急性前壁心肌梗死患者aVR导联ST段变化的临床意义

目的探讨急性前壁心肌梗死患者aVR导联ST段变化的临床意义。方法首次急性前壁心肌梗死患者75例,均经再灌注治疗及冠状动脉造影,依据心电图aVR导联ST段变化将病例分为抬高组、无偏移组和下移组。结果前降支再灌注TIMI分级0~1级在ST段抬高组、无偏移组、下移组分别为15例(78.9%)、31例(91.2%)、21例(95.5%),后两组与ST段抬高组比较有显著差异(P<0.05)。相对2~3级血流也类似情况,ST段抬高组与后两组比较有显著差异(P<0.01),犯罪血管为左主干病变的ST段抬高组、无偏移组、下移组分别为4例(21.1%)、1例(2.9%)、3例(13.6%),有显著差异(P<0.01);病变范围为前降支近端至S1,病变范围为前降支近端至D1,三组无明显差异,多支病变和侧支循环形成2级以上ST段抬高组与无偏移组,下移组与无偏移组均有显著差异(P<0.05);早期临床情况显示ST段抬高组和ST段下移组的血清BNP和cTnI明显高ST段无偏移组(P<0.05);ST段抬高组和下移组行CABG和IABP应用明显高于无偏移组(P<0.01),而左室射血分数(LVEF)无明显差异(P>0.05)。结论急性前壁心肌梗死患者如果aVR导联ST段抬高或下移可能提示有严重的左主干病变,左前降支病变或严重的多支病变,且有大面积的心肌梗死,心肌收缩功能损害明显,应用IABP或急诊CABG比率增高     

The Diagnostic Value of 12‐Lead Electrocardiogram in Predicting Infarct‐Related Artery and Right Ventricular Involvement in Acute Inferior Myocardial Infarction

Background: The aim of the present study was to investigate the predictive value of presentation and 24‐hour electrocardiograms in defining the infarct‐related artery (IRA), its lesion segment, and the right ventricular involvement in acute inferior myocardial infarction (Ml). Methods: One hundred forty‐nine patients with acute inferior MI were included. Infarct‐related artery, its lesion segment, and the validity of new ECG criteria for the diagnosis of right ventricular Ml (RVMI) were investigated by means of criteria obtained from admission and 24‐hour ECGs. Results: The presence of ST‐segment elevation in lead III > lead II criterion (Criterion 1) and ST‐segment depression in lead I > lead aVL criterion (Criterion 2) from admission ECG defined the right coronary artery (RCA) as IRA with a sensitivity of 64% and a specificity of 100%. These two criteria also defined the proximal or mid lesions in RCA as culprit lesions (sensitivity of 99%, specificity of 96%). Absence of these two criteria indicated Cx as IRA with a sensitivity of 50% and a specificity of 97%. The depth of Q wave in lead III > lead II criterion (Criterion 3) had no value for discrimination of IRA, but the width of Q wave in lead III > lead II criterion (Criterion 4) supported the RCA to be IRA with a sensitivity of 60% and a specificity of 61% (Criteria 3 and 4 were obtained from 24‐hour ECGs). The finding of Criterion 1 plus Criterion 5 (ST elevation in V₁ but no ST elevation in V2) on admission ECG had a sensitivity of 63% and a specificity of 99% in the diagnosis of RVMI. Conclusion: We concluded that 12‐lead ECG is a cheap, easy, and readily obtainable diagnostic approach in discrimination of IRA and its culprit lesion segment. However, despite high specificity, due to moderate degree sensitivity, its value for the diagnosis of RVMI is questionable. A.N.E. 2001; 6(3):229–235     

急性下壁心肌梗死伴胸前导联ST段下降的临床意义

目的：探讨急性下壁心肌梗死心电图胸前导联ＳＴ段下降与前降支病变的关系。方法：对７７例急性下壁心肌梗死患者入院时心电图和冠状动脉造影资料进行分析，并根据入院时心电图胸前导联ＳＴ段下降范围将患者分为４组。Ｉ组（ｎ＝１２）：Ｖ１～３导联ＳＴ段下降；Ⅱ组（ｎ＝１２）：Ｖ４～６导联ＳＴ段下降；Ⅲ组（ｎ＝３５）：Ｖ１～５或Ｖ１～６导联ＳＴ段下降；Ⅳ组（ｎ＝１８）：胸前导联ＳＴ段无明显下降。结果：Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组和Ⅳ组前降支病变发生率分别为８％、７５％、７４％和２８％，其前降支狭窄程度≥９０％者Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组分别占２２％、５８％；Ⅰ组前降支病变发生率８％；Ⅳ组前降支病变的发生率为２８％，但其前降支狭窄程度均＜９０％。结论：急性下壁心肌梗死伴前壁（Ｖ１～５导联）或广泛前壁（Ｖ１～６导联）及前侧壁（Ｖ４～６导联）ＳＴ段下降者大多合并前降支病变，前者ＳＴ段下降的主要原因是由于前降支严重狭窄病变致前壁心内膜下心肌缺血，后者则可能更多与心肌梗死相关血管有关。而Ｖ１～３导联ＳＴ段下降则考虑是一种对应性变化。     

急性下壁心肌梗死患者心电图预测梗塞部位的研究

目的 探讨心电图用于预测急性下壁心肌梗死患者梗塞部位的可行性.方法 利用标准12导心电图预测冠状动脉梗塞部位.如:右冠状动脉(RCA)右心室分支的近端梗塞,RCA右心室分支的远端梗塞,左回旋支(LCX)梗塞.选择152名首次发生下壁心肌梗死患者,症状发生后12h行冠状动脉血管造影.血管造影前全部患者采用标准12导心电图.结果V_3/Ⅲ比率分别是0.2±0.3,0.8±0.5,2.5±2.5,(P=0.0001).V_3/Ⅲ比率<0.5为RCA近端梗塞,V_3/Ⅲ比率>0.5或≤1.2为RCA远端梗塞V_3/Ⅲ比率>1.2为LCX梗塞,其敏感性分别为91%,93%,95%.结论 V_3/Ⅲ比率对预测急性下壁心肌梗死患者冠状动脉梗塞部位极有帮助.     

慢性完全闭塞病变对接受急诊介入治疗的急性心肌梗死患者远期预后的影响

目的:分析慢性完全闭塞(CTO)病变对接受急诊介入治疗的急性心肌梗死(AMI)患者远期预后的影响。方法:分析自2013年1月至2014年9月间纳入中国急性心肌梗死(CAMI)注册登记研究的接受急诊介入治疗的14176例AMI患者,根据冠状动脉造影的结果,将患者分为AMI合并CTO病变组(n=1235)和AMI不合并CTO病变组(n=12941)。随访2年,比较两组的临床预后,主要研究终点为死亡率,次要研究终点为包括心原性死亡、脑卒中、心力衰竭再入院、再次血运重建等的主要不良心血管事件。结果:合并CTO病变的AMI患者占8.7%(1235/14176)。随访2年,AMI合并CTO病变组的患者全因死亡率(9.9%vs.5.4%)和心原性死亡率(5.0%vs.2.6%)明显高于AMI不合并CTO病变组患者(P均<0.01)。单因素分析显示,CTO病变增加AMI患者死亡(HR=1.44,95%CI:1.02~2.03,P=0.04)和再次血运重建(HR=2.14,95%CI:1.55~2.96,P<0.01)风险。多因素回归分析显示,高龄(HR=1.07,95%CI:1.05~1.09)和就诊时存在心力衰竭(HR=2.05,95%CI:1.36~3.09)与患者2年死亡的不良预后明显相关(P均<0.01),而CTO病变不是2年死亡的独立危险因素(HR=1.33,95%CI:0.93~1.90,P=0.11)。结论:合并CTO病变的AMI患者的远期死亡率和心原性死亡率明显高于不合并CTO病变的患者。高龄和就诊时存在心力衰竭是远期死亡的独立危险因素,而CTO病变并不是远期死亡的独立危险因素。     

急性ST段抬高性前壁心肌梗死患者的右心室功能分析

目的:评价急性前壁ST段抬高性心肌梗死直接经皮冠状动脉成形术(PCI)患者的右心室收缩和舒张功能变化。方法:分析46例急性前壁ST段抬高性心肌梗死患者[前降支近端完全闭塞者24例(前降支近端闭塞组),前降支远端急性闭塞者22例(前降支远端闭塞组)]直接PCI和35例冠状动脉造影"正常"患者(对照组)的临床、冠状动脉造影和心电图资料。采用二维心脏超声分别测定入选患者的右心室舒张末期容积(RVEDV),右心室收缩末期容积(RVESV),右心室射血分数(RVEF),平均肺动脉压(MPAP),左心室舒张末期容积(LVEDV),左心室收缩末期容积(LVESV),左心室射血分数(LVEF)和心脏指数(CI)。结果:与对照组相比,前降支远端闭塞组的平均肺动脉压无显著性差异(P>0.05),而右心室舒张末期容积和收缩末期容积增大,右心室射血分数降低;左心室舒张末期容积和收缩末期容积增加,左心室射血分数、心脏指数减低(P均<0.01)。与前降支远端闭塞组比较,前降支近端闭塞组的左心室舒张末期容积和收缩末期容积增加(P<0.01),心脏指数和左心室射血分数减少(P<0.01),右心室舒张末期容积收缩末期容积和平均肺动脉压增加(P<0.05～0.01),右心室射血分数降低(P<0.01)。多元线性回归分析表明前降支近端闭塞与右心室射血分数降低(R2=0.38,P<0.01)、右心室舒张末期容积增加(R2=0.410,P<0.01)有较好的相关性。2周后,前降支近端和远端闭塞组的右心室舒张末期容积、右心室收缩末期容积、平均肺动脉压和右心室射血分数无明显差异,而前降支近端闭塞患者的左心室舒张末期容积和收缩末期容积增大,左心室射血分数和心脏指数较低(P均<0.01)。结论:提示前降支近端闭塞可能伴右心室前壁部分心肌梗死导致右心室收缩和舒张功能障碍。     

Acute Anterior ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction and Electrical Storm Secondary to Nondominant Right Coronary Artery Occlusion

A 42-year-old man emergently presented with chest pain and anterior ST elevation. Refractory ventricular arrhythmias and shock developed rapidly. A coronary angiogram revealed the acute occlusion of a nondominant right coronary artery. After percutaneous coronary intervention, the anterior ST elevation and ventricular arrhythmias resolved. The electrocardiographic pattern was a result of isolated right ventricular infarction that in turn caused profound electrical and hemodynamic instability. We discuss the cause and pathophysiology of this patient''s case, and we recommend that interventional and general cardiologists be aware that anterior ST elevation can be caused by the occlusion of a nondominant right coronary artery.     

Acute Posterior-inferior Myocardial Infarction Caused by Total Occlusion Distal to the Apex of the Hyperdominant Left Anterior Descending Artery

A 77-year-old woman was admitted to our hospital with severe ongoing chest pain. Electrocardiography showed ST-segment elevation in the inferior leads and tall R waves in leads V1-2. Posterior-inferior myocardial infarction was diagnosed. Emergent coronary angiography (CAG) revealed the wrap-around left anterior descending artery (LAD) with total occlusion distal to the cardiac apex. She underwent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Despite difficulty navigating the long and tortuous LAD, we successfully performed reperfusion of the wrap-around LAD. CAG post-PCI showed the posterior descending artery arising from the LAD, described as hyperdominant LAD.     

Right Atrial Volume Index as a Predictor of Persistent Right Ventricular Dysfunction in Patients with Acute Inferior Myocardial Infarction and Proximal Right Coronary Artery Occlusion Treated with Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

ObjectivesPatients with right ventricular (RV) infarctions associated with inferior infarctions have higher rates of adverse events than isolated inferior infarctions. Right atrial volume index (RAVI) has recently been described as a predictor of clinical outcome in patients with chronic systolic heart failure and pulmonary hypertension. The aim of this study is to assess the ability of RAVI to predict the persistent RV dysfunction after acute inferior STEMI due to occlusion of proximal RCA. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate the relation between RAVI and persistent RV dysfunction in such group of patients.Patients and methodsSixty-five consecutive patients with recent first acute inferior STEMI who underwent primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI) were prospectively included in the study. Echocardiographic evaluation was performed at the time of discharge and at 3 months. All the patients underwent standard echocardiographic assessment using conventional 2D and tissue Doppler imaging (TDI).ResultsPatients were divided into two groups according to right ventricular function (RVF) 3 months after acute myocardial infarction (AMI). The normal RVF group included 41 (63%) patients and the impaired RVF group included 24 (37%) patients. RAVI was significantly higher in patients with impaired RVF (p=<0.001). RAVI was a predictor of persistently impaired RV function (odds ratio = 1.786, 95% confidence interval, 1.367–2.335, p value= <0.001) and (odds ratio = 1.829, 95% confidence interval, 1.358–2.462, p value= <0.001) in univariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses respectively. In receiving operator characteristics (ROC) curve analysis, RAVI with a cutoff value ≥ 30 ml/m² had a 87.5% sensitivity, a 92.24% specificity area under Receiving operator characteristics (ROC) curve = 0.964 for predicting persistently impaired RVF.ConclusionIn patients with inferior STEMI with proximal RCA occlusion, RAVI is an independent predictor of persistently impaired RVF with a cut-off value ≥ 30 ml/m².     

Identification of Optimal Electrocardiographic Criteria for the Diagnosis of Unrecognized Myocardial Infarction: A Population‐Based Study

Background: Despite using the same tool (ECG), the proportion of myocardial infarctions that goes unrecognized varies from 20% to 60% in population‐based studies. The reasons for such wide variations have not been studied. We sought to evaluate the effect of ECG‐MI criteria and study methodology on the prevalence of unrecognized myocardial infarction (UMI) and to identify the optimal ECG‐MI criteria for UMI detection in epidemiologic studies. Methods: A random population‐based sample of 2042 adults, age ≥45 years, underwent history, medical record abstraction and ECG. Six different ECG‐MI criteria and two subjective recognized myocardial infarction (RMI) identification criteria, from different published studies, were applied to the same survey ECG. The operating test characteristics of different criteria were compared with the objective criterion standard of a RMI by Gillum criteria. Results: The UMI proportion estimates varied from 32% to 61% due to variation in ECG‐MI criteria, while keeping the study population, MI recognition criteria, and ECG constant. Subjective criteria for MI recognition had limited value (positive predictive value of 44–93%) in picking up RMI. Depending on the ECG abnormality used to define MI, ECG reading had widely varying sensitivity (21–37%; P < 0.0001) with consistently high specificity (92–97%) for detection of RMI. Conclusions: The prevalence estimates of UMI vary widely and are strongly dependent on the ECG‐MI and MI recognition criteria. Future studies of UMI should explicitly recognize this variation and select the ECG‐MI criteria that match their study aims.     

Observer Variability and Optimal Criteria of Transient Ischemia During ST Monitoring with Continuous 12‐lead ECG

Background: ST monitoring with continuous 12‐lead ECG is a well‐established method in patients with unstable coronary artery disease (CAD). However, the method lacks documentation on optimal criteria for episodes of transient ischemia and on observer variability. Methods: Observer variability was evaluated in 24‐hour recordings from 100 patients with unstable CAD with monitoring in the coronary care unit. Influence on ST changes by variations in body position were evaluated by monitoring 50 patients in different body positions. Different criteria of transient ischemia and their predictive importance were evaluated in 630 patients with unstable CAD who underwent 12 hours of monitoring and thereafter were followed for 1 to 13 months. Two sets of criteria were tested: (1) ST deviation ≧ 0.1 mV for at least 1 minute, and (2) ST depression ≧ 0.05 mV or elevation ≧ 0.1 mV for at least 1 minute. Results: When the first set of criteria were used, the interobserver agreement was good (kappa = 0.72) and 8 (16%) had significant ST changes in at least one body position. Out of 100 patients with symptoms suggestive of unstable CAD and such ischemia, 24 (24%) had a cardiac event during follow‐up. When the second set of criteria were used, the interobserver agreement was poor (kappa = 0.32) and 21(42%) had significant ST changes in at least one body position. Patients fulfilling the second but not the first set of criteria did not have a higher risk of cardiac event than those without transient ischemia (5.3 vs 4.3%). Conclusions: During 12‐lead ECG monitoring, transient ischemic episodes should be defined as ST deviations ≧ 0.1 mV for at least 1 minute, based on a low observer variability, minor problems with postural ST changes and an important predictive value. A.N.E. 2002;7(3):181–190     

急性前壁心肌梗死时心电图对预测冠状动脉前降支闭塞位置的作用

目的：探讨心电图对准确预测前壁急性心肌梗死（ＡＭＩ）时冠状动脉前降支（ＬＡＤ）闭塞位置的作用。方法：对９４例前壁ＡＭＩ患者的心电图和冠状动脉造影资料进行分析。结果：①前间隔ＡＭＩ患者前降支闭塞位置大都发生在第１间隔支和第１对角支开口远端，且单支病变多见。②前壁和前壁伴高侧壁ＡＭＩ患者前降支闭塞位置发生在第１间隔支与第１对角支开口近端的发生率分别为２８９％与２６３％和５５０％与４７５％。前壁伴高侧壁ＡＭＩ患者若以大的对角支作为解剖分界进行分析，则８００％其血管闭塞位置在大的对角支发出前，若以ａＶＬ导联ＳＴ段抬高＞１ｍｍ，Ⅲ、ａＶＦ导联ＳＴ压低＞１ｍｍ为标准，预测血管闭塞位置在第１对角支开口近端和大对角支开口近端的发生率分别为６９２％和９２３％。③前壁伴下壁ＡＭＩ者前降支闭塞位置均发生在第１间隔支开口远端。结论：心电图对前壁ＡＭＩ时前降支的闭塞位置有重要的预测价值     

急性前壁心肌梗死时下壁导联ST段改变的临床价值

目的探讨急性前壁心肌梗死病人下壁导联ST段改变的临床价值.方法对93例冠状动脉左前降支(LAD)单支病变所致急性前壁心肌梗死病人,根据早期心电图下壁导联ST段改变将其分为压低组、抬高组、无改变组3组,与冠状动脉造影结果进行分析比较.结果下壁导联ST段压低组中71.4%为LAD非包绕型近端病变;抬高组中61.5%为LAD包绕型远端病变;无改变组中LAD包绕型近端病变和LAD非包绕型远端病变所占比例相近.结论急性前壁心肌梗死病人下壁导联ST段改变与LAD形态及病变部位有关.     

ST‐Segment Resolution Prior to Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Is a Poor Indicator of Coronary Artery Patency in Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction

Background: The prognostic value of ST‐segment resolution (STR) after initiation of reperfusion therapy has been established by various studies conducted in both the thrombolytic and mechanic reperfusion era. However, data regarding the value of STR immediately prior to primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) to predict infarct‐related artery (IRA) patency remain limited. We investigated whether STR prior to primary PCI is a reliable, noninvasive indicator of IRA patency in patients with ST‐segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Methods: The study population consisted of STEMI patients who underwent primary PCI at our institution between 2000 and 2007. STR was analyzed in 12‐lead electrocardiograms recorded at first medical contact and immediately prior to primary PCI and defined as complete (≥70%), partial (70%? 30%), or absent (<30%). Results: In 1253 patients with a complete data set, STR was inversely related to the probability of impaired preprocedural flow (P_{for trend} < 0.001). Although the sensitivity of incomplete (<70%) STR to predict a Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) flow of <3 was 96%, the specificity was 23%, and the negative predictive value of incomplete STR to predict normal coronary flow was only 44%. Conclusions: This study establishes the correlation between STR prior to primary PCI and preprocedural TIMI flow in STEMI patients treated with primary PCI. However, the negative predictive value of incomplete STR for detection of TIMI‐3 flow is only 44% and therefore should not be a criterion to refrain from immediate coronary angiography in STEMI patients. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol 2010;15(2):107–115     

The Impact of Preinfarction Angina on Electrocardiographic Ischemia Grades in Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction Treated with Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

Objective: Grade 3 ischemia (G3I) is defined as ST elevation with distortion of the terminal portion of the QRS (emergence of the J point >50% of the R wave in leads with qR configuration, or disappearance of the S wave in leads with an Rs configuration). Patients with G3I on the presenting electrocardiogram (ECG) had worse prognosis than the patients with lesser (grade 2‐G2I) ischemia. The aim of this study is to examine the effects of preinfarct angina (PIA) on electrocardiographic ischemia grades. Methods: One hundred forty‐eight consecutive patients with ST‐segment myocardial infarction (STEMI) were included in this study. All patients underwent primary percutaneous coronary intervention. The admission ECGs was analyzed retrospectively for electrocardiographic ischemia grades and compared with the presence of PIA. Results: Study population consisted of 110 patients with G2I (88 men, mean age = 63 ± 6 years) and 38 patients with G3I (32 men, mean age = 61 ± 8 years). Baseline characteristics of the groups were the same except for patients with G3I had significantly longer pain to balloon time and higher admission creatine kinase MB isoenzyme (CK‐MB) levels. Tissue myocardial perfusion grade (TMPG) was better in patients with G2I. While 18 patients (47%) with G3I had PIA, 81 patients (70%) with G2I had PIA (P = 0.005). Although pain to balloon time and admission CK‐MB were independent predictor of worse electrocardiographic ischemia grade (OR 1.69, 95% CI 1.09–2.62; P = 0.01; OR 1.01, 1.00–286 Conclusion: PIA is one of the most important clinical predictors of better ischemia grades especially when combined with the pain to balloon time, LVEF, and admission CK‐MB levels in patients with STEMI. This study provided another evidence for the protective effects of PIA.     

Acute Myocardial Infarction with Severe ST Segment Elevation Treated with Percutaneous Coronary Intervention More than Two Days after Onset: A Case with Remarkable Recovery

The patient was a 65-year-old man with marked ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Cardiac catheterization revealed an occluded middle portion of the left anterior descending artery and no collateral circulation. Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) was performed, and ST elevation improved 5 days after PCI. Almost all electrocardiogram (ECG) findings were normal 6 months later. Echocardiographic findings were also normal. This case was very successful and unusual in that no ventricular aneurysm formed despite ST elevation continuing for a few days and that ECG and left ventricular function were nearly normal after PCI performed days after the onset in a case without collateral circulation.     

Predictive Value of Admission Electrocardiogram For Multivessel Disease in Acute Anterior and Anterior‐Inferior Myocardial Infarction

Background: Our aim was to investigate the correlation between admission ECG and coronary angiography findings in terms of predicting the culprit vessel responsible for the infarct or multivessel disease in acute anterior or anterior‐inferior myocardial infarction (AMI). Methods: We investigated 101 patients with a diagnosis of anterior AMI with or without ST‐segment elevation or ST‐segment depression in at least two leads in Dll, III, aVF. The patients were classified as those with vessel involvement in the left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery and patients with multivessel disease. Vessel involvement in LAD + circumflex artery (Cx) or LAD + right coronary artery (RCA) or LAD + Cx + RCA were considered as multivessel disease. Thus, (a) anterior AMI patients with reciprocal changes in inferior leads, (b) anterior AMI patients with inferior elevations, (c) all anterior AMI patients according to the ST‐segment changes in the inferior region were analyzed according to the presence of LAD or multivesssel involvement. Results: Presence of ST‐segment depression in aVL and V6 was significantly correlated with the presence of multivessel disease in anterior AMI patients with reciprocal changes in the inferior leads (P = 0.005 and P = 0.003, respectively). No statistically significant difference between the leads were detected in terms of ST‐segment elevation in predicting vessel involvement in the two groups of anterior AMI patients with inferior elevations. When all the patients with anterior AMI were analyzed, the presence of ST‐segment depression in leads aVL, V4, V5 and V6 were significantly associated with the presence of multivessel disease (P = 0.035, P = 0.010, P = 0.011, P = 0.001, respectively). Conclusions: The presence of ST‐segment depression in anterolateral leads in the admission ECG of anterior AMI patients with reciprocal changes in inferior leads was associated with multivessel disease.