Timing of colonoscopy in acute lower GI bleeding: a multicenter retrospective cohort study

1. Download : Download high-res image (160KB)
2. Download : Download full-size image

     

Timing of colonoscopy: impact on length of hospital stay in patients with acute lower intestinal bleeding

OBJECTIVE: Previous studies suggest that urgent colonoscopic evaluation of massive lower intestinal bleeding (LIB) can reduce hospital length of stay (LOS). We sought to determine if time to colonoscopy impacts hospital LOS in patients admitted with all sources and severities of acute LIB. METHODS: A total of 252 consecutive patients admitted to a tertiary care hospital with acute LIB were identified. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to determine independent predictors of hospital LOS. Time from admission to colonoscopy was analyzed as a time-varying covariate. RESULTS: A total of 144 patients (57%) underwent an inpatient colonoscopy: 14 were done in <12 h, 55 in 12-24 h, 46 in 24-48 h, and 29 in >48 h. After controlling for the other independent correlates, earlier colonoscopy was significantly associated with a shorter hospital LOS (hazards ratio = 2.02, 95% CI = 1.5-2.6, p < 0.0001). The absence of visible blood or active bleeding at the time of colonoscopy was also independently related to a shorter hospital LOS (hazards ratio = 1.5, 95% = CI 1.1-2.0, p = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Time to colonoscopy is an independent predictor of hospital LOS. In a wide spectrum of patients with LIB, this reduction in hospital LOS seems to be primarily related to improved diagnostic yield rather than therapeutic interventions.     

The utility of urgent colonoscopy in the evaluation of acute lower gastrointestinal tract bleeding: a 2-year experience from a single center

OBJECTIVE: Urgent colonoscopy is often recommended to evaluate acute rectal bleeding. However, it may not identify a source because of blood in the lumen or inadequate preparation. Our aim was to determine the utility of urgent colonoscopy as the initial test for acute rectal bleeding. METHODS: This was a retrospective chart review of all patients discharged in 1997 and 1998 with an International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision, code for hematochezia or rectal bleeding. RESULTS: We identified 514 charts but excluded 424 because of inaccurate coding. In the 90 with confirmed acute rectal bleeding, colonoscopy was the initial test in 39; age, sex, and race distributions were similar to those who did not have colonoscopy. A definite source of bleeding was seen at colonoscopy in only three patients, a probable source in 26, and no source in 10. Therapeutic intervention in four patients with a definite or probable source was successful in three. The commonest reasons for not performing urgent colonoscopy were bleeding from presumed hemorrhoids or bleeding that was clinically insignificant. Spontaneous resolution of bleeding and length of hospital stay were not affected by urgent colonoscopy. Five patients had surgery for unrelated reasons. In-hospital mortality was 2% and was unrelated to bleeding. CONCLUSION: Urgent colonoscopy as the initial investigation in acute lower GI tract bleeding probably does not alter the outcome in most cases. Identification of a definite bleeding source leading to successful therapeutic intervention is rare. Spontaneous resolution is frequent, length of hospital stay is similar, and clinical outcome is excellent regardless of whether or not urgent colonoscopy is performed.     

Editorial: Urgent colonoscopy in lower GI bleeding: not so fast

The role of urgent colonoscopy in lower gastrointestinal bleeding (LGIB) remains controversial. Although some studies have shown that examinations performed within 12-24 h of admission improve diagnostic yield and reduce rebleeding and surgery, others have not. In this issue of the American Journal of Gastroenterology, Laine and Shah present a randomized trial of urgent (<12 h from admission) vs. elective (36-60 h from admission) colonoscopy in 72 patients with LGIB. A total of 15% of patients with presumed LGIB were found to have upper gastrointestinal bleeding, highlighting the importance of excluding a gastroduodenal source in patients with severe hematochezia. The majority of patients with LGIB (72%) stopped bleeding spontaneously, and there were no differences in rebleeding, blood transfusions, diagnostic or therapeutic interventions, length of hospital stay, or hospital charges in patients undergoing urgent vs. elective colonoscopy. However, the limited number of patients in this study and the fact that patients in the urgent colonoscopy arm appeared to have more severe bleeding than those undergoing elective examinations make it difficult to draw conclusions regarding the utility of urgent vs. elective colonoscopy in LGIB.     

高位食管静脉曲张破裂出血患者内镜诊治经验:10年单中心回顾性分析

目的 探索高位食管静脉曲张破裂出血(SEVB)患者内镜诊治特点及预后。方法 2010年1月～2020年1月哈尔滨医科大学附属第二医院内镜中心行内镜诊治的食管胃静脉曲张(GEV)患者25539例,其中SEVB者12例(0.4‰),其中采用急诊内镜下止血5例,非急诊内镜下止血7例。结果 12例SEVB患者中,乙型肝炎肝硬化5例,丙型肝炎肝硬化4例,酒精性肝炎肝硬化2例,不明原因性肝硬化1例;11例有明显的呕血、黑便、便血或周围循环障碍临床表现;5例急诊内镜下即时止血均成功,7例非急诊内镜下即时止血成功6例,无统计学差异(P>0.05);9例单用食管静脉曲张套扎术(EVL)治疗,其他采取硬化剂注射、EVL联合组织胶注射、EVL联合硬化剂和组织胶注射各1例;术后发生不良反应7例;随访8例患者(31.0±28.5)个月,近期再出血1例,远期再出血5例。在7例全程随访患者中,择期行脾切除术者1例,脾切除术联合贲门周围血管离断术2例,全因病死率为42.9%。结论 对于SEVB患者多采用EVL治疗,即时止血效果好,但远期预后仍差。术后需联合其他方法治疗以长期控制门脉高压症,降低远期再出血和死亡风险。     

Analysis of urgent colonoscopy for acute lower intestinal bleeding

Background: Urgent colonoscopy is often performed to diagnose and stop acute lower intestinal bleeding, but its usefulness has yet to be clarified. The aim of this study was to clarify the present role of urgent colonoscopy for this purpose. Methods Urgent colonoscopy was defined as colonoscopy performed within 48 h of the occurrence of hematochezia. All patients investigated by urgent colonoscopy from September 1996 to March 2000 who were hospitalized in Shimane Medical University Hospital or Shimane Prefectural Central Hospital, Japan, were enrolled in this study. The endoscopic data and medical records of all the investigated patients were reviewed retrospectively to clarify the role of urgent colonoscopy for diagnosing and treating patients with hematochezia. Results A total of 152 patients were enrolled and 137 (90.1%) were successfully diagnosed endoscopically. Ischemic colitis was the most frequent disease found (32.9%), followed by postpolypectomy hemorrhage (9.2%), hemorrhoids (8.6%) and rectal ulcer (7.2%). Endoscopic hemostasis was employed to treat postpolypectomy hemorrhage and bleeding rectal ulcers with favorable results. Conclusions Urgent colonoscopy is useful for the diagnosis of hematochezia. Endoscopic hemostasis is frequently required to treat postpolypectomy hemorrhage and bleeding rectal ulcers.     

急诊结肠镜在急性下消化道出血诊断及治疗中的应用价值

目的探讨急诊结肠镜对急性下消化道出血的诊断价值。方法对293例接受急诊结肠镜检查的急性下消化道出血患者临床资料进行分析,比较急诊结肠镜组与常规结肠镜组在平均住院日及输血量之间的差异。结果急诊结肠镜组检查成功率90.1%,总体诊断率64.5%。急诊结肠镜组平均住院天数6.9 d,常规结肠镜组7.8 d,急诊结肠镜组平均输血量275 mL压积红细胞,常规结肠镜组478 mL。结论急诊结肠镜对活动性出血可采取内镜下止血,为急诊外科手术治疗提供可靠依据,同时可减少急性下消化道出血患者的住院天数及平均输血量。     

Value of the APASL severity score in patients with acute variceal bleeding: a single center experience

Background

Acute variceal bleeding is a severe complication in patients with cirrhosis. The Asian Pacific Association for Study of the Liver (APASL) severity score was proposed in 2011. This score is used for evaluating the severity of acute variceal bleeding. However, as this score is largely based on expert opinion, it requires validation.

Aim

To determine the value of the APASL severity score.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of patients treated for acute variceal bleeding at Konkuk University Hospital from 2006 to 2011. The APASL severity score, Child-Pugh score, and Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) score were calculated, and predictive values for treatment failure, rebleeding, and in-hospital mortality were compared by the area under the receiver operating curve (AUROC).

Results

A total of 136 patients were enrolled, and all patients were treated by endoscopic variceal ligation (EVL) and terlipressin combination therapy. Most patients were male (n = 123, 90.4 %), and the most common etiology was alcohol (n = 91, 66.9 %). Thirteen treatment failures, eight rebleedings, and seven in-hospital mortalities occurred. The AUROCs of the APASL severity score, Child-Pugh score, and MELD score were 0.760, 0.681, and 0.607 for treatment failure; 0.660, 0.714, and 0.677 for rebleeding; and 0.872, 0.847, and 0.735 for in-hospital mortality. A significant difference was only observed between the APASL severity score and MELD score for treatment failure (p = 0.0259).

Conclusion

APASL severity score was a useful method for predicting treatment failure. However, the predictive value for rebleeding and in-hospital mortality were not satisfactory.     

Early lactate clearance for predicting active bleeding in critically ill patients with acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding: a retrospective study

Not all patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB) require emergency endoscopy. Lactate clearance has been suggested as a parameter for predicting patient outcomes in various critical care settings. This study investigates whether lactate clearance can predict active bleeding in critically ill patients with UGIB. This single-center, retrospective, observational study included critically ill patients with UGIB who met all of the following criteria: admission to the emergency department (ED) from April 2011 to August 2014; had blood samples for lactate evaluation at least twice during the ED stay; and had emergency endoscopy within 6 h of ED presentation. The main outcome was active bleeding detected with emergency endoscopy. Classification and regression tree (CART) analyses were performed using variables associated with active bleeding to derive a prediction rule for active bleeding in critically ill UGIB patients. A total of 154 patients with UGIB were analyzed, and 31.2 % (48/154) had active bleeding. In the univariate analysis, lactate clearance was significantly lower in patients with active bleeding than in those without active bleeding (13 vs. 29 %, P < 0.001). Using the CART analysis, a prediction rule for active bleeding is derived, and includes three variables: lactate clearance; platelet count; and systolic blood pressure at ED presentation. The rule has 97.9 % (95 % CI 90.2–99.6 %) sensitivity with 32.1 % (28.6–32.9 %) specificity. Lactate clearance may be associated with active bleeding in critically ill patients with UGIB, and may be clinically useful as a component of a prediction rule for active bleeding.     

A clinical study of acute lymphoblastic leukemia in adolescents:a single center experience

<正>Objective To explore the clinical and laboratory characteristics,treatment,prognostic factors of acute lymphoblastic leukemia(ALL)in adolescents.Methods Adolescents de novo ALL patients in Blood Disease Hospital,Peking Union Medical College,Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences from September 1999 to September2013 were enrolled in this study.Clinical data,thera-     

Double-balloon enteroscopy for obscure gastrointestinal bleeding: A single center experience in China

AIM: To evaluate the diagnostic value of double-balloon enteroscopy (DBE) for obscure gastrointestinal bleeding (OGIB). METHODS: The data about 75 OGIB patients who underwent DBE in January 2007-June 2009 in our hospital were retrospectively analyzed. RESULTS: DBE was successfully performed in all 75 patients without complication. Of the 75 patients, 44 (58.7%) had positive DBE findings, 22 had negative DBE findings but had potential bleeding at surgery and capsule endoscopy, etc . These 66 patients were fi...     

重组组织型纤溶酶原激活物静脉溶栓治疗急性缺血性卒中单中心回顾性研究

目的评价重组组织型纤溶酶原激活物(recombinant tissue plasminogen activator,rtPA)静脉溶栓治疗急性缺血性卒中的临床疗效和安全性,探讨溶栓时间窗和影响溶栓转归的相关因素.方法 回顾性分析急性缺血性卒中患者94例,其中rtPA组40例.对照组54例.在发病后24 h应用美国国立卫生院卒中量表(National Institute of Health Stroke Scale,NIHSS)评价神经功能.早期神经功能改善定义为人院后24 h NIHSS改善≥4分或神经功能完全恢复.在发病后14 d应用改良Rankin量表(modified Rankin Scale,mRS)、Barthel指数(Berthel Index,BI)和NIHSS进行临床疗效评价,BI≥95分、mRS≤1分或NIHSS≤1分定义为转归良好.此外,对有症状颅内出血(symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage,sICH)发生率和病死率进行评价.结果 rtPA组24 h早期神经功能改善率显著高于对照组(37.5%对13.O%,OR=3.900,P=0.007),rtPA组入院后14 d转归良好率显著高于对照组(OR=2.654.95%CI 1.089～7.235;P=0.035).rtPA组住院期间sICH发生率较对照组显著增高(15.00%对1.85%,P=0.033),但病死率无显著差异(17.50%对9.36%,P=0.054).多因素同归分析显示,血糖≥8 mmol/L、基底动脉梗死、NHISS评分≥20分和存在早期CT梗死征象是转归较差的独立预测因素.3 h内静脉溶栓的转归良好率显著高于4.5～6 h溶柃时(47.1%对16.7%,OR=4.473,P=0.034).结论 急性缺血性卒中患者在发病6 h内进行rtPA静脉溶栓治疗安全、有效,其中起病3 h内溶柃的疗效更好.血糖≥18 mmol/L、基底动脉梗死、NHISS评分≥20分和存在早期CT梗死征象是转归转差的独立预测因素.     

Pros and cons of colonoscopy in management of acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding

Acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding (LGIB) is a frequent gastrointestinal cause of hospitalization, particularly in the elderly, and its incidence appears to be on the rise. Endoscopic and radiographic measures are available for the evaluation and treatment of LGIB including flexible sigmoidoscopy, colonoscopy, angiography, radionuclide scintigraphy and multi-detector row computed tomography. Although no modality has emerged as the gold standard in the management of LGIB, colonoscopy is the current preferred initial test for the majority of the patients presenting with hematochezia felt to be from a colon source. Colonoscopy has the ability to diagnose all sources of bleeding from the colon and, unlike the radiologic modalities, does not require active bleeding at the time of the examination. In addition, therapeutic interventions such as cautery and endoclips can be applied to achieve hemostasis and prevent recurrent bleeding. Studies suggest that colonoscopy, particularly when performed early in the hospitalization, can decrease hospital length of stay, rebleeding and the need for surgery. However, results from available small trials are conflicting and larger, multicenter studies are needed. Compared to other management options, colonoscopy is a safe procedure with complications reported in less than 2% of patients, including those undergoing urgent examinations. The requirement of bowel preparation (typically 4 or more liters of polyethylene glycol), the logistical complexity of coordinating after-hours colonoscopy, and the low prevalence of stigmata of hemorrhage complicate the use of colonoscopy for LGIB, particularly in urgent situations. This review discusses the above advantages and disadvantages of colonoscopy in the management of acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding in further detail.