济南市2012年托幼机构手足口病聚集性疫情流行病学分析

了解济南市2012年托幼机构手足口病聚集性疫情的流行特征,为有效防控托幼机构手足口病聚集性疫情提供依据.方法 应用描述性流行病学方法,对2012年济南市托幼机构手足口病聚集性病例流行特征、病原分布等资料进行分析.结果 2012年济南市共报告手足口病聚集疫情342起,其中托幼机构疫情214起(包括1起暴发疫情),累计病例734例.市区托幼机构聚集性病例发病率(15.61/10万)显著高于郊县(7.73/10万)(x2=92.823,P<0.01).4月托幼机构聚集病例开始上升,5-6月报告起数达到高峰.病例以3~4岁为主,占托幼机构聚集性疫情病例总数的81.20%.聚集性疫情主要以CoxA16病毒感染为主(56.77%).结论 托幼机构是手足口病聚集性疫情防控的重点场所,5-7月是防控工作的关键时期.     

2012-2013年平顶山市手足口病聚集性疫情特征分析

摘要:目的　了解2012-2013年平顶山市手足口病聚集性疫情的流行特征,为有效防控疫情提供依据。方法　运用描述流行病学方法分析2012-2013年平顶山市手足口病聚集性疫情的流行病学特征。结果　2012-2013年平顶山市共报告117起手足口病聚集性事件,发病人数277例,发病率为2.82/10万,市区发病率高于郊县。手足口病聚集性病例男性多于女性,发病以5岁以下儿童为主,尤其是1～2岁儿童,发病高峰集中在3-5月,聚集性病例数与整体疫情呈正相关关系（r＝0.843,P＝0.01）。市区手足口病聚集性以托幼机构为主（47.89%）,郊县以家庭为主（63.04%）;病原学以EV71感染为主（61.22%）。结论　在手足口病流行季节,做好5岁以下儿童及托幼机构等场所的防控工作,减少聚集性疫情的发生,是控制手足口病疫情的关键。     

2009—2013年丹东市托幼机构手足口病聚集性疫情分析

目的分析2009—2013年丹东市托幼机构手足口病(HFMD)聚集性疫情的流行病学特征及病原学监测结果,为该地区有效控制HFMD提供科学依据。方法收集2009—2013年丹东市托幼机构HFMD聚集性疫情资料,进行流行病学分析,采集托幼机构患儿发病3 d内的样本开展荧光定量PCR检测。结果 2009—2013年丹东市83起聚集性HFMD疫情均发生在托幼机构,托幼机构病例占全市总病例数的43.76%(1 196/2 733),聚集性疫情病例占托幼机构病例总数的35.62%(426/1 196);托幼机构聚集性疫情在地区间、年龄间和性别间差异均有统计学意义(χ2=31.96、18.73、23.52,P0.01);经回归分析决定系数R2=0.64(F=173.87,P0.01);病原学监测结果显示,聚集性病例EV71检出水平高于全市和托幼机构检出水平(χ2=26.69,P0.01),而其他肠道病毒检出水平低于全市和托幼机构(χ2=8.14,P0.05)。结论托幼机构是HFMD防控的重点场所,应加强与教育等部门间协作防控HFMD疫情,以减少HFMD的暴发流行。今后在托幼机构HFMD聚集性疫情调查处置过程中应继续加强病原学监测。     

2012年天津市北辰区手足口病聚集性病例疫情分析

目的了解天津市北辰区手足口病聚集性病例流行特征,为有效防控手足口病提供参考。方法现场调查天津市北辰区2012年手足口病聚集性病例基本情况,应用描述流行病学方法进行分析。结果 2012年天津市北辰区报告手足口病聚集性病例14起,托幼机构9起,家庭5起,共涉及患儿47例,男童29例,女童18例,3岁以下儿童占68.09%;托幼机构流动儿童与常住儿童之间发病率无显著性差别。病原学分析显示,随机采集其中21例病例的粪便检测,其中9例为EV71型病毒阳性,5例为CoxA16型病毒阳性,4例EV阳性,2例EV与CoxA16型病毒混合感染,1例阴性,阳性率为95.24%。临床症状以手、足、口腔疱疹为主,部分患病幼儿有发热症状,无重症患者。聚集性病例除1、8、10、11、12月份外,其他月份均有报告。结论多部门参与,综合防控手段与宣传教育并重,提高居民手足口病防控知识知晓率,托幼机构加强晨检、消毒等工作,疾控机构加强日常疫情监测,及时发现及处置聚集性疫情,是预防和控制聚集性手足口病疫情流行的有效措施。     

2009-2012年盐城市盐都区托幼机构手足口病流行病学特征

目的了解盐城市盐都区托幼机构手足口病流行特征,为制定防控措施提供参考依据。方法收集2009--2012年盐都区托幼机构手足口病病例,比较各年度发病率、发病人群、地域特征及病原分析结果。结果2009--2012年盐都区托幼机构共报告手足口病804例,其中重症7例,无死亡病例,75起聚集性病例;疫情呈现逐年上升趋势,成为当前盐都区托幼机构存在的与传染性疾病相关的严重的公共卫生问题。盐都区托幼机构手足口病发病主要集中在中小班级,男女性别发病比为1．87：1（524／280）;各区域托幼机构发病数和发病率均逐年上升,东部城郊各年份发病率明显高于中部农村和西部水乡,其中2011—2012年更表现为东部城郊区域流行暴发。2009--2012年托幼机构累计报告实验室确诊病例56例,占报告总数的6．97％;其中肠道病毒EV71型（EV71）29例,柯萨奇病毒A组16型（CoxA16）24例,其他肠道病毒3例,总检出率分别为49．15％、40．68％和5．08％。2009年EV71为优势毒株,2010年转变为CoxA16毒株,2011—2012年EV71和CoxA16均为优势毒株。4年间仅2011年监测重症病例7例,其中6例为EV71,1例为CoxA16。结论盐都区托幼机构手足口病疫情不断蔓延,存在明显的年龄、性别、地区和季节特征和差异,多种病毒株共存。当前防治措施仍以依法加强病例监测报告、控制托幼机构病例聚集和暴发、儿童监护人的健康教育和发病后及早就医为主,严防重症病例的发生。     

2012—2014年武鸣县手足口病病原学与流行特征关系分析

目的了解武鸣县手足口病病原学与流行特征,探讨不同优势病毒的流行特征,为制定预防控制策略提供依据。方法分析2012—2014年手足口病流行特征,探讨病原学检测结果与手足口发病率、聚集性疫情、重症率、重复感染率之间变化关系。结果 2012—2014年武鸣县共报告手足口病12 653例,聚集性疫情151起,重症病例150例,重复感染1 493例。3年间优势病原不断变化,实验室累计诊断手足口病284例,其中EV71阳性142例,占50.00%,Cox A16阳性65例,占22.89%,其它肠道病毒阳性77例,占27.11%。3年间出现4个发病高峰,以EV71和其它肠道病毒为主。共出现3次聚集性疫情高峰,优势病原为EV71和Cox A16。重症病例中EV71阳性80例(占75.47%),Cox A16阳性12例(占8.05%),其它肠道病毒阳性14例(占9.40%)。报告重复感染病例1 493例,平均重复感染率为11.80%,重复感染率相对较高的是2012年第1季度(17.23%)和2014年第4季度(16.60%),2013年第3季度重复感染率较低(6.26%)。结论武鸣县EV71病毒隔年成为优势病原,构成比例越高,发病强度越大,聚集性疫情、重症病例、重复感染率也随之增加。武鸣县手足口病防控形势严峻,应继续加强病原学监测,根据病原学变化,及时调整防控重点。     

2009-2013年扬州市江都区手足口病病原监测结果分析

目的 分析2009-2013年杨州市江都区手足口病病原监测结果,初步掌握该区5年来手足口病流行特征,为该地区手足口病防治工作提供依据. 方法 手足口病病例肠道病毒核酸检测用荧光RT-PCR方法,检测结果用描述流行病学方法分析. 结果 2009-2013年间共检测手足口病咽拭子标本458份,阳性291份,阳性率63.54％,病毒分型以EV71和CoxA16为主,分别占46.74％和35.74％. 结论 该区手足口病流行肠道病毒主要以EV71和CoxA16为主,重点要做好托幼机构手足口病聚集性疫情防控,加强对EV71引起的有中枢神经系统并发症的重症病例的监测,建议开展除EV71和CoxA16以外的常见肠道病毒核酸检测.     

2010～2012年上海市长宁区北新泾地区手足口病聚集性疫情特征分析

目的对上海市长宁区北新泾地区2010~2012年手足口病聚集性疫情特征进行分析,为有效的预防措施和控制方法提供参考。方法对2010~2012年北新泾地区的手足口病聚集性疫情的流行特征、处置情况、病原学检测结果进行分析。结果 2010~2012年北新泾地区共发生35起聚集性事件,包括1起暴发疫情和34起聚集性疫情,涉及病例占该地区报告病例的25.43%。发病高峰时间多在3~5月。所有疫情均进行了病原学检测,其中29起(83.69%)检出病毒阳性。以CVA16和EV71阳性为主。结论 2010~2012年北新泾地区聚集性疫情中的病毒阳性检出率较高,CVA16和EV71是主要病毒型别。3~5月是发病高峰,应加强对流动人口聚居区手足口病防控工作。     

2013-2015年绵阳市手足口病流行特征及重症病例病原分析

目的 研究2013-2015年绵阳市手足口病(HFMD)的流行情况及重症病例病原学特点,为HFMD重点防控提供依据.方法 对2013-2015年绵阳市HFMD疫情资料进行描述性流行病学分析.结果 2013-2015年,绵阳市累计报告HFMD11 825例,发病率为74.4/10万,其中重症480例,死亡5例,2013-2014年总发病率及重症病例的发病率明显增加,2015年重症病例明显下降.男性重症HFMD的比例明显高于女性(X2=16.29,P＜0.05),发病年龄主要集中在1～3岁年龄组(68.75％).HFMD重症病例的发病高峰集中在4-6月,11-12月.重症病例病原以肠道病毒71型(EV 71)为主,占79.58％.结论 绵阳市HFMD尤其是重症病例的发病率明显下降,但仍呈周期性变化,需重点加强托幼机构及基层医院宣教、监测管理.     

三明市2012-2015年手足口病流行特征

目的 了解三明市2012-2015年手足口病的流行病学及病原特征,为制定防控措施提供依据.方法 收集国家疾病监测信息报告管理系统和三明市CDC病原监测资料,用描述性流行病学方法分析.结果 三明市20122015年报告手足口病21 393例,年发病率212.8/10万,重症104例,死亡6例.各县区均有病例报告;发病呈4～6月及9～10月双峰分布.性别比为1.7∶1,以散居、幼托儿童和学生居多(99.5％),5岁以下占96.5％;发病率1岁组(5 594.4/10万),2岁组(3 547.5/10万),3岁组(2 728.0/10万);聚集性疫情均在托幼机构.病原优势毒株每年都在变化,重症病例以EV71型为主(74.0％),6例死亡病例中5例为EV71型.结论 三明市手足口病发病率较高,应加强疫情和病原学监测,加大宣传力度,严格托幼机构晨检,以避免聚集性疫情.     

Tuberculosis in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil, in the 1990s

The characteristics of tuberculosis (TB) cases and deaths were analyzed in order to characterize the epidemiological profile of TB (incidence and mortality) in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil, in the 1990s. Annual incidence and mortality rates were calculated by gender, age bracket, and clinical forms of the disease using databases from the Tuberculosis Information System of the Bahia State Health Secretariat and the Mortality Information System of the Brazilian Ministry of Health. TB spatial distribution was analyzed according to health district. Cases and deaths were predominantly in males in the 15 to 39 year group. The pulmonary form showed the highest incidence and mortality. The existing data did not corroborate the hypothesis that AIDS/TB co-infection might contribute to maintaining the high mortality rates. The greater occurrence of tuberculosis in certain health districts may be associated with population density and unfavorable living conditions.     

Arsenic,cadmium, cobalt,copper, lead,mercury, molybdenum,selenium and zinc concentrations in liver,kidney and muscle in Australian sheep

Matched muscle, liver and kidney samples from 152 sheep in different states of Australia were analysed for trace elements. Mean levels found in muscle, livers and kidneys were 0.010, 0.010 and 0.011 mg kg⁻¹ (fresh weight) for arsenic; 0.0035, 0.280 and 0.853 mg kg⁻¹ for cadmium; 0.006, 0.060 and 0.044 mg kg⁻¹ for cobalt; 0.74, 66.0 and 2.72 mg kg⁻¹ for copper; 0.007, 0.040 and 0.057 mg kg⁻¹ for lead; 0.0025, 0.0034 and 0.0061 mg kg⁻¹ for mercury; 0.014, 1.05 and 0.44 mg kg⁻¹ for molybdenum; 0.09, 0.31 and 0.95 mg kg⁻¹ for selenium; and 40.4, 37.2 and 20.8 mg kg⁻¹ for zinc. The lead, mercury and arsenic concentrations in meat and organs may be regarded as low, but the concentrations of cadmium in kidney and livers are sometimes relatively high. Apart from cadmium, lead and selenium, tissue trace element concentrations were not related to the age of the investigated animals. Differences in essential and non-essential trace element accumulation in sheep reared in different regions (states and territories) of Australia were also evaluated. Cadmium, lead and selenium were the only elements that appeared to show significant regional differences. Overall the results show that concentrations of the elements considered are within current acceptable ranges.     

Homocysteine, folate, vitamin B12, and cardiovascular risk in Indians, Malays, and Chinese in Singapore

OBJECTIVE: To examine the hypothesis that the higher rates of coronary heart disease (CHD) in Indians (South Asians) compared with Malays and Chinese is partly attributable to differences in blood concentrations of homocysteine, and related blood concentrations of folate and vitamin B12. DESIGN: Cross sectional study of the general population. SETTING: Singapore. PARTICIPANTS: Random sample of 726 fasting subjects aged 30 to 69 years. MAIN RESULTS: Mean plasma total homocysteine concentrations did not show significant ethnic differences; values were Indians (men 16.2 and women 11.5 mumol/l), Malays (men 15.0 and women 12.5 mumol/l), and Chinese (men 15.3 and women 12.2 mumol/l). Similarly, the proportions with high plasma homocysteine (> 14.0 mumol/l) showed no important ethnic differences being, Indians (men 60.0 and women 21.9%), Malays (men 53.9 and women 37.8%), and Chinese (men 56.6 and women 30.6%). Mean plasma folate concentrations were lower in Indians (men 8.7 and women 10.9 nmol/l) and Malays (men 8.5 and women 10.8 nmol/l), than Chinese (men 9.7 and women 13.8 nmol/l). Similarly, the proportions with low plasma folate (< 6.8 nmol/l) were higher in Indians (men 44.9 and women 36.6%) and Malays (men 45.3 and women 24.5%) than Chinese (men 31.4 and women 12.6%). Mean plasma vitamin B12 concentrations were lowest in Indians (men 352.5 and women 350.7 pmol/l), then Chinese (men 371.1 and women 373.7 pmol/l), and then Malays (men 430.5 and women 486.0 pmol/l). CONCLUSION: While there were ethnic differences for plasma folate and vitamin B12 (in particular lower levels in Indians), there was no evidence that homocysteine plays any part in the differential ethnic risk from CHD in Singapore and in particular the increased susceptibility of Indians to the disease.     

Vitamins, selenium, iron, and coronary heart disease risk in Indians, Malays, and Chinese in Singapore

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To examine the hypothesis that the higher rates of coronary heart disease (CHD) in Indians (South Asians) compared with Malays and Chinese is partly because of differences in antioxidants (vitamins A, C, and E, and selenium) and pro-oxidants (iron). DESIGN: Cross sectional study of the general population. SETTING: Singapore. PARTICIPANTS: Random sample of 941 persons aged 30 to 69 years. MAIN RESULTS: There were moderate correlations between vitamin A and vitamin E, and between these vitamins and selenium. Mean plasma vitamins A and E were similar by ethnic group. Vitamin A concentration for Indians were (men 0.66 and women 0.51 mg/l), Malays (men 0.67 and women 0.54 mg/l), and Chinese (men 0.68 and women 0.52 mg/l). Vitamin E concentrations for Indians were (men 12.9 and women 12.8 mg/l), Malays (men 13.6 and women 13.3 mg/l), and Chinese (men 12.6 and women 12.6 mg/l). In contrast, mean plasma vitamin C concentrations were lower in Indians (men 5.7 and women 6.9 mg/l) and Malays (men 5.1 and women 6.4 mg/l) than Chinese (men 6.3 and women 8.4 mg/l). Mean serum selenium was lower in Indians (men 117 and women 115 micrograms/l) than Malays (men 122 and women 122 micrograms/l) and Chinese (men 126 and women 119 micrograms/l). Mean serum ferritin was much lower in Indians (men 132 and women 50 micrograms/l) than Malays (men 175 and women 85 micrograms/l) and Chinese (men 236 and women 92 micrograms/l). MAIN CONCLUSIONS: Lower vitamin C and selenium in Indians, particularly in combination, could play a part in their increased risk of CHD. Vitamins A and E, and ferritin (iron) have no such role. Lower vitamin C in Indians and Malays is probably because of its destruction by more prolonged cooking. In Indians, lower selenium is probably because of a lower dietary intake and the much lower ferritin to a lower dietary intake of iron and its binding by phytates.

 

     

Passive smoking in bars, restaurants, and discotheques in Florence, Italy

BACKGROUND: "Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS) exposure in a sample of European cities" is the first European multicentre project intended to measure ETS exposure in public places in a number of European cities. OBJECTIVES: To present results of measurements of nicotine concentration in a number of bars, restaurants and discotheques in Florence, Italy. METHODS: The ETS marker was vapour-phase nicotine sampled by passive monitors. At least two monitors were placed in each of seven bars (five in hospitals; one at an airport; one at a railway station), and seven restaurants (three with smoking and non-smoking sections), and left in place for several days. In each of four discotheques two nicotine passive monitors were used as personal samplers. RESULTS: The average nicotine concentration in discotheques, restaurants and bars was respectively 26.78 micro/m3, 2.32 microg/m3 and 0.83 microg/m3. In the smoking section of restaurants with separated areas for smokers and non-smokers the average nicotine concentration was 2.54 microg/m3, which was similar to that measured in non-smoking sections (2.14 microg/m3).