The rationale against routine subtotal parathyroidectomy for primary hyperparathyroidism

Our therapeutic approach to the treatment of primary hyperparathyroidism has been the resection of only the abnormally enlarged parathyroid gland, the normal-appearing parathyroids being left intact. During the past twenty-five years we have operated on 292 patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. In all cases the serum calcium levels returned to within normal limits during the immediate postoperative period, and there were no instances of permanent hypoparathyroidism. To determine the long-term efficacy of this therapeutic approach, a retrospective study of 101 patients operated on for primary hyperparathyroidism during a nine year period from July 15, 1965 through June 30, 1974 was made. Of the 101 patients, eight were dead and nine could not be located. Of the remaining eighty-four patients, only two required reoperation because of recurrent hypercalcemia; one had MEA-I and eventually three and a half glands were removed, and the other had recurrent hypercalcemia after a three year normocalcemic interval, and after a second operation with resection of an enlarged parathyroid gland, he has remained normocalcemic. The other eighty-two patients (97 per cent of those reevaluated and 82 per cent of the total operated on) have remained symptom-free and normocalcemic for periods ranging from three to twelve years. Only one patient (if we exclude the patient with MEA-I) has elevated serum parathormone levels with borderline levels of serum calcium. Our results suggest that the optimal surgical treatment of primary hyperparathyroidism, except for cases of MEA, is resection of only the abnormally enlarged parathyroid glands after exploration and identification of all four glands in every case. If all four glands are enlarged, three and a half should be resected.     

Influence of morbid obesity on parathyroidectomy outcomes in primary hyperparathyroidism

Background

We sought to evaluate the influence of morbid obesity in patients undergoing parathyroidectomy for primary hyperparathyroidism (pHPT).

Methods

All patients with pHPT who underwent parathyroidectomy at a single institution between July 2002 and October 2008 were included. Body mass index (BMI), laboratorie vlaues, operative findings, and outcomes were examined.

Results

Two hundred thirteen of the 776 patients identified (28%) were morbidly obese (BMI ≥35 kg/m²). When compared with nonmorbidly obese patients, the morbidly obese patients were younger, had higher preoperative intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) levels, heavier parathyroids, and required overnight stay more often (P <.05 for all). However, the rates of complications, eucalcemia, and recurrence were similar for all patients.

Conclusion

In this study, more than a quarter of the patients who underwent parathyroidectomy for pHPT were morbidly obese and had significantly higher preoperative iPTH levels, heavier parathyroids, and longer hospital stay but similar rates of complications and operative success.     

Endoscopic parathyroidectomy. Surgical technique in primary hyperparathyroidism

We report our experience and technique of endoscopic removal of parathyroid adenomas in case of primary hyperparathyroidism. Scintigraphy, MRI scan and cervical ultrasound enable exact diagnosis and therefore exact localisation and placement of the three 5 mm trocars for endoscopic operation. The placement of the optic and the function trocars depends on the localisation of the adenoma. The free room to work in is created between thyroid and neck muscles and supported by insufflated CO2 with a pressure of 12 mm Hg. After the adenoma is taken out through an incision above the jugulum. With this technique we operated upon 3 patients successfully. Benefits for the patients seem to be a less painful postoperative course with minimal blood loss because of the exact exploration of the adenoma with minimal invasion of the surrounding tissue.     

Indocyanine green fluorescence-guided parathyroidectomy for primary hyperparathyroidism

Background

Our aim was to evaluate the ease and utility of using indocyanine green fluorescence angiography for intraoperative localization of the parathyroid glands.

The effect of parathyroidectomy on bone fracture risk in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism

BACKGROUND: Parathyroidectomy may increase bone density in primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT), but it is unclear whether fracture risk is decreased. HYPOTHESIS: Parathyroidectomy decreases fracture risk. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study with median follow-up of 6.5 years. SETTING: Twelve regional hospitals in California. PATIENTS: One thousand five hundred sixty-nine patients with PHPT. INTERVENTIONS: Parathyroidectomy or observation.Main Outcome Measure Fracture-free survival. RESULTS: Mean initial calcium, parathyroid hormone, and creatinine levels were 11.2 mg/dL (2.8 mmol/L), 123.0 pg/mL, and 0.9 mg/dL (79.6 micromol/L), respectively. Parathyroidectomy was performed in 452 (28.8%) patients, and 1117 (71.2%) were observed. The 10-year fracture-free survival after PHPT diagnosis was 73% in patients treated with parathyroidectomy compared with 59% in those observed (hazard ratio [HR], 0.53; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.38-0.73; P < .001). Parathyroidectomy decreased the 10-year hip fracture rate by 8% (P = .001) and the upper extremity fracture rate by 3% (P = .02). Parathyroidectomy was independently associated with a decreased fracture risk (HR, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.47-0.98), whereas female sex (HR, 1.82; 95% CI, 1.19-2.80) and increased creatinine level (HR per 1-mg/dL [88.4-micromol/L] increment, 2.05; 95% CI, 1.22-3.46) remained independently associated with an increased fracture risk. Age of 50 years or older (HR, 1.62; 95% CI, 0.99-2.66), initial parathyroid hormone level (HR, 1.00; 95% CI, 0.99-1.02), and calcium level (HR, 1.02; 95% CI, 0.75-1.37) were not independently associated with fracture risk after adjusting for all other variables. CONCLUSIONS: Parathyroidectomy is associated with a decreased risk of fracture in PHPT. The largest decrease was in hip fractures. Parathyroidectomy should be considered for all patients with PHPT to reduce fracture risk, regardless of age or calcium or parathyroid hormone levels.     

Video-assisted parathyroidectomy for primary hyperparathyroidism

Background: Recent advances have allowed the performance of parathyroidectomy as an endoscopic procedure. Carbon dioxide (CO2) insufflation can be used to create a working space in the anterior neck, but it has been associated with a number of complications. We have devised a skin-lifting method to overcome these problems. Methods: Eleven consecutive patients underwent video-assisted parathyroidectomy. Preoperative imaging revealed a solitary adenoma in all 11 cases. A 3-cm oblique incision was made below the clavicle, and a 5-mm incision was made on the lateral neck. After the skin was lifted, video-assisted parathyroidectomy was performed. Results: Surgery required 186 ± 50 min. No conversions to conventional cervicotomy were needed. Levels of serum calcium and intact parathormone decreased significantly in all patients on postoperative day 1. Laryngeal recurrent nerve paresis and seroma were noted in one patient each. Conclusions: Our procedure eliminates any potential CO2 problems and offers the advantages of direct manipulation and improved cosmesis. Endoscopic parathyroidectomy should be considered a viable option for the surgical treatment of a solitary adenoma.     

Video-assisted parathyroidectomy in the management of patients with primary hyperparathyroidism

INTRODUCTION: In recent years, different minimally invasive techniques of parathyroidectomy have been described. We performed a retrospective study to evaluate the indications and results of video-assisted parathyroidectomy (Vap) in the management of our patients with primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT). MATERIALS AND METHODS: During the last 5 years (1998-2002), we operated on 528 patients with PHPT. Vap was proposed for patients with sporadic PHPT, without associated goiter and without previous neck surgery, in whom a single adenoma was localized by means of sonography and/or sestamibi scanning. Vap was performed by lateral approach with insufflation for patients with adenoma located deeply in the neck and by gasless midline approach for patients with adenoma located anteriorly. A quick parathyroid (qPTH) assay was used during the surgical procedures. Calcemia, phosphoremia and PTH were systematically evaluated in patients on days 1 and 8, 1 month and 1 year after surgery. All patients underwent pre-operative and postoperative investigations of vocal cord movements. RESULTS: Among 528 patients with PHPT, 228 (43%) were not eligible for Vap: associated nodular goiter (99 cases), previous neck surgery (42 cases), suspicion of multiglandular disease (25 cases), lack of pre-operative localization (48 cases), and miscellaneous causes (14 cases). Vap was performed in 300 patients with sporadic PHPT: 282 lateral access, 17 midline access and 1 thoracoscopy. Median operative time was 50 min (20-130 min). Conversion to conventional parathyroidectomy was required in 42 patients (14%): missed adenomas (11 cases), difficulties of dissection (7 cases), multiglandular disease correctly predicted by qPTH (10 cases); qPTH assay false negative results (3 cases), sestamibi scan false positive results (10 cases) and 1 sonography false positive result. One patient presented definitive recurrent nerve palsy. One patient had a persistent PHPT and one other patient had a recurrent PHPT. CONCLUSION: Vap can be proposed for more than half of patients with PHPT. In our experience Vap and conventional parathyroidectomy are complementary. Immediate results of Vap are similar to those obtained with conventional parathyroidectomy but no conclusions can be drawn in terms of influence of Vap on the outcome of the patients operated for PHPT.     

甲状旁腺切除术对尿毒症透析继发甲状旁腺功能亢进症患者肌肉功能的影响

目的探讨甲状旁腺切除术对继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症患者肌肉功能的影响。方法纳入2018年8月至2019年7月在中国贵航集团三○二医院行甲状旁腺切除手术的继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进患者29例,收集患者一般临床资料及生化指标,测量术前、术后6个月、术后12个月的上臂围、肱三头肌部皮褶厚度、握力、6 m平均步速等指标,探讨甲状旁腺切除术对继发性甲旁亢患者肌肉功能的影响。结果 (1)患者术后i PTH水平明显降低,由术前的1 395.7 pg/m L(974,1 858.3)降低至39.6 pg/m L(27.3,65.4)(P=0.00),患者临床症状得到缓解;(2)术后上臂围、肱三头肌部皮褶厚度以及上臂肌围变化与术前比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05),而女性患者术后6个月、12个月经过体质量指数调整的上臂肌围均明显增加(P0.05),同时男性患者术后6个月、12个月经过体质量指数调整的上臂肌围均明显增加(P0.05,P0.01);(3)男性患者术后6个月、12个月握力增加,与术前比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05),女性患者术后握力增加,且术后12个月握力与术前握力差异显著(P0.05)。不同性别患者术后6 m步行试验步速均增快,术后12个月时步速与术前比较明显增加,有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论甲状旁腺切除术可以改善继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症患者的肌肉功能。     

Effect of parathyroidectomy on T cell functions in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism

The notion that parathyroid hormone (PTH) can serve as an immunomodulator was examined. T cell function tests were performed in 3 patients with primary hyperparathyroidism before and 1 month after parathyroidectomy (PTX). Three normal volunteers, age and sex matched, were used as controls. One patient with lipoma of the neck was also examined before and after surgical removal of the lesion. In the primary hyperparathyroidism patients the total T cells were lower, the suppressors were higher and the helper to suppressor ratio was significantly lower than in control subjects. The lectin-stimulated lymphocyte transformation was significantly inhibited. All these abnormalities were restored to normal after PTX. Depressed lymphocyte activity was found also in the patient with lipoma. However, no change occurred after surgery. These results support the assumption that excess blood levels of PTH may have an immunosuppressive effect.     

Results of parathyroidectomy for primary hyperparathyroidism

We have performed 16 operations on 14 patients with primary hyperparathyoidism caused by a solitary parathyroid adenoma in our department between 1st jan. 1990-31 dec. 1999. In each case bilateral neck exploration was carried out. As in one case it was located in ectopic neck position, in the other case papillocarcinoma of the thyroid gland and ectopic parathyroid adenoma in mediastinal position were present, primary hyperparathyroidism persisted, so reoperation was needed. Histological examination proved the presence of adenomin all cases. Diffuse hyperplasia and parathyroid cancer did not occur. Before operation all patients underwent US and seven of them had radionuclide scintigraphy. CT scan aided in its localization with four patients. We did not make use of invasive methods, after the first operation 12 patients showed normal S-Ca levels very quickly. In two cases this level was too high after the operation and reoperation was necessary which resulted in normal Ca levels. Even though the number of our cases is rather modest, all the patients recovered. This may prove that we can successfully cure our patients of modern methods of diagnostics used for meticulous examination alongside with careful preparation of the patients by internal specialists are followed by the standard operative techniques available.     

Effects of parathyroidectomy on lead mobilization from bone in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism

Since lead (Pb) accrued from environmental exposure accumulates in bone with a half life time between 6 and 10 years, a release of bone Pb into the circulation and/or urine (PbU) should be expected in diseases with increased bone metabolism such as hyperparathyroidism. We studied 60 patients with primary hyperparathyroidism (pHPT, 50 women, 10 men, aged 61.4 +/- 10.6 and 64.1 +/- 9.9 years, respectively) (a) before, (b) 1-6 months, and (c) 6-12 months after parathyroidectomy. Besides lead in blood (PbB) and lead in 24-h urine samples (PbU), parathyroid hormone (PTH), serum Ca2+, osteocalcin (OC), phosphate (PO4), and serum pyridinoline cross-linked telopeptide (cTP) were determined. Control data were determined in 20 healthy age-matched subjects. As expected, Ca2+ decreased after parathyroidectomy. Mean PbB in patients with pHPT was in the same range as in controls. A decrease of PbB after parathyroidectomy was found in the interval beyond 6 months. In contrast, mean PbU initially increased after surgery (3.05 +/- 1.94 vs. 4.25 +/- 2.65 microg/l, P = 0.004) and was not different beyond 6 months in comparison with preoperative values at (c). Investigating only patients with PTH < 150 ng/l, no significant PbB or PbU alterations were detected before and after parathyroidectomy. In patients with PTH > 150 ng/l, the decrease of PbB at (c) was more pronounced as was the increase of PbU at (b). In these patients, PbB and OC as well as PbB and cTP were correlated preoperatively. In conclusion, our data show that in environmentally lead-exposed (by food or by pollution) hyperparathyroid individuals, there is no hazardous PbB release from bone. The preoperative correlation between PbB and OC in pHPT patients with PTH > 150 ng/l provides evidence that in fact there is a Pb release from bone into the blood-pool by bone remodeling. The increase of PbU after parathyroidectomy is suspected to be caused by PTH-dependent Pb accumulation in the kidney, which seems to be restored with decreasing PTH. Moreover, our data confirm prior findings that bone remodeling seems to be normalized 6 months after parathyroidectomy.     

Radio-guided parathyroidectomy in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism and concomitant multinodular goiter

Purpose  

We investigated possible instances where the standard bilateral neck exploration for parathyroid adenoma may be omitted in primary hyperparathyroidism (pHPT) if preoperative diagnostics for the location have been performed.     

原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进的内镜辅助手术

手术是治疗原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进的重要途径。近年来,随着术前、术中定位技术的发展,传统的颈部双侧甲状旁腺探查手术所占的比例正在逐年减少,微创手术已经成为趋势,借助内镜完成甲状旁腺手术就是其中的主要方法,包括完全内镜下甲状旁腺手术和内镜辅助甲状旁腺手术。本文拟就原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进的内镜辅助甲状旁腺手术进行综述。