Persistent central diabetes insipidus in a very low birth weight infant]

Central diabetes insipidus (DI) is extremely rare during the neonatal period. Most cases of central DI are secondary to a known aetiology. Substitutive treatment with desmopressin is effective with nasal or oral preparation, but doses are variable and must be tailored individually. We report on a case in a very low birth weight infant with an idiopathic central DI during the first month of life. He was successfully treated with oral desmopressin. The treatment was maintained after discharge with low doses desmospressin.     

Holding the very low birth weight infant: skin-to-skin techniques

Skin-to-skin holding has been reported as a valuable intervention for preterm infants for over a decade. However, many neonatal intensive care units are not practicing this therapy and cite lack of protocols and techniques as a barrier. This article describes in detail the nursing considerations and techniques involved to successfully implement skin-to-skin holding for very low birth weight, technology-dependent infants. NICU protocols can be derived from this article.     

早产儿脑损伤的相关生物学标志物

随着围生医学的不断发展,早产低出生体重儿成活率显著提高,而其脑损伤的发病率亦逐年增加。早产儿脑损伤以脑室内出血及脑白质损伤为主,是早产儿神经系统后遗症的主要原因,已成为影响早产儿生存质量的严重问题。早产儿脑损伤病因复杂,难以避免,早期诊断与及时合理的干预尤为重要。由于早产儿脑损伤早期缺乏特异性的临床表现,目前诊断有赖于影像学检查。脑损伤生物学标记物,如：髓鞘碱性蛋白、S100B、激活素 A、脑红蛋白、基质金属蛋白酶、细胞因子 IL-6、IL-10、IL-11、神经元特异性烯醇化酶、肾上腺髓质素、胶质纤维酸性蛋白等,近年来引起了国内外学者的极大关注。该文对上述相关生物标志物进行综述。     

Early postnatal changes of immunoglobulin levels in very low birth weight (less than or equal to 1500 g) preterm infants

Immunoglobulin levels were measured in 16 very low birth weight preterm infants (birth weight: 1091 +/- 221 g, gestational age: 28.8 +/- 1.6 wks, mean +/- SD) at birth and at postnatal ages of 2, 4, 6 and 8 weeks. IgM level increased significantly by the age of 2 weeks (0.26 +/- 0.25 g/l vs 0.76 +/- 0.45 g/l, p less than 0.05), then remained unchanged throughout the study period. IgA level did not change significantly. IgG level decreased significantly by the age of 6 weeks (6.04 +/- 3.8 g/l vs 4.4 +/- 1.4 g/l, p less than 0.05), but after that no further decrease could be detected. The extent of the decrease in IgG level, however, proved to be smaller than expected on the basis of the reference data for term infants. The possibility is suggested that the packed red cell transfusions given to the patients may have resulted in the higher immunoglobulin levels.     

Candida (amphotericin-sensitive) lens abscess associated with decreasing arterial blood flow in a very low birth weight preterm infant

In this report, we review the case of a candidal lens abscess in a premature infant girl who was 28 weeks' gestational age at birth. The culture obtained from the lens abscess grew Candida albicans sensitive to amphotericin B but resistant to flucytosine. This case is unique in that the infant developed a fungal lens cataract at 34 weeks' postconceptional age during the last week of a 30-day course of amphotericin B. The embryonic hyaloid artery system, which perfuses the developing lens, regresses between 29 and 32 weeks of gestation; thus, the mechanism for an infection of the lens may be inoculation of the lens by Candida before hyaloid artery system regression, followed by developmental loss of this blood supply, which makes the lens inaccessible to antimicrobial penetration. Candidal endophthalmitis with lens abscess is an uncommon morbidity that requires prompt recognition and surgical intervention for effective management.     

极低出生体重早产儿两种肠道外营养方式的对比分析

目的探讨传统肠道外营养(TTPN)与早期肠道外营养(ETPN)的不同效果。方法2000年1月至2008年4月我院收治的生后24 h内入院的极低出生体重早产儿,2006年以前入院为TTPN组,2006年以后入院为ETPN组。TTPN组出生24 h后给予氨基酸0.5 g·kg~(-1)·d~(-1),每日递增0.25～0.5g/kg,出生第3天给予脂肪乳0.5 g·kg~(-1)·d~(-1),每日递增0.25～0.5g/kg;ETPN组出生12～24 h给予氨基酸1.0 g·kg~(-1)·d~(-1),每日递增0.5 g/kg,出生24 h给予脂肪乳0.5～1.0 g·kg~(-1)·d~(-1),每日递增0.5 g/kg。观察生后1周内非蛋白热卡(不计奶量),生理性体重下降时间、恢复至出生体重时间、体重增长情况、过渡至全肠道营养时间及相关并发症等。结果共入选58例,TTPN组30例,ETPN组28例。ETPN组较TTPN组非蛋白热卡摄入多,体重下降持续时间短,恢复至出生体重时间短,体重增长快,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);后期相关并发症及过渡至全肠道外营养时间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论极低出...     

极低出生体重早产儿两种肠道外营养方式的对比分析

目的 探讨传统肠道外营养(TTPN)与早期肠道外营养(ETPN)的不同效果.方法 2000年1月至2008年4月我院收治的生后24 h内入院的极低出生体重早产儿,2006年以前入院为TTPN组,2006年以后入院为ETPN组.TTPN组出生24 h后给予氨基酸0.5 g·kg-1·d-1,每日递增0.25～0.5g/kg,出生第3天给予脂肪乳0.5 g·kg-1·d-1,每日递增0.25～0.5 g/kg;ETPN组出生12～24 h给予氨基酸1.0 g·kg-1·d-1,每日递增0.5 g/kg,出生24 h给予脂肪乳0.5～1.0 g·kg-1·d-1,每日递增0.5 g/kg.观察生后1周内非蛋白热卡(不计奶量),生理性体重下降时间、恢复至出生体重时间、体重增长情况、过渡至全肠道营养时间及相关并发症等.结果 共入选58例,TTPN组30例,ETPN组28例.ETPN组较TTPN组非蛋白热卡摄入多,体重下降持续时间短,恢复至出生体重时间短,体重增长快,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);后期相关并发症及过渡至全肠道外营养时间差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 极低出生体重早产儿ETPN比TTPN摄入热量多,体重增长快,可以减少早期营养不良发生,肠道外营养相关并发症无明显增加,对胃肠功能的恢复无明显影响.     

Neutropenia and intraventricular hemorrhage among very low birth weight (less than 1500 grams) premature infants

To assess the previously reported association of intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) with neutropenia, we prospectively followed during a 38-month study period infants with birth weight less than or equal to 1500 gm who survived greater than 72 hours and underwent serial cranial sonography and neutrophil counts for the first 14 days of life. Neutrophil counts were interpreted according to a widely employed reference range. Infants with conditions other than IVH reported to be associated with neutropenia (sepsis, maternal hypertension, 5-minute Apgar score less than or equal to 5) were excluded. Final study groups included 38 infants with IVH and 114 without IVH. No significant differences were found for birth weight, gestational age, respiratory distress syndrome, mechanical ventilation, prolonged rupture of membranes, patent ductus arteriosus, route of delivery, pneumothorax, or sex. The occurrence of neutropenia before 14 days of age was not significantly different between the groups (50% with IVH, 56% without IVH), nor were differences found at individual postnatal ages. Comparison of immature neutrophil count and immature/total neutrophil ratio also revealed no differences. The high incidence of neutropenia in our non-IVH group raises questions about application of these widely accepted reference ranges to very low birth weight infants.