表达幽门螺杆菌NAP基因的减毒沙门菌疫苗株的建立

目的：建立表达幽门螺杆菌(H．pylori)中性粒细胞活化蛋白(Hp—NAP)的减毒沙门菌疫苗株。方法：用PCR扩增Hp—NAP基因，并克隆至原核表达质粒pTrc99A中，经PCR及酶切鉴定后测定其基因序列，并与GenBank中相关序列的同源性进行比较。以重组质粒pTrc99A—NAP转化减毒伤寒沙门菌SL3261，培养后筛选阳性菌落，抽提质粒进行PCR及酶切鉴定。表达的Hp—NAP蛋白用SDS—PAGE进行鉴定，用薄层扫描分析蛋白含量。结果：核苷酸序列测定及同源性分析证实，克隆的Hp—NAP基因与GenBank中相关序列的同源性为98％(397／402)，氨基酸序列的同源性为98％(131／133)。以重组质粒pTrc99A—NAP转化的减毒沙门菌，可表达Mr约15000的Hp—NAP蛋白，表达量约占菌体蛋白量的37．5％。结论：建立了可表达Hp—NAP基因的减毒鼠伤寒沙门疫苗株，为进一步研制Hp口眼疫苗奠定了基础。     

我国地方品种鸡IL-17cDNA的克隆、表达及鉴定

目的:克隆我国地方品种鸡IL-17 cDNA,构建该基因的原核表达质粒,获得融合表达蛋白并鉴定其免疫特性。方法:利用特异性引物,通过RT-PCR方法扩增得到隐性白羽鸡IL-17(ChIL-17)的基因片段,PCR产物克隆至原核表达载体pGEX-6P-1中,构建重组表达质粒pGEX-6P-1-ChIL17。将重组质粒pGEX-6P-1-ChIL17转化E.coliBL21,IPTG诱导表达目的蛋白,应用SDS-PAGE和Western blot分析鉴定表达产物。结果:成功扩增出ChIL-17基因片段,大小约510 bp,序列与GenBank登录的序列(NM 204460)相比,核苷酸同源性为99.8%,第477位碱基由G变为A,氨基酸同源性为100%。酶切鉴定结果表明,ChIL-17基因正确克隆入原核表达载体pGEX-6P-1中。重组质粒pGEX-6P-1-ChIL17在大肠杆菌中获得表达,SDS-PAGE结果显示出Mr约46 000大小的目的蛋白表达条带;Western blot结果表明,表达产物与小鼠IL-17抗体具有良好的反应性。结论:成功克隆并表达出我国地方品种鸡ChIL-17基因,为抗ChIL-17单...     

新型戊型肝炎病毒ORF2部分基因的构建表达及表达产物的抗原性分析

目的对新型戊型肝炎病毒ORF2的3′端部分基因进行重组质粒构建及融合表达,并对表达蛋白进行抗原性分析。方法用PCR方法从含有HEVORF2基因的pGEM-T载体上扩增表达片段,双酶切后与原核表达载体pThioHisA构建重组质粒pThioHisA-T11。诱导表达后进行SDS-PAGE和免疫印迹分析。并用纯化的融合蛋白建立EIA检测方法,对40份抗-HEVIgG国家参比血清进行检测。结果含有pThioHisA-T11重组质粒的菌株表达相对分子质量为40×103的可溶性融合蛋白T11,免疫印迹证明融合蛋白T11能与抗HEVIgG发生特异反应。EIA检测结果显示,阳性参比血清符合率为80%(8/10),阴性参比血清符合率为87%(26/30),总符合率为85%。结论表达了新型HEVORF2羧基端278氨基酸并证明有抗原活性,为今后提高HEV检出率奠定了基础。     

新疆出血热病毒核蛋白基因的高效表达及其在诊断中的初步应用

目的　克隆并测定了克里米亚 刚果出血热病毒 (CCHFV)中国分离株 (新疆出血热病毒 ,XHFV)BA8816 6株核蛋白 (NP)基因的序列并实现其在细菌中的高效表达与临床诊断的应用。方法　病毒RNA经RT PCR扩增出完整的NP基因。将扩增产物进行序列分析并克隆至融合表达载体pET32a ,使重组质粒在大肠杆菌BL 2 1中高效表达。将融合蛋白经初步纯化后包被ELISA板用于抗体检测。结果　XHFVBA8816 6株NP基因序列以及推导的氨基酸序列与其它XHFV的NP基因和蛋白序列同源性较高 ,在进化树上形成独立的分支。BA8816 6株NP基因编码 4 82个氨基酸的核蛋白 ,推测的相对分子质量 (Mr)约为 5 4× 10 3。在细菌中表达的融合蛋白经印迹试验证明具有良好的抗原性。以所建立的ELISA方法检测疫区人和动物血清的结果与IFA一致 ,并与临床诊断有很好的符合率。结论　BA8816 6株与其它XHFVBA6 6 0 19、BA84 0 2的NP基因在进化上关系密切 ,综合M基因的序列分析结果 ,人源分离株BA8816 6可能是来自蜱的BA84 0 2变异株。表达于细菌中的核蛋白可作为安全的诊断性抗原用于临床检测及流行病学调查 ,所建立的方法准确、特异、简便、快速     

His 标记 STAT4(565-748 氨基酸)肽段融合蛋白原核表达及纯化

目的:构建His 标记的人STAT4 C-端565-748 氨基酸肽段原核表达载体,埃希氏菌中诱导表达,并纯化蛋白。方法:PCR 扩增编码STAT4 C-端565-748 氨基酸肽段的基因片段,克隆到pET-28a 原核表达载体,转化感受态细菌BL21,IPTG诱导蛋白表达,经包涵体变性、复性、树脂纯化、透析。免疫印迹鉴定纯化的融合蛋白。结果:PCR 扩增获得目的片段,克隆到pET-28a,转化感受态细胞,IPTG诱导发现融合蛋白存在于包涵体。经变性、复性、树脂纯化和透析,免疫印迹实验发现融合蛋白表达、被纯化。结论:成功构建人STAT4(565-748aa)肽段原核表达质粒并获纯化融合蛋白。     

人乳头瘤病毒16型 E5基因克隆、原核表达及产物鉴定

目的 克隆HPVl6 E5基因,构建原核重组工程菌并诱导表达,对表达产物HPVl6E5蛋白进行鉴定.方法 提取宫颈癌组织DNA作为模板,用PCR方法扩增HPVl6 E5基因,经BamH I和HindⅢ双酶切后,插入相同酶切的pET21b载体质粒,转化DH5α,筛选阳性克隆.经酶切和测序鉴定后转化大肠埃希菌BL21(DE3),建屯重组工程菌株pET21b-HPVl6E5/BL21(DE3).经IPTG诱导表达,SDS-PAGE和Western印迹检测表达产物.结果 HPVl6 E5基因扩增片段0.27kb.测定序列与HPVl6原型株E5基因比较,出现4处核苷酸变异,分别为3979、4042、4077和4089位,引起144L和165V氨基酸改变.重组质粒经酶切和序列测定证实构建正确.SDS-PAGE分析重组菌在16 kDa处出现蛋白条带.该蛋白条带可被组氨酸标签单克隆抗体特异性识别.结论 成功克隆HPVl6E5基因,并构建原核表达质粒,E5 蛋白在BL21(DE3)中表达.本实验为进一步研究E5生物学活性、转化活性和肿瘤杀伤免疫作用奠定了实验基础.     

弓形虫虎源分离株ROP10基因的克隆、序列分析及其表达研究

采用RT-PCR技术从弓形虫虎源分离株中扩增出ROP10基因,将其克隆入pMD18-T载体中进行测序和生物信息学分析,并将目的基因亚克隆到大肠杆菌表达载体pET28a中进行诱导表达。该基因全长1761bp,编码586个氨基酸,其中前28个氨基酸残基构成信号肽序列。与GenBank中报道的RH株相比,16个核苷酸存在变异,导致7个氨基酸发生改变,但两者N-联糖基化位点的数量和位置没有差异,两虫株核苷酸和推导氨基酸序列的同源性分别为99.2%和98.8%。转化重组质粒pETROP10的大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)在IPTG的诱导下,可表达出分子量为67.6 kDa的重组蛋白,表达量占菌体蛋白的13.8%。     

结核分枝杆菌rPstS1-HspX融合蛋白的表达、纯化及其免疫反应性分析

目的 构建结核分枝杆菌rPstS1-hspX (rph)融合基因及其原核表达载体pET-23b(+)-rPstS1-hspX[pET-23b(+)-rph],表达、纯化rPstS1-HspX (rPH)融合蛋白,并分析其免疫反应性.方法 采用基因拼接技术将PstS1和HspX编码基因通过多肽接头(GSGSG)的DNA序列进行连接,构建融合基因rph.将融合基因定向克隆入原核表达载体pET-23b(+),构建重组原核表达质粒pET-23b(+)-rph.将重组质粒转化大肠杆菌E.coli BL21 (DE3) pLysE感受态细胞,IPTG诱导融合蛋白表达.SDS-PAGE和Western印迹法鉴定其表达情况.用镍离子鳌合亲和层析柱纯化融合蛋白,Western印迹法初步评价融合蛋白的免疫反应性.结果 融合基因rph及其原核表达载体pET-23b (+)-rph构建成功.融合蛋白rPH主要以可溶性非包涵体形式表达,相对分子质量为51 000,表达量约占菌体总蛋白的23％.经亲和层析后得到了纯度达92％的融合蛋白.Western印迹证实融合蛋白能与结核病阳性血清发生特异性免疫反应.结论 成功构建了原核表达载体pET-23b(+)-rph,获得了rPH融合蛋白,为rPH融合蛋白在结核病诊断中的应用提供了依据.     

ctB和ure I双基因融合表达及其免疫特性分析

目的构建霍乱毒素B亚单位(CtB)和幽门螺杆菌尿素膜通道蛋白(UreI)融合的原核表达质粒pET32a( )ctB/ureI,并初步研究融合蛋白CtB/UreI的表达特性和免疫特性。方法PCR从pUC18ctB中克隆ctB基因,定向在pET32a( )/ureI的ureI基因5′端插入ctB基因,构建ctB和ureI双基因原核表达质粒pET32a( )ctB/ureI,转该质粒于E.coliBL-21(DE3),经酶切和序列分析鉴定工程菌。IPTG诱导表达,HP-His亲和层析纯化,SDS-PAGE和Gel-ProAnalizer4分析,重组蛋白免疫BALB/c小鼠。用Westernblot和ELISA分析重组蛋白的免疫特性。结果工程菌含完整的ctB和ureI基因,与相对应基因的序列同源性分别为100%。在22℃,1mmol/LIPTG诱导4h后,重组蛋白的表达占菌体总蛋白12%,亲和层析纯化后蛋白纯度为94.3%。Westernblot表明重组蛋白分别能与相应的抗体反应,该蛋白免疫小鼠后能产生相应的IgG抗体。结论成功构建了能表达CtB/UreI蛋白的大肠杆菌表达菌株。对融合蛋白表达和纯化后,初步证明了该重组蛋白有CtB和UreI的双特异反应原性和免疫原性,为研究新型幽门螺杆菌疫苗奠定了坚实的基础。     

小鼠肿瘤/睾丸抗原Biot2的原核表达载体的构建及表达

目的构建小鼠睾丸特异表达基因Biot2的原核表达载体,表达pQE30-Biot2融合蛋白。方法提取小鼠睾丸组织总RNA,经RT-PCR扩增Biot2基因片段,并将其克隆入原核表达载体pQE30中,构建重组质粒pQE30-Biot2。经限制性内切酶BamHI、HindIII双酶切鉴定及序列测定后,转化E.coliXL-Blue,经IPTG诱导表达组氨酸融合蛋白,对表达产物进行SDS-PAGE电泳分析和Western blot检测。结果构建pQE30-Biot2重组原核表达质粒,表达的融合蛋白经SDS-PAGE分析,在相对分子质量(Mr)约17700处出现了1条蛋白条带,该表达蛋白具有与His-tag单克隆抗体(mAb)特异性的结合能力。结论成功地构建了Biot2基因的原核表达载体,并表达出pQE30-Biot2重组蛋白,为下一步制备多克隆抗体和蛋白功能的深入研究奠定了实验基础。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The case for allele‐specific recognition by the TCR

There is a sharp difference in how one views TCR structure–function–behaviour dependent on whether its recognition of major histocompatibility complex‐encoded restriction elements (R) is germline selected or somatically generated. The generally accepted or Standard model is built on the assumption that recognition of R is by the V regions of the αβ TCR, which is not driven by allele specificity, whereas the competing model posits that recognition of R is allele‐specific. The establishing of allele‐specific recognition of R by the TCR would rule out the Standard model and clear the road to a consideration of a competing construct, the Tritope model. Here, the case for allele‐specific recognition (germline selected) is detailed making it obvious that the Standard model is untenable.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.