软肝胶囊对大鼠肝损伤的保护作用

目的研究软肝胶囊对实验性肝损伤的保护作用。方法利用大鼠四氯化碳（CCla）慢性肝损伤模型，观察软肝胶囊对肝损伤大鼠肝功耗的影响，以及肝组织病理学改变。结果软肝胶囊能显著降低CCl4所致慢性肝损伤大鼠血清中丙氨酸氨基转移酶（ALT）、天门冬酸氨基转移酶（AST）的含量（P〈0．05或P〈0．01），升高总蛋白（TP）、白蛋白（ALB）的含量（P〈0．05或JP〈0.01），减轻肝组织变性、坏死程度，缓解肝组织的病理改变。结论软肝胶囊对CCl4所致大鼠慢性肝损伤有较好的保护作用。     

护肝降酶口服液对四氯化碳所致小鼠慢性肝损伤的保护作用

目的:观察护肝降酶口服液(Hugan Jiangmei oral medicinal liquid,HGJM)对四氯化碳(CCl4)所致小鼠慢性肝损伤的保护作用。方法:以CCl4诱发小鼠慢性肝纤维化模型,采用灌胃法给予HGJM,测定小鼠血清丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、天门冬酸氨基转移酶(AST)及肝组织病理改变。结果:HGJM在给药8周后,显著降低血清ALT和AST水平,减轻了肝脏的病理损伤。结论:HGJM对CCl4致小鼠的慢性肝损伤有一定的肝保护作用。     

胃舒散对四氯化碳慢性肝损伤大鼠的保护作用

目的　观察胃舒散对四氯化碳 (CCl4)所致大鼠慢性肝损伤的影响。方法　采用CCl4诱导大鼠慢性肝损伤模型 ,测定血清丙氨酸氨基转移酶 (ALT)、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶 (AST)、血清白蛋白 (ALB)、透明质酸(HA)、肝组织羟脯氨酸 (Hyp)含量 ,并进行肝脏病理组织学检查。结果　CCl4慢性肝损伤大鼠血清ALT、AST、HA、肝组织Hyp含量升高 (与正常组比较P <0 0 1～ 0 0 0 1) ,血清ALB含量降低 (与正常组比较P <0 0 1) ,肝细胞坏死程度和肝组织纤维化程度显著增加 ,造模成功。胃舒散能显著降低血清ALT、AST、HA、肝组织Hyp含量(与模型组比较P <0 0 5～ 0 0 1) ,升高血清ALB值 (与模型组比较P <0 0 5～ 0 0 1) ,并能使肝细胞坏死程度和肝组织纤维化程度减轻。结论　胃舒散对大鼠CCl4慢性肝损伤有明显的保护作用。     

黄芪提取物对小鼠急性化学性肝损伤的保护作用

目的探讨黄芪提取物（AE）对CCl4致小鼠急性化学性肝损伤模型的保护作用。方法采用CCl4诱导小鼠急性肝损伤模型,检测血清中丙氨酸氨基转移酶（ALT）、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶（AST）和肝匀浆中丙二醛（MDA）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH-Px）含量,HE染色法对肝脏作病理检查。结果AE能显著降低小鼠血清ALT、AST、肝匀浆MDA水平,升高SOD和GSH-Px酶活性,减轻肝细胞损伤。结论AE对CCl4致小鼠急性化学性肝损伤模型具有保护作用。     

金丝桃苷对CCl_4诱导的大鼠肝损伤的保护作用研究

目的:研究金丝桃苷(hyperfine,HP)对CCl4诱导的大鼠肝损伤的保护作用。方法:连续3d对大鼠灌胃给予不同剂量的HP,并于末次给药6h后灌胃给予CCl4复制急性肝损伤模型,24h测定血清丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、天冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)及肝组织匀浆中丙二醛(MDA)含量和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽(GSH)活性;同时进行肝组织病理学观察。结果:不同剂量的HP可显著降低模型大鼠血清中ALT、AST,肝组织匀浆中MDA含量;显著升高SOD、GSH活性;病理切片表明,HP预处理组肝组织损伤均有不同程度减轻,其中以30mg·kg-1剂量效果最佳。结论:HP对CCl4诱导的大鼠急性肝损伤具有较好的保护作用,其作用机制可能与HP抑制抗氧化酶活性和抗自由基活性有关。     

灵五颗粒对四氯化碳诱导大鼠慢性肝损伤的影响

目的 研究灵五颗粒对四氯化碳(carbon tetrachloride,CCl4)致大鼠慢性肝损伤的防治作用,并探讨其可能的作用机制. 方法 将Wistar大鼠随机分为6组,正常组自由饮水,其余5组给予350 mg&#8226;L^-1苯巴比妥水溶液2周诱导肝药酶.实验第3周,用CCl4复制慢性肝损伤动物模型［50% CCl4橄榄油溶液,灌胃,首次剂量0.08 mL,以后按0.08 mL&#8226;(100 g)-¹,每周1次,连续5周］.自造模之日开始,灌胃给药,qd,连续5周.末次给药后禁食16 h,取大鼠血、肝脏、脾、胸腺,检测血清肝功能［丙氨酸氨基转移酶(alanine aminotransferase,ALT), 天冬氨酸氨基转移酶(aspartate aminotransferase,AST), 碱性磷酸酶(alkaline phosphatase,ALP)、清蛋白(albumin,ALB)、总蛋白(total protein,TP)］指标、肝组织中羟脯氨酸(hydroxyproline,Hyp)、丙二醛(malonaldehyde,MDA)含量和超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)活性,另取肝脏做病理组织学检查,计算脏器指数. 结果 模型组大鼠有明显肝损伤表现,各给药组肝损伤均有不同程度的改善(P<0.01或P<0.05).病理组织学检查 结果 表明,肝脏病变程度均较模型组明显减轻. 结论 灵五颗粒对CCl4所致慢性肝损伤具有较好的防治作用,保肝降酶效果明显,其机制可能与抑制Hyp增多,降低MDA和升高SOD的抗氧化作用有关.     

扛板归对CCl_4致大鼠肝损伤的保护作用研究

目的:研究扛板归醇提物对CCl4致大鼠肝损伤的保护作用。方法:复制CCl4致大鼠化学性肝损伤模型,测定血清中丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、天冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性及丙二醛(MDA)的含量。结果:扛板归能不同程度降低肝损伤大鼠血清中ALT、AST活性,升高SOD活性,降低MDA含量;并能减轻肝组织变形、坏死等病理改变。结论:扛板归具有一定的保肝作用,其机制可能与抗脂质过氧化作用有关。     

鲨鱼肝再生因子对大鼠慢性肝损伤的治疗作用

目的:探讨鲨鱼肝再生因子(sHRF)对大鼠慢性肝损伤的治疗作用。方法:CCl4致大鼠慢性肝损伤模型,给药后取血清及肝组织测定各项肝指标。结果:当用药8周时,对CCl4引起的肝损伤大鼠血清中AST、ALT活性的升高和羟脯氨酸含量的升高均有抑制作用,且0.8、1.6mg/kg剂量组的作用差异均有统计学意义。此外,sHRF能在一定程度上增加白蛋白含量,并使白蛋白/球蛋白比值有一定程度的升高。肝组织病理切片亦显示sHRF能减轻CCl4所致大鼠肝细胞脂肪变性及纤维组织增生。结论:sHRF对CCl4所致大鼠慢性肝损伤有一定的治疗作用。     

软肝宁对大鼠肝纤维化的保护作用研究

目的探讨软肝宁对肝纤维化大鼠的影响,为临床适应证提供实验依据。方法将60只大鼠随机分为6组。正常对照组给予生理盐水;模型组给予20%四氯化碳花生油溶液按10 mL/kg皮下注射,首剂加倍,每5 d注射1次,首次注射后,用生理盐水按10 mL/kg灌胃,1次/天,连续6周;秋水仙碱组配成0.01 g/L;软肝宁高、中、低剂量组（0.12,0.06,0.03 g/kg）按损伤模型组同法给予CCl4造模,然后给予软肝宁给药,1次/天。给药6周后检测大鼠血清中的丙氨酸氨基转移酶（ALT）、天门冬酸氨基转移酶（AST）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、丙二醛（MDA）、血清透明质酸（HA）、层粘连蛋白（LN）、Ⅲ型前胶原（PCⅢ）和羟辅氨酸（HYP）,并观察大鼠肝组织常规病理改变。结果软肝宁能改善肝纤维化大鼠的肝功能,高、中剂量可显著降低CCl4致大鼠肝损伤血清ALT,AST,MDA,HA,LN,PCⅢ水平和肝组织中过高的HYP（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）,并能升高血清中SOD含量。常规病理显示,中、高剂量软肝宁可明显减轻CCl4所致的大鼠肝细胞变性、坏死及肝组织损害程度。结论软肝宁具有延缓CCl4所致肝纤维化进程的作用。     

绞股蓝多糖对小鼠四氯化碳肝损伤的保护作用

目的从绞股蓝中分离纯化绞股蓝多糖,并研究绞股蓝多糖对小鼠CCl4肝损伤的保护作用。方法经去蛋白、除果胶、脱色、超滤之后得绞股蓝多糖,以绞股蓝多糖对小鼠连续灌胃7 d之后,腹腔注射0.5%的CCl4花生油溶液,建立肝损伤模型,继续给药2次,检测血清丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)和天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)活性;测定肝组织中丙二醛(MDA)含量和谷胱甘肽(GSH)活性;采用光学显微镜观察肝组织病理组织学变化。结果绞股蓝多糖各剂量组能明显抑制肝损伤小鼠ALT、AST活性的升高;抑制肝组织中MDA含量的升高,提高肝组织中GSH活性;减轻CCl4对肝脏细胞的病理损伤。结论绞股蓝多糖对CCl4造成的小鼠急性肝损伤具有明显保护作用。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.