家庭自测血压的可靠性

目的 通过对3种血压测量方法 进行比较,为家庭自测血压用于临床和科研积累经验和科学数据.方法 利用"代用盐对高血压患者及其家庭成员降压效果随机双盲对照试验研究"中收集的同一研究对象(n=220)不同方法 获得血压(门诊血压、家庭自测血压和动态血压)测量数据,以动态血压数据作为参照,比较家庭血压及门诊血压与动态血压的一致性.干预前,217人3种血压测量方法 数据均合格;干预结束时,189人3种血压测量方法 数据均合格;将干预前和干预结束时测量合格的数据合并分析(n=406).利用Bland-Altman对3种测量方法 测得的血压水平进行组内一致性检验,并进行Person相关性分析;利用McNemar卡方检验比较3种方法 的个体内一致率.结果 门诊血压、动态血压和家庭自测血压3种方法 测得的血压水平(收缩压/舒张压)分别为(149.5±16.4)/(87.2±9.5)、(137.8±17.1)/(83.2±10.3)和(138.0±14.2)/(82.4±9.3)mm Hg.家庭血压与动态血压的相关性优于门诊血压与动态血压的相关性,相关系数(收缩压/舒张压)分别为(0.55/0.62)和(0.36/0.46).以动态血压为参照,家庭自测血压水平与动态血压(收缩压/舒张压)差异无统计学意义(-0.2/-0.7 mm Hg,P＞0.05),而门诊血压水平显著高于动态血压水平(11.7/4.0 mm Hg,P＜0.05);家庭自测血压的收缩压个体内差异显著优于门诊血压(≤|5| mm Hg为28.3% vs 16.5%,P＜0.05;≤|10| mm Hg为49.7% vs 33.5%,P＜0.05),舒张压个体差异略高于门诊血压,但差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 与动态血压测量值相比,家庭自测血压比门诊血压更准确.     

老年慢性心力衰竭患者血清瘦素水平变化及其与血压的关系

该文探讨慢性心力衰竭（CHF）患者血清瘦素水平变化及其与血压的关系。方法：观察慢性心力衰竭患者35例及健康对照组30例血清瘦素、左心室射血分数（LVEF）及血压水平，分析瘦素水平与血压及LVEF之间的关系。结果：CHF组与对照组比较，血清瘦素水平分别为（11．4±5．8）、（7．3±3．1）μg／L，收缩压分别为（142．1±19．7）、（127．0±17．6）mmHg，舒张压分别为（85．0±12．9）、（78．4±9．7）mmHg，两组比较，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05和P〈0．01）。CHF患者按LVEF程度分为2组，LVEF〈30％组瘦素水平为（12．4±7．8）μg／L，30％～40％组瘦素水平为（10．8±1．8）μg／L，两组间比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05），表明LVEF水平越低，瘦素水平越高。多元回归分析显示，CHF患者血清瘦素水平分别与体重指数（r=0．910，P〈0．01）、收缩压（r=0．859，P〈0．01）、舒张压（r=0．680，P〈0．05）呈正相关，与LVEF呈负相关（r=-0．729，P〈0．01）。结论：老年CHF患者血清瘦素水平较健康对照组高。并与LVEF程度呈负相关；CHF患者血压明显高于健康对照组。且瘦素水平与血压呈正相关。提示血清瘦素水平与高血压之间存在密切联系。共同促进CHF发展。     

比较家庭自测血压与动态血压在诊断儿童和青少年高血压中的价值

通过与动态血压对比，观察家庭自测血压在诊断儿童和青少年持续高血压、白大衣高血压和隐性高血压中的作用。方法：102名高血压受试者[64个男孩，年龄6～18（12．8±2．9）岁]，测定诊所血压（两次随访）、家庭自测血压（6d）、清醒动态血压。结果：38个受试者通过诊所血压诊断为高血压，动态血压诊断31例，     

肥胖病人自主神经对血压与代谢的作用

肥胖多伴有自主神经系统改变，引起血压增高，能量消耗变化。本文以神经节阻滞剂咪噻芬阻断自主神经，10名瘦人，（32±3）岁，10名肥胖，（35±3）岁。在神经节阻断后，肥胖者由于全身周围血管阻力下降明显[（一310±41）VS（33±78）达因／s·cm^2]，血压下降较瘦人明显[（-17±3）VS（-11±1）mmHg；P=0．019）。相反，静息时能量消耗在自主神经节阻断后肥胖的人减少较瘦人少[（-26±21）VS（-86±15）kcal／d，P=0．035]。在增加受检人数后，我们进一步证实了肥胖的人，自主神经对血压起的作用较大。肥胖高血压病人（n=8）较瘦的高血压病人（n=22）血压下降明显[（-28±4）VS（-9±1）mmHg]，较肥胖正常血压者（n=20）下降（-14±2mmHg）也明显。消除自主神经影响后，肥胖的人SBP仍然比瘦人高[-（109±3）VS（98±2）VS正常肥胖的人（103±2）mmHg，P=0．004]，提示肥胖并高血压还有其他因素起作用。结语：肥胖引起交感神经兴奋，这是肥胖者血压高的重要因素，因此。针对交感神经系统的治疗应当是治疗肥胖并高血压手段之一。     

预约就诊对诊室血压测量值的影响

目的 探讨预约就诊对诊室血压测量值的影响。方法 连续选取2015年1月至2016年6月间于郑州大学人民医院心内科门诊就诊的符合入组条件的患者869例,按照是否预约就诊分为2组,采用T检验比较诊室内血压值与家庭自测血压值组间的差异,并采用有序多分类Logistic回归分析进行相关影响因素分析。结果 1.诊室收缩压及舒张压测量值均高于家庭自测舒张压及收缩压测量值（141.97±19.94 mmHg vs 132.07±16.38 mmHg,P＜0.01;87.50±13.38mmHg vs 83.50±12.09mmHg,P＜0.01）;2.未预约就诊组患者诊室内收缩压（OSBP）及其与家庭自测收缩压（HSBP）的差值绝对值（|△SBP|）的平均值均明显高于预约就诊组（143.47±20.36mmHg vs 140.03±16.09mmHg,P＜0.01;13.54±13.87mmHg vs 8.52±12.06 mmHg,P＜0.01）。有序多分类Logistic回归分析提示,在校正年龄、性别、心率、BMI等因素后,预约就诊（OR=0.532,95%CI 0.403～0.704）与|△SBP|相关。结论 1.诊室收缩压及舒张压测量值均高于家庭自测值;2.预约就诊可减少OSBP测量值与HSBP的差异。     

动态血压监测中第一小时白大衣现象研究

目的探讨动态血压监测中存在的第1小时白大衣现象及其影响。方法选择2004-2005年门诊和病房住院的患者共626例（其中男性369例,女性257例）年龄范围13～90岁,平均年龄为（55．0±13．7）岁。所有观察对象测量诊室血压,在上午8：30—9：29之间开始监测24小时动态血压,将此期间检测的3次血压平均值作为第1小时血压。结果所有观察对象第1小时的平均收缩压和舒张压显著高于23h、白天、夜间和最后1H的平均水平（P〈0．01）,在不同年龄、性别组人群中也同样存在此种现象。女性中自大衣现象显著高于男性[第1小时平均血压一白天平均血压：女性：（9．5±13．4／6．0±7．8）mmHg（1mmHg：0．133kPa）;男性：（5．5±11．9／4．2±7．8）mmHg,P〈0．01],而各年龄组间差异无统计学意义。结论动态血压监测中,普遍存在着明显的第1小时内血压升高的现象,建议在临床上判断血压水平和诊断中,删除第1小时的记录数据,以便更加准确客观地反映患者的真实血压水平,在临床药物疗效观察评价及科学研究中尤其重要。     

高血压病人伴或不伴左室肥厚时，二尖瓣环活动速度减慢

该文用一般超声心动图与组织Doppler影像（TDI）测定正常血压与高血压病人伴或不伴左室肥厚（LVH）、左室质量指数（LVMI〉51g／m^2.7）的二尖瓣环运动（Hypertension，2006，47：854—860）。分组：正常血压不肥胖的16名健康人[年龄（51±9）岁，11名女性，收缩压（SBP）（109±11）mmHg，     

坎地沙坦加氢氯噻嗪对轻中度高血压的疗效和安全性

目的评价坎地沙坦加氢氯噻嗪（复方坎地沙坦酯片）对原发性高血压的降压疗效和安全性。方法对原发性高血压患者经过2周清洗期后，进入坎地沙坦酯片8mg单药治疗期，对4周后血压未达标者（达标血压为〈140／90mmHg），以随机、双盲双模拟、平行对照、多中心试验方法，分别服复方坎地沙坦酯片（坎地沙坦酯16．0mg／氢氯噻嗪12．5mg）或坎地沙坦酯片16mg单药治疗8周。结果经过2周清洗期，共有392例进入单药治疗期，坎地沙坦酯8mg单药治疗（n=353）2周后，血压下降值（10．2±0．6）／（6．5±5．7）mmHg；4周的下降值为（10．8±10．9）／（6．6±6．1）mmHg，4周血压达标率为15．3％（54／353例），组内比较，差异有非常显著意义（P〈0．01）。在以后8周随机双盲对照期，复方坎地沙坦酯组（134例）与坎地沙坦酯单药组（142例）4周时的血压分别下降为（9．3±11．7）／（8．7±6．2）和（5．4±10．8）／（5．4±6．1）mmHg；8周时为（11．1±11．2）／（10．7±6．6）和（7．8±11．1）／（7．8±6．3）mmHg（组内及组间比较P〈O．01）。随机期4周时联合治疗组血压达标率分别为64．9％（87／134），单药组为39．4％（56／142），8周时分别为79．9％（107／134）和51．4％（73／142）（组间比较P〈0．01）。不良反应事件，在单药治疗期为6．2％（22／353），复方坎地沙坦组为2．9％（4／134），坎地沙坦酯组2．8％（4／142），组间比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论复方坎地沙坦酯片较之单用坎地沙坦对原发性高血压患者有较好的降压效果和耐受性。     

健脾滋肾升压汤治疗原发性低血压96例

目的观察健脾滋肾升压汤治疗原发性低血压的临床疗效。方法采用自拟健脾滋肾升压汤加减治疗原发性低血压病人96例，1个月为1个疗程，治疗前及治疗（2～4）个疗程后观察血压。结果治疗后总有效率为91％，收缩压为（100±6）mmHg，舒张压为（68±5）mmHg，均较治疗前提高。结论健脾滋肾升压汤治疗原发性低血压疗效较满意。     

年龄与高血压对微循环的影响

高血压与正常血压老年人的微循环结构与功能改变还不清楚。该文研究46名参加者的毛细血管压、毛细血管密度、皮肤微循环功能。参加者分成3组：未治疗高血压老年人（n=16），正常血压老年人（n=16），正常血压年轻人（〈45岁，n=14）。在一个19个人的亚组中，我们还用等长肌细胞测定仪研究了阻力血管功能。两组老年人的毛细血管压都增高[老年高血压：（18．6±4．7）mmHg，老年人正常血压：（17．6±4．0）mmHg]，年轻人正常血压为（13．9±2．6）mmHg，P〈0．05。各组毛细血管密度无区别。正常血压年轻人皮肤对乙酰胆碱扩张反应较两组老年人明显（P〈0．05）。     

The effect of intermittent fasting on blood pressure variability in patients with newly diagnosed hypertension or prehypertension

Intermittent fasting is a phenomenon which can be observed in most humans. The effect of intermittent fasting on blood pressure variability (BPV) has not previously been investigated. The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of fasting on blood pressure (BP) (with office, home, central, and ambulatory blood pressure monitoring [ABPM]) and on BPV. Sixty individuals were included in the study. Office, home, ABPM, and central BP measurements were performed before and during intermittent fasting. Standard deviation and coefficient variation were used for office and home BPV measurement, while the smoothness index was used to calculate ABPM variability. Patients’ BP and BPV values before and during intermittent fasting were then compared. Intermittent fasting resulted in a significant decrease in office BP values and ABPM measurements but caused no significant change in home and central BP measurements. Twenty-four hour urinary sodium excretion decreased. Smoothness values obtained from ABPM measurements were low; in other words, BPV was greater. BPV was higher in patients who woke up to eat before sunrise, but BPV was low in patients with high body mass index. Intermittent fasting produced a significant decrease in BP values in terms of office and ABPM measurements in this study but caused no significant change in central BP and home measurements. We also identified an increase in BPV during intermittent fasting, particularly in patients who rose before sunrise.     

Meal-induced blood pressure fall in patients with isolated morning hypertension

Abstract

We aimed to determine a possible association between isolated morning hypertension (IMH) and meal-induced blood pressure (BP) fall in adult treated hypertensive patients who underwent home BP measurements. A total of 230 patients were included, median age 73.6, 65.2% women. After adjusting for age, sex, number of antihypertensive drugs, office and home BP levels, the association between IMH and meal-induced BP fall was statistically significant. In conclusion, meal-induced BP fall and IMH detected through home blood pressure monitoring (HBPM) are independently associated in hypertensive patients. The therapeutic implications of such observation need to be clarified in large-scale prospective studies.     

Home blood pressure is as reliable as ambulatory blood pressure in predicting target-organ damage in hypertension

BACKGROUND: Our objective was to assess the value of home blood pressure (BP) monitoring in comparison to office BP measurements and ambulatory monitoring in predicting hypertension-induced target-organ damage. METHODS: Sixty-eight untreated patients with hypertension with at least two routine prestudy office visits were included (mean age, 48.6 +/- 9.1 [SD] years; 50 men). Office BP was measured in two study visits, home BP was measured for 6 workdays, and ambulatory BP was monitored for 24 h. All BP measurements were obtained using validated electronic devices. Target-organ damage was assessed by measuring the echocardiographic left-ventricular mass index (LVMI), urinary albumin excretion rate (AER) in two overnight urine collections, and carotid-femoral pulse-wave velocity (PWV) (Complior device; Colson, Garges-les-Gonesse, Paris, France). RESULTS: The correlation coefficients of LVMI with office BP were 0.24/0.15 (systolic/diastolic), with home BP 0.35/0.21 (systolic, P < .01), and with 24-h ambulatory BP 0.23/0.19, awake 0.21/0.16, and asleep 0.28/0.26 (asleep, both P < .05). The correlation coefficients of AER with office BP were 0.24/0.31 (diastolic, P < .05), with home BP 0.28/0.26 (both P < .05), and with 24-h ambulatory BP 0.25/0.24, awake 0.24/0.25 (diastolic, P < .05), and asleep 0.26/0.18 (systolic, P < .05). There was a trend for negative correlations between PWV and diastolic BP measurements (not significant). In multiple-regression models assessing independent predictors of each of the three indices of target-organ damage, systolic home BP and age were the only independent predictors of increased LVMI that reached borderline statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that home BP is as reliable as ambulatory monitoring in predicting hypertension-induced target-organ damage, and is superior to carefully taken office measurements.     

Highlights of the 2019 Japanese Society of Hypertension Guidelines and perspectives on the management of Asian hypertensive patients

Unlike other international guidelines but in accord with the earlier Japanese Society of Hypertension (JSH) guidelines, the 2019 JSH guidelines (“JSH 2019”) continue to emphasize the importance of out‐of‐office blood pressure (BP) measurements obtained with a home BP device. Another unique characteristic of JSH 2019 is that it sets clinical questions about the management of hypertension that are based on systematic reviews of updated evidence. JSH 2019 states that individuals with office BP < 140/90 mm Hg do not have normal BP. The final decisions regarding the diagnosis and treatment of hypertension should be performed based on out‐of‐office BP values together with office BP measurements. For hypertensive adults with comorbidities, the office BP goal is usually <130/80 mm Hg and the home BP goal is <125/75 mm Hg. Recommendations of JSH 2019 would be valuable for not only Japanese hypertensive patients but also Asian hypertensive patients, who share the same features including higher incidence of stroke compared with that of myocardial infarction and a steeper blood pressure‐vascular event relationship.     

Effects of daily walking on office,home and 24-h blood pressure in hypertensive patients

Abstract

Aerobic exercise has been recommended in the management of hypertension. However, few studies have examined the effect of walking on ambulatory blood pressure (BP), and no studies have employed home BP monitoring. We investigated the effects of daily walking on office, home, and 24-h ambulatory BP in hypertensive patients. Sixty-five treated or untreated patients with essential hypertension (39 women and 26 men, 60?±?9 years) were examined in a randomized cross-over design. The patients were asked to take a daily walk of 30–60?min to achieve 10?000 steps/d for 4 weeks, and to maintain usual activities for another 4 weeks. The number of steps taken and home BP were recorded everyday. Measurement of office and ambulatory BP, and sampling of blood and urine were performed at the end of each period. The average number of steps were 5349?±?2267/d and 10?049?±?3403/d in the control and walking period, respectively. Body weight and urinary sodium excretion did not change. Office, home, and 24-h BP in the walking period were lower compared to the control period by 2.6?±?9.4/1.3?±?4.9?mmHg (p?<?0.05), 1.6?±?6.8/1.5?±?3.7?mmHg (p?<?0.01), and 2.4?±?7.6/1.8?±?5.3?mmHg (p?<?0.01), respectively. Average 24-h heart rate and serum triglyceride also decreased significantly. The changes in 24-h BP with walking significantly correlated with the average 24-h BP in the control period. In conclusion, daily walking lowered office, home, and 24-h BP, and improved 24-h heart rate and lipid metabolism in hypertensive patients. However, the small changes in BP may limit the value of walking as a non-pharmacologic therapy for hypertension.     

血压负荷与诊室血压的关系

目的探讨诊室血压与动态血压负荷关系。方法选取不同血压水平受试者90mmHg组,≥90mmHg组(≥95mmHg(轻、中度高血压))组,比较其诊室血压水平与对应的动态血压负荷值(血压负荷界值定义白天140/90mmHg、夜间120/80mmHg)及其相关性。结果入选53例成年(18岁)正常血压及轻、中度高血压患者,其中男37例,女16例,平均年龄53.7±8.7岁。坐位舒张压(DBP)90mmHg者(组1)31例,≥90mmHg者(组2)22例,其中≥95mmHg者16例。血压负荷:舒张压:组1的血压负荷为17%-29%(组间P0.01)。组2的为75%-84%。组3的为86%-91%。组2与组3比较P0.05。②收缩压:组1的血压负荷为33%-53%(组间P0.01)。组2的为75%-88%。组3的为76%-90%,与≥90mmHg比P0.05。诊室血压与其血压负荷的相关性(CC:相关系数):.舒张压:组1的CC为0.70-0.76,组2的为0.50-0.70。组3的为0.08-0.57。②收缩压:组1的为0.78-0.86,组2的为0.54-0.68,组3的为0.35-0.57。结论血压水平与血压负荷成正相关;轻中度血压与血压负荷相关性对临床更有指导意义。     

Comparison of awake ambulatory blood pressure and automated office blood pressure using linear regression analysis in untreated patients in routine clinical practice

The recent American hypertension guidelines recommended a threshold of 130/80 mmHg to define hypertension on the basis of office, home or ambulatory blood pressure (BP). Despite recognizing the potential advantages of automated office (AO)BP, the recommendations only considered conventional office BP, without providing supporting evidence and without taking into account the well documented difference between office BP recorded in research studies versus routine clinical practice, the latter being about 10/7 mmHg higher. Accordingly, we examined the relationship between AOBP and awake ambulatory BP, which the guidelines considered to be a better predictor of future cardiovascular risk than office BP. AOBP readings and 24‐hour ambulatory BP recordings were obtained in 514 untreated patients referred for ambulatory BP monitoring in routine clinical practice. The relationship between mean AOBP and mean awake ambulatory BP was examined using linear regression analysis with and without adjustment for age and sex. Special attention was given to the thresholds of 130/80 and 135/85 mmHg, the latter value being the recognized threshold for defining hypertension using awake ambulatory BP, home BP and AOBP in other guidelines. The mean adjusted AOBP of 130/80 and 135/85 mmHg corresponded to mean awake ambulatory BP values of 132.1/81.5 and 134.4/84.6 mmHg, respectively. These findings support the use of AOBP as the method of choice for determining office BP in routine clinical practice, regardless of which of the two thresholds are used for diagnosing hypertension, with an AOBP of 135/85 mmHg being somewhat closer to the corresponding value for awake ambulatory BP.     

Achieving reliable blood pressure measurements in clinical practice: It's time to meet the challenge

A summary of statements for blood pressure (BP) measurement in the evaluation of hypertension in the 21st century by 25 international experts is provided. The status of office, home and ambulatory BP measurement techniques are discussed. Office BP measurement, whether automated (preferred), or otherwise, should only be used as a screening measurement, and diagnostic decisions for the initiation and titration of drug treatment should be based on out‐of‐office measurements (ambulatory or home). The hardware and software requirements and the adaptations of BP measuring devices to record other cardiovascular functions, such as arrhythmias, and adaptations for smartphone use and for electronic transmission are discussed. Regulatory bodies are urged to make accuracy and performance assessment mandatory before marketing BP measuring devices. The legal implications of manufacturing inaccurate devices are noted.     

Practical Aspects of Home and Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring

Out-of-office blood pressure (BP) monitoring is becoming increasingly important in the diagnosis and management of hypertension. Home BP and ambulatory BP monitoring (ABPM) are the two forms of monitoring BP in the out-of-office environment. Home BP monitoring is easy to perform, inexpensive, and engages patients in the care of their hypertension. Although ABPM is expensive and not widely available, it remains the gold standard for diagnosing hypertension. Observational studies show that both home BP and ABPM are stronger predictors of hypertension-related outcomes than office BP monitoring. There are no clinical trials showing their superiority over office BP monitoring in guiding the treatment of hypertension, but the consistency of observational data make a compelling case for their preferential use in clinical practice.     

动态血压监测二级筛选诊断高血压的价值

选择上海人民出版社医务室管辖的７７０名职工中的１０８例高血压（确诊１０２例，临界６例）为对象，观察停服降压药２周以上后的２４ｈ动态血压（ＡＢＰ）参数。在１０１例（检测率９３．５％）受检患者中，ＡＢＰ各项参数均正常者占１９．８％，随年龄增大而减少，男性１５．２％，女性３６．４％（Ｐ＜０．０５）；各项参数均升高者占２５．７％，随年龄增大而增加，男性３０．４％，女性９．１％（Ｐ＜０．１）。高血压患病率根据随测血压的ＷＨＯ标准为１４．０％，按照ＡＢＰ参数则为１１．２％。结果提示动态血压监测可以作为高血压诊断的二级筛选手段，有助于识别＂诊所高血压＂和高危患者。