骨盆手术防止股外侧皮神经损伤的应用解剖学

目的:为骨盆手术防止股外侧皮神经盆内段损伤提供解剖学基础。方法:在25具成人防腐标本上解剖观察股外侧皮神经的起源、行程及分支,测量神经出盆点与髂前上棘中心点的距离。结果:①股外侧皮神经出盆点位置的解剖变异较大,根据神经出盆点与髂前上棘的关系可分为四种类型。②股外侧皮神经72％从腹股沟韧带深面穿出,28％穿行于腹股沟韧带中。穿出点距髂前上棘的距离为(1.02±0.88)cm。③股外侧皮神经穿过腹股沟韧带并被阔筋膜包裹,形成了股外侧皮神经的远侧固定点。结论:(1)腹股沟韧带及阔筋膜对股外侧皮神经的固定作用是骨盆手术损伤股外侧皮神经的解剖学因素。(2)术中神经预防性松解是避免医源性神经损伤的关键。     

髋臼上方置钉骨盆外固定的应用解剖

目的:为髋臼上方置钉进行骨盆外固定手术提供应用解剖学参考资料.方法:对20例40侧尸体骨盆的髂前下棘区域进行观察测量,获取髂前下棘与股动脉、股神经、股外侧皮神经、旋髂深动脉等毗邻血管神经的距离.对髋臼上置钉的钉道进行测量,获取钉道的长度、宽度,钉道与髋臼边缘及坐骨大切迹的距离等.所得数据按性别分组进行统计学处理.结果:髂前下棘为股直肌起始部,表面为髂肌覆盖,缝匠肌由外上至内下斜行越过髂前下棘外下方.男性股动脉位于髂前下棘内侧(27.54±3.53)mm,女性为(27.15±0.81)mm;男性股神经位于髂前下棘内侧(17.61±3.47)mm,女性为(19.26±4.21)mm.男性股外侧皮神经位于髂前下棘外侧(23.24±5.33)mm,女性为(17.82±3.26)mm;男性旋髂深动脉位于髂前下棘上方(16.26±1.77)mm,女性为(14.06±2.16)mm.男性髋臼上钉道长度为(147.76±7.39)mm,女性为(142.75±6.36)mm;男性钉道位于髋臼上方(25.10±4.43)mm,女性为(19.35±3.54)mm;男性钉道位于坐骨大切迹上方(25.01±3.61)mm,女性为(21.34±3.17)mm.结论:髋臼上方置钉骨盆外固定手术,应选取在腹股沟韧带外侧1/4下方约1 cm处作一平行切口,采用纵形钝性劈开髂肌的方式,以套筒保护下在髂前下棘处置入固定钉,避免损伤周围组织.由髂前下棘到髂后上棘间的钉道为一完整连续的骨性钉道,可为骨盆外固定提供足够的钉道长度和固定强度.     

国人股外侧皮神经在腹股沟韧带处的解剖观察

本文解剖了成年尸体60具,计120侧,(男性50侧,女性60侧)。测量了股外侧皮神经骨纤维管入口、出口处的长径,宽径以及骨纤维管的长度,同时还测量了股外侧皮神经在骨纤维管入口、出口处的长径和宽径,并且还观察了神经与骨纤维管的关系即神经在骨纤维管处有、无卡压的可能性,作者初步认为骨纤维管出口处神经的卡压除上述原因外可能与腹股沟韧带区的肌肉、筋膜、韧带的强弱有关,上述数据为感觉异常性股痛的诊断治疗提供形态基础。     

经腹股沟韧带髂股入路显露髋臼前内侧的应用解剖

目的：为暴露髋臼前内侧壁提供一种新的手术入路。方法：在尸体上作解剖，观察髂区、骨盆．腹股沟区、股三角的重要血管．神经与髋臼前内侧壁的关系，提出新的手术入路，并应用于临床。结果：经骨盆．腹膜外，保护好髂外血管、股神经等重要结构，髋臼前内侧壁．髂骨翼．耻骨上支可以得到良好的暴露，由此设计出经腹股沟韧带髂股切口新手术入路，并在临床应用中取得良好的效果。结论：经腹股沟韧带髂股人路是暴露髋臼前内侧壁的理想手术入路．     

股外侧皮神经的观察及测量

对30具尸体60侧股外侧皮神经进行了观察和测量，描述了60侧股外侧皮神经的行程和分支，测量了股外侧皮神经与骼前上棘的距离，穿出间筋膜的位置和股外侧皮神经的宽度，为股外侧皮神经做为神经移植体及临床应用提供解剖学依据。     

骨盆骨折髂腹股沟入路避免神经血管损伤的临床解剖学

目的　为髂腹股沟入路在骨盆骨折手术中避免神经血管损伤提供解剖学依据。  方法    在15具(男9具,女6具)30侧成尸标本上选择髂前上棘、耻骨结节和腹股沟韧带为标志观测股外侧皮神经(Lateral femoral cutaneous nerve,LFCN)、髂腹股沟神经(Ilioinguinal nerve,IN)、股神经耻骨肌支和闭孔动脉(Obturator artery,OA)的走形特点,所测数据统计学处理。  结果     ① LFCN在髂前上棘内侧穿出腹股沟韧带占96.67% (29/30侧),距髂前上棘中心点(20.01±0.32)mm;被腹股沟韧带纵横纤维所包裹的占33.33% (10/30侧);在阔筋膜形成的筋膜鞘中走行占46.67%(14/30侧)。② IN穿出腹内斜肌部位距离髂前上棘中心点为(5.41±0.50)mm,穿出腹外斜肌腱膜部位距离耻骨结节中心点为(18.04±0.21)mm。  结论　在显露髂骨翼内侧面和骶髂关节时,应在LFCN走行的阔筋膜和腹股沟韧带部位进行显露和预防性松解,以免牵拉损伤;切开腹外斜肌腱膜时应从腹股沟韧带两端上方5 mm处开始,防止损伤深面的IN。在显露髂耻隆起时先寻找和结扎闭孔血管耻骨支,以免引起不可控制的出血。     

股神经阻滞麻醉中股神经定位的超声影像学和解剖学观察

目的 探讨股神经及其与周围毗邻器官的解剖关系,以及股神经在腹股沟区的体表投影与体表标志之间的关系,为下肢股神经阻滞麻醉的穿刺点提供解剖学和超声影像学依据。方法 2014年3月—2015年1月,选取16具10%甲醛溶液固定的成人尸体标本(解剖组),进行解剖观察;2014年9—10月,选取健康成人志愿者30例(超声组),对其双侧股神经进行超声扫描。两组分别经应用解剖和超声探测,观察股神经的走行情况与周围器官的毗邻关系,并测量腹股沟韧带下缘股神经的宽度、距皮肤的距离,及股神经体表投影位置与耻骨结节线、髂前上棘线的水平距离。结果 解剖组结果显示:股神经在腹股沟韧带下缘、腹股沟韧带中点稍外侧(1.28±0.60)cm处发出,被髂筋膜包裹,内侧与股鞘内的股动脉、股静脉相邻,外侧是缝匠肌;股神经的宽度平均(0.71±0.06)cm,距皮肤的距离平均(0.85±0.19)cm,与耻骨结节线水平距离平均(7.25±0.67)cm,与髂前上棘线水平距离平均(7.24±0.41)cm。超声组检查显示:股神经在股动脉的外侧,呈倒立三角形高回声的浅色区域,外侧是呈深色高回声区的缝匠肌,内侧紧邻的股动脉和股静脉呈圆形高回声黑色图像;在腹股沟韧带下缘股神经的宽度平均(0.66±0.04)cm,距皮肤平均(0.97±0.22)cm,股神经在体表的投影与耻骨结节线水平距离平均(7.58±0.75)cm,距髂前上棘线水平距离平均(6.95±0.42)cm。解剖组和超声组测量的股神经宽度、距皮肤距离、距耻骨结节线水平距离及距髂前上棘线水平距离,差异均无统计学意义(t=1.055、1.197、1.774、1.348,P值均＞0.05)。结论 超声测量结果与尸体解剖结果相近,符合股神经实际解剖的位置关系,揭示超声引导下的股神经阻滞穿刺定位方法安全、可靠。     

股深动脉起自髂外动脉伴分支异常1例

股深动脉起始于髂外动脉 ,实属罕见。教学过程中 ,在一例经红色乳胶灌注的成人女尸上 ,发现其右侧股深动脉高位起始 ,并分支异常动脉。现报道如下 :股深动脉在腹股沟韧带中点上方 1.2ｃｍ处起自髂外动脉 (附图 ) ,其外径 9ｍｍ ,总干长 5.3ｃｍ ,伴股动脉外侧下行。在腹股沟韧带中点下方 1.5ｃｍ处 ,股深动脉向内侧发出阴部外动脉 ,外径 1.0ｍｍ ,穿筛筋膜内侧行 ,分布于阴阜 ,大阴唇 ;同时向外侧发出旋髂浅动脉 ,外径 1.2ｍｍ ,向外上斜行至髂前上棘附近 ,分布于皮肤和浅筋膜。距髂前上棘 9.9ｃｍ ,腹股沟韧带中点下方 5.5ｃｍ处 ,旋股内 ,…     

股外侧皮神经在髂前上棘附近的解剖学和超声观察

目的 感觉异常性股痛(MP)常由股外侧皮神经(LFCN)的机械嵌压引起,通常发生在股外侧皮神经走行至髂前上棘的部位。MP最佳手术治疗方法有待确定,部分原因是LFCN周围筋膜平面的精细结构尚未阐明。本研究的目的是利用生物塑化和超声确定LFCN在髂前上棘附近的筋膜结构。方法 选择11具尸体（6名女性,5名男性, 38～97岁）制作薄层生物塑化切片。对34名健康志愿者（19名女性,15名男性,20～62岁）进行LFCN超声评估。结果 LFCN在腹内斜肌筋膜纤维和髂筋膜之间出骨盆,然后在缝匠肌表面和位于髂前上棘（ASIS）下方的阔筋膜张肌之间走行。在缝匠肌和阔筋膜张肌之间,LFCN走行在独立封闭的筋膜鞘中。结论 LFCN在髂前上棘处位于腹内斜肌腱膜内。LFCN在缝匠肌表面及外侧走行至大腿前外侧区域。超声定位LFCN有助于外科手术。     

股外侧皮神经的体表定位

对50侧成人尸体的股外侧皮神经进行了观察和测量。股外侧皮神经分布在髂耻连线外1/10的占70％,在外1/5的占82％,在外1/3的占100％。股外侧皮神经与髂耻连线上1/3重合的占42％,在该连线1cm范围内的占90％,在2cm范围内的占100％。     

Anatomical study of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve with special reference to minimally invasive anterior approach for total hip replacement

Background  Lesion of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve (LFCN) represents the main complication during minimally invasive anterior approach dissection to the hip joint. The aim of this anatomical study was to describe the different presentation features of the LFCN at the thigh and particularly to determine the potential location of damage during minimally invasive anterior approach for total hip replacement. Methods  The LFCN was dissected bilaterally at the thigh under the inguinal ligament in 17 formalin-preserved cadavers. Branching patterns of the nerve were recorded and distances from the LFCN to the anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) and the anterior margin of the tensor fascia lata (TFL) were measured to clarify skin incision positioning during minimally invasive anterior approach for total hip replacement. Results  The LFCN divided proximal to the inguinal ligament in 13 cases and distal to it in 21 cases. In the distal group the mean distance from the ASIS to the nerve division was 34.5 mm (10–72 mm). The gluteal branch crossed the anterior margin of the TFL 44.5 mm (24–92 mm) distally to the ASIS. In 18 cases the femoral branch did not cross the TFL and was located in the intermuscular space between TFL and sartorius. In the remaining 16 cases, this branch crossed the anterior margin of the TFL 46 mm (27–92 mm) distally to the ASIS. During minimally invasive anterior approach along the anterior border of the TFL, the LFCN was found to be potentially at risk between 27 and 92 mm below the ASIS. We used those informations to describe a map of “danger zones” for the LFCN or its two main branches. Conclusion  According to this study, numerous anatomical variations of the LFCN at the thigh should be considered when performing anterior approach to the hip joint. Different mechanisms of injury during surgery should be considered especially during minimally invasive total hip replacement, such as section of the gluteal or the femoral branch where it crosses the anterior margin of the TFL or stretching of the femoral branch due to retractors positioned into the intermuscular space between sartorius and TFL. According to the map of “danger zones” reported, the author policy consists of positioning the skin incision as lateral and distal to the ASIS as possible.     

Anatomy of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve related to inguinal ligament, adjacent bony landmarks, and femoral artery

Lateral femoral cutaneous nerve (LFCN) generally emerges from the pelvis behind the inguinal ligament (IL) to the thigh. Because of its proximity to the anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) and hip joint, the LFCN is prone to injuries during various procedures. Anatomy of this nerve is highly variable among studies. Moreover, measurement data regarding its branches including the differences between genders and sides are still lacking. This study was, therefore, done to clarify these issues. Eighty-five thighs from 43 cadavers of both genders were dissected at the inguinal region. Distances from each branch of the LFCN to palpable landmarks: the ASIS, pubic tubercle (PT) and femoral artery (FA) were measured along the IL. Up to four branches of the LFCN were found; however, the single trunk was the most common form (>65%). The common site of this pattern on the IL was within 2 cm medial to the ASIS but could be present at over 6 cm. The distances in case of bifurcation were mostly comparable to those of the single trunk. In contrast, the values varied considerably in the cases with three or more branches (three cases). Regarding side and gender, asymmetry in the branching pattern was found in one fourth of specimens. However, only some minor differences between genders or sides in the measurement data were seen. These findings suggest that asymmetry and multiple branches of the LFCN should be concerned. The measurement data are also useful for localizing the LFCN with higher accuracy.     

Variations in the inferior pelvic pathway of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve: Implications for laparoscopic hernia repair

Laparoscopic repair of inguinal hernias is gaining acceptance in the repertoire of the general surgeon. However, nerve entrapment sequelae have been reported and appear to be higher with the laparoscopic approach. Contributing factors include pelvic variations in nerve pathways and the use of staples. We examined the pelvic relations of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve (LFCN) to the anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) and the iliopubic tract (IPT) because of the high morbidity of entrapment of this nerve, despite its low incidence. The LFCN, ASIS, and IPT were identified and their relationships measured in 48 male and 24 female cadavers ranging in age from 61 to 96 yr. The LFCN was located 1.7 (±1.2) cm medial to the ASIS along the IPT and 1.4 (±0.7) cm posterior (deep) to the IPT at this point, with no significant sex differences. The intrapelvic pathway of the LFCN, including its branches, varied widely so that in 18% of these specimens the LFCN was in either the vertical plane of the ASIS (13%) or in the plane of the IPT (5%). In 11% this nerve was within 1 cm of the ASIS. These data indicate that exclusive use of the ASIS as a guide for staple placement may result in entrapment of this nerve or its branches. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Variations in the course and microanatomical study of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve and its clinical importance

The lateral femoral cutaneous nerve (LFCN), a branch from the lumbar plexus, may come to the clinician's or surgeon's attention. We studied this nerve to determine its location and its relationship with neighboring structures around the anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) and the inguinal ligament (IL). Additionally, cross‐sectional microanatomy of the LFCN at the IL was studied. The LFCN was dissected in 47 lower limbs from formalin‐fixed cadavers. The distances from the ASIS to the point where the LFCN crossed the IL and the lateral border of the sartorius were measured. The distance between the ASIS and the point it pierced the deep fascia was also measured. Twelve nerve specimens at the IL were collected for histological sectioning and were stained with hematoxylin and eosin. On examination of the cross‐sectional area, the nonfascicular area was wider than the fascicular area because of an increased amount of thick collagen fibers. This study may be of help to clinicians managing meralgia paresthetica and may also assist in defining a safe area for surgical intervention on the anterolateral aspect of the thigh. Clin. Anat. 23:978–984, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Anatomical variability of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve: Findings from a surgical series

The lateral femoral cutaneous nerve (LFCN) is a branch of the lumbar plexus and supplies the skin of the lateral thigh region. This entrapment‐compressive syndrome is named meralgia paresthetica or Roth's meralgia and depends, on a vast majority of cases, on the entrapment of the nerve in proximity of the inguinal ligament. Surgical decompression of the nerve is an option when conservative treatments fail and is usually performed through a 3‐cm infrainguinal skin incision. Available data on anatomical variations of the LFCN derive from extensive cadaver dissections and lack many features relevant to the surgeon. This study was conducted to investigate anatomical details of the LFCN at the site of surgery for meralgia paresthetica. We reviewed retrospective data regarding the anatomical features of LFCN from 148 consecutive patients operated on for Roth's meralgia. In the majority of the cases the LFCN was a single trunk, deep to the thigh superficial fascia and to the inguinal ligament and coursing inferior‐lateral to the anterior superior iliac spine. Less frequent findings were early nerve bifurcation, epifascial position, inferior‐medial direction, and exit from the pelvis through an iliac bone canal. In 13 cases (8.8%) the nerve was not found at surgery. Anatomical variations of the LFCN must be considered at the time of surgery to maximize success rates and avoid nerve damage during surgical dissection. Clin. Anat. 22:365–370, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

全髋关节置换术直接前入路改良切口与股外侧皮神经损伤的解剖学研究

目的:探讨全髋关节置换术直接前方入路(DAA)改良切口和经典切口的解剖特点,为术中避免股外侧皮神经(LFCN)损伤提供解剖学依据。方法:由蚌埠医学院解剖教研室提供成年国人尸体髋关节及股骨标本6具6侧,其中男2具2侧、女4具4侧,年龄48～72(61.7±8.2)岁。通过解剖标志定位的方式做DAA手术切口,切口起点均为髂...     

Surface marking of the deep inguinal ring

The surface marking of the deep inguinal ring (DIR) is commonly described as being located at either the middle of the inguinal ligament (MIL) or at the mid-inguinal point (MIP); there seems to be no consensus in previous studies in patients with inguinal hernias. The present study was carried out to determine a more accurate location of the DIR in individuals without inguinal hernias. Fifty-two cadavers without inguinal hernias were dissected and the positions of the DIR, MIL, MIP and femoral artery (FA) were determined. The mean distance from the anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) to the DIR was 62 mm, where as the mean distance from the ASIS to the MIL, MIP, and FA were 55, 66, and 65 mm, respectively. The study showed that in individuals without inguinal hernias the DIR did not correspond to the MIL or MIP, but rather to an area between these two landmarks. The surface marking of the DIR may be best described as at the mid-inguinal region.     

Age‐related changes in inguinal region anatomy from 0 to 19 years of age

Knowledge of the age‐related changes in inguinal region anatomy is essential in pediatric urological and abdominal surgery, yet little is published. This study aimed to determine the position of inguinal region structures and growth of the surrounding pelvis and inguinal ligament in subjects from 0 to 19 years of age. Anonymized contrast‐enhanced CT DICOM datasets of 103 patients (63 male: 40 female) aged from 0 to 19 years had left and right sides analyzed by three independent observers. Exclusion criteria were applied. Growth of the pelvis and inguinal ligament were determined using fixed bony reference points. The position of the deep inguinal ring and femoral vasculature were determined as ratio of inguinal ligament length, measured from the anterior superior iliac spine. Growth of the pelvis in vertical and horizontal dimensions and of the inguinal ligament followed a positive polynomial relationship with increasing age, with no observed increase in growth rate during puberty. From 0 to 19 years, the deep inguinal ring moved superolaterally with respect to the inguinal ligament (from 0.74 to 0.60 of the distance along the inguinal ligament) and the femoral artery and vein moved medially (from 0.50 to 0.58, and 0.61 to 0.65 of the distance along the inguinal ligament, respectively). The position of the femoral artery, vein, and deep inguinal ring followed a logarithmic relationship with age. No significant left:right side or male:female differences were observed. From 0 to 19 years of age the femoral vasculature and deep inguinal ring change position as the pelvis grows around them. Clin. Anat. 32:794–802, 2019. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.