics of the tissue distribution, urinary and fecal excretions of 125I-C-1027 in mice and the biliary excretion of 125I-C-1027 and its metabolites in rats, and indicate that 125I-C-1027 and its metabolites are mainly distributed in kidney, and excreted in urine.     

Contribution to wet and dry weights of mesenchymal and parenchymatous organs of humans and rats during the course of life (author's transl)]

The wet and dry weights of parenchymatous (lung, heart, liver, kidney) and of mesenchymal organs (aorta, skin, xiphoid cartilage) of humans and rats (both sexes) were investigated during the course of life. Furthermore, these investigations were done on the following rat organs: brain (divided in cerebrum as well as in cerebellum plus pons), spleen, rib cartilage, testis and ovar. The water content of these tissues and organs of both species was calculated by means of their wet and dry weights. The dry weights of the investigated parenchymal and mesenchymal organs of both species remain constant during the whole course of life (pastly until the high senile age)--using freeze-drying. The same is true for the water content: constancy without significant decrease during the investigated life periods and without sex dependent differences.     

Expression of the insulin-like growth factor-II/mannose-6-phosphate receptor in multiple human tissues during fetal life and early infancy.

The insulin like growth factor-II/mannose-6-phosphate (IGF-II/M6P) receptor has been detected in many cells and tissues. In the rat, there is a dramatic developmental regulation of IGF-II/M6P receptor expression, the receptor being high in fetal and neonatal tissues and declining thereafter. We have systematically studied the expression of the human IGF-II/M6P receptor protein in tissues from 10 human fetuses and infants (age 23 weeks gestation to 24 months postnatal). We have asked 1) whether there is differential expression among different organs, and 2) whether or not the human IGF-II/M6P receptor is developmentally regulated from 23 weeks gestation to 24 months postnatal. Protein was extracted from human tissues using a buffer containing 2% sodium dodecyl sulfate and 2% Triton X-100. Aliquots of the protein extracts were analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and immunoblotting using an anti-IGF-II/M6P receptor antiserum (no. 66416) and 125I-protein A or an immunoperoxidase stain. IGF-II/M6P receptor immunoreactivity was detected in all tissues studied with the highest amount of receptor being expressed in heart, thymus, and kidney and the lowest receptor content being measured in brain and muscle. The receptor content in ovary, testis, lung, and spleen was intermediate. The apparent molecular weight of the IGF-II/M6P receptor (220,000 kilos without reduction of disulfide bonds) varied among the different tissues: in brain the receptor was of lower molecular weight than in other organs. Immunoquantitation experiments employing 125I-protein A and protein extracts from human kidney at different ages revealed a small, albeit not significant, difference of the receptor content between fetal and postnatal tissues: as in other species, larger amounts of receptor seemed to be present in fetal than in postnatal organs. In addition, no significant difference of the receptor content between human fetal liver and early postnatal liver was measured employing 125I-protein A-immunoquantitation in three fetal and five postnatal liver tissue samples. The distribution of IGF-binding protein (IGEBP) species, another abundant and major class of IGF binding principles, was also measured in human fetal and early postnatal lung, liver, kidney, muscle, and brain using Western ligand blotting with 125I-IGF-II: as with IGF-II/M6P receptor immunoreactivity there was differential expression of the different classes of IGFBPs in the various organs.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)     

ubiquilin3基因在小鼠组织中的表达及意义

目的 探讨ubiquilin3基因在小鼠心、肝、脾、肺、肾、脑、胃、小肠、大肠、睾丸、卵巢、子宫等多种组织及不同周龄小鼠睾丸组织的表达及其意义.方法 分别利用PCR、Western、Northern等方法,观察ubiquilin3基因在小鼠多种组织、不同周龄的小鼠睾丸组织,mRNA和蛋白水平的表达.结果 在mRNA和蛋白水平上,ubiquilin3基因在其他组织中均没有表达,而在小鼠睾丸组织中特异性表达;在不同周龄的小鼠睾丸组织中,从2周龄的小鼠睾丸组织开始表达,3周表达量逐渐增加,至4周小鼠中表达量达最高,且在成熟小鼠中持续表达.结论 ubiquilin3基因在小鼠睾丸组织特异表达,在成熟小鼠中表达量达到最高值,推测其与小鼠精子生成及精子成熟过程相关.     

Distribution of lung cancer metastases. II. Effect of tumor histology

The various histological types of 1,283 lung cancers show remarkable differences in sex distribution, in mean age at the time of death, in the localization of tumors and duration of cancer disease as well as in their metastatic behaviour. The proportion of the various histological types of lung cancer in ten organs with blood borne metastases has been analysed. Metastases of small cell carcinomas most frequently occur in pancreas, liver, thyroid gland, bone and adrenal, whereas squamous cell carcinomas are found in kidney and heart. Anepidermic squamous cell carcinomas are most frequently seen in brain and large cell carcinomas in the spleen. As already mentioned in the preceding paper, combinations of metastatic affected organs can be seen with special frequencies in all histological types of lung cancer. However, small cell carcinomas provide the most evident findings.     

Levels of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine in cellular DNA from 12 tissues of young and old Sprague-Dawley rats

The age dependent increase of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OH-dG) reported in DNA of organs of old rats appears to vary with the strain, age and sex of the animals used for the investigation. Here we report on 8-OH-dG concentrations in the cellular DNA of 12 tissues of male Sprague-Dawley rats aged 5 or 30 months and kept under standard conditions throughout their lives until being killed. DNA from frozen organs was isolated using a Qiagen DNA purification kit. Following digestion (nuclease P1, alkaline nuclease) hydrolysed DNA was applied onto a HPLC column; native nucleosides were monitored at 254 nm and 8-OH-dG by electrochemical detection. 8-OH-dG levels in organs of young rats ranged between 10 and 90 micromol/mol deoxyguanosine (dG). Highest levels (micromol 8-OH-dG /mol dG) were detected in the oesophagus (90), muscle (61), brain (65), liver (59), spleen (57), and testicles (63). 8-OH-dG in DNA from kidney, lung, heart, small and large intestine ranged between 28 and 38 micromol/mol dG. Lowest amounts were found in the glandular stomach (10). DNA of old rats generally contained higher 8-OH-dG levels with significant increases in liver (186%) and kidney (372%); other organs showed no significant decreases (spleen, brain, testicles) or increases up to 69% (heart). These findings are discussed in the context with previously published data on 8-OH-dG levels in organs from young and old rats.     

Differences in tissue plasminogen activator activity and plasmin inhibition between newborn and adult rat

Histochemically studied, the heart, spleen, liver, kidney cortex, lung, sciatic nerve, gastrocnemius muscle, skin and tongue showed a higher fibrinolytic activity (plasminogen activator activity) in the newborn than in the adult rat. I the medulla of the kidney the activity was slightly lower in the newborn than in the adult. The plasmin inhibition was lower in the newborn than in the adult rat in all organs studied.     

Autoradiographic localization of the binding of 125I-labelled prolactin to rat tissues in vitro.

The binding of 125I-labelled prolactin to normal rat tissues was examined with autoradiographic techniques. Tissue slices were incubated with 125I-labelled ovine prolactin in the presence or absence of excess unlabelled hormone to distinguish between the specific and the non-specific localization of grains. Specific binding was found in the liver, adrenal gland and kidney from female rats, and in the mammary gland, ovary, testis and prostate gland. Conversely, fat, muscle, heart, lung, and spleen from female rats and uterine tissue did not bind 125I-labelled prolactin appreciably, or show competition for binding in the presence of unlabelled hormone. In the testis, prolactin bound exclusively to Leydig cells; in the prostate gland, binding was localized in the secretory epithelium. Kidney tubules in the cortex displayed specific prolactin localization whereas the medulla did not bind prolactin. Adrenal medulla showed no hormone binding; however, the zona reticularis and to a lesser extent the zona fasciculata bound prolactin. In the ovary, grains were limited to the theca and to a lesser extent the corpus luteum and follicles. In all cases, binding was essentially abolished when unlabelled prolactin was included in the incubation medium. These results confirm reports of the presence of prolactin receptors in these tissues and serve to identify the cells within a particular organ that respond to prolactin.