扩大经蝶窦入路治疗侵袭性垂体腺瘤(附117例病例分析)

目的 探讨扩大经蝶窦入路治疗侵袭性垂体腺瘤的疗效.方法 回顾性分析采用扩大经蝶窦入路治疗117例侵袭性垂体腺瘤病例,对其疗效进行分析.结果 肿瘤向前方及额叶底部生长14例,向侧方生长包绕海绵窦103例,向后方生长破坏斜坡27例,突破鞍底向蝶窦生长45例,向两个方向以上的呈侵袭性生长者57例.手术显微镜下肿瘤全切除73例,次全切除40例,大部切除4例.手术并发症包括短暂性脑脊液鼻漏7例;脑神经不全麻痹5例;垂体功能低下5例;颈内动脉损伤2例;单眼失明2例;水久性尿崩症1例;无死亡病例.随访3个月-8年,2例患者出现肿瘤复发而予γ-刀治疗,无再手术病例.结论 采用扩大经蝶窦入路切除侵袭性垂体腺瘤,肿瘤显露满意,全切除率高,手术并发症少;但对于肿瘤未能完全切除或激素分泌型侵袭性腺瘤患者,仍需密切随访,必要时联合放射、药物等综合治疗.     

Prognostic value of the Knosp scale in trans-sphenoidal surgery for pituitary adenomas

Various surgical approaches are available for the treatment of somatotroph pituitary adenomas. The treatment of choice remains surgical excision via transsphenoidal route. The results of that operation depend on the volume of the tumour, its suprasellar and parasellar extension, especially to the cavernous sinus. Modern neuroimaging by magnetic resonance provides visualization of the size and extension of the tumour, but invasion of the cavernous sinus space remains still a surgical diagnosis. According to intraoperative observations and proliferation marker (Ki-67) Knosp has evolved out radiological classification describing parasellar extension of pituitary adenomas. We present a series of 142 somatotroph pituitary adenomas surgically treated by transsphenoidal route. The radiological features of the tumours are described using Knosp classification. The results of surgery are analyzed with special reference to preoperative magnetic resonance findings. We found Knosp scale useful for prognostic classification for transsphenoidal surgery cases.     

老年性垂体腺瘤50例临床分析

目的探讨老年性垂体腺瘤的临床诊断和手术治疗特点。方法回顾性分析8年间50例老年垂体腺瘤患者的手术资料,其中11例采用经额手术,39例采用经蝶手术。结果肿瘤全切23例,次全切除15例,大部切除12例。结论对于有视力障碍的老年垂体腺瘤病例应采用手术治疗,尤其是经蝶入路切除垂体腺瘤,具有良好的耐受,高龄已经不再是禁忌证。     

影像融合神经导航下垂体腺瘤的经蝶窦显微外科治疗

目的 评价影像融合神经导航在复发垂体腺瘤或伴蝶窦气化不良的经蝶窦显微外科手术中的应用价值。方法 4年期间选择24例垂体腺瘤患者接受神经导航下经蝶窦手术,其中再次经蝶窦手术者18例,蝶窦气化不良者6例。利用MRI和CT融合图像制定导航计划和引导手术进程。通过对比手术前后影像学资料判断肿瘤切除程度。结果 所有肿瘤均通过神经导航准确定位和到达。融合图像可同时显示骨性的蝶窦前壁、蝶窦腔、鞍底和软组织性的肿瘤、颈内动脉、海绵窦及其相互关系。肿瘤全切除20例,次全切除2例,大部切除2例。无颅内出血和感染,短暂性尿崩7例,脑脊液漏和动眼神经麻痹各1例。平均随访17.6个月,22例肿瘤全切除或次全切除者未见复发。结论影像融合神经导航适用于复发垂体腺瘤或伴有蝶窦气化不良者的经蝶窦手术,能准确引导手术进程,避免因定位偏差引起的并发症和有利于肿瘤的全切除。     

巨大垂体腺瘤二次经蝶手术30例分析

目的探讨巨大垂体腺瘤二次经蝶手术策略、技巧及术后并发症处理方法。方法回顾性分析30例巨大垂体腺瘤二次经蝶手术病人的临床资料,对手术切除程度、术后症状、激素水平变化及并发症处理等进行总结和分析。结果术后病理结果显示：无功能性腺瘤22例,其中无功能性促肾上腺皮质激素腺瘤1例;生长激素腺瘤8例。功能性垂体腺瘤病人术后激素水平均不同程度下降。术后并发一过性尿崩症9例,脑脊液鼻漏4例,无死亡或严重并发症病例。术后3个月行MRI复查17例,肿瘤全切除4例,次全切除7例。部分切除6例。结论对单纯经蝶或经颅入路均无法一期全切除或术后随访肿瘤复发的巨大垂体腺瘤病例．二次经蝶手术应作为首选治疗方法。     

海绵窦内侧壁的显微解剖与扩大经蝶窦入路治疗侵袭海绵窦的垂体腺瘤（附103例分析）

目的研究海绵窦内侧壁结构的解剖特点，并探讨采用扩大经蝶窦入路治疗侵袭海绵窦垂体腺瘤的方法。方法在10具成人新鲜尸头上模拟扩大经蝶窦手术入路，观察海绵窦内侧壁结构的解剖特点。根据解剖学研究结果，指导临床采用扩大经蝶窦手术入路治疗侵袭海绵窦的垂体腺瘤103例。结果垂体侧方的海绵窦内侧壁薄弱，仅有一层疏松的纤维组织结构。颈内动脉是扩大经蝶窦入路海绵窦内所见的主要结构，可分为5段，有3个主要分支。颈内动脉海绵窦段主要的分支有脑膜垂体干、海绵窦下动脉和被囊动脉。向内侧走行的脑膜垂体干和被囊动脉是经蝶窦入路中较易损伤的血管。手术显微镜下全切除肿瘤62例（60．2％），次全切除38例（36．9％），大部切除3例（2．9％）；无手术死亡；手术并发症包括短暂性脑脊液鼻漏5例，暂时性脑神经功能损伤4例，垂体功能低下3例，颈内动脉损伤2例，永久性尿崩症1例。术后行放射治疗17例，γ刀治疗15例，药物治疗13例。随访3个月～8年，2例出现肿瘤复发而予以γ刀治疗。无再手术病例。结论扩大经蝶窦入路是切除侵袭海绵窦垂体腺瘤理想的入路；了解颈内动脉海绵窦段及其分支在解剖形态上的变化，对于减少术中出血，确保术中安全，具有重要意义。     

单鼻孔-蝶窦入路切除垂体腺瘤手术的并发症及防治方法

目的 探讨经单鼻孔-蝶窦入路切除垂体腺瘤的常见并发症及其防治措施. 方法 收集241例经单鼻孔-蝶窦入路切除垂体腺瘤的临床资料和1～36个月的随访结果.统计患者性别、年龄、肿瘤大小、质地、术后并发症及随访结果等资料. 结果 肿瘤全切除171例(71%),次全切除28例(11.6%),大部分切除26例(10.7%),部分切除16例(6.6%).术后发生暂时性尿崩症38例(15.8%),视力下降12例(4.9%),脑脊液鼻漏4例(1.6%),单侧动眼神经损伤2例(0.8%),术中发生严重海绵间窦出血2例(0.8%).随访鼻中隔穿孔2例(0.8%);垂体功能下降2例(0.8%),1例治疗后好转;无颈内动脉损伤出血,无死亡病例. 结论 经单鼻孔-蝶窦人路切除垂体腺瘤尽管创伤很小,但是仍有一定比例的并发症发生,为了更好地预防并发症的发生,减少死亡,要熟悉每个患者的手术局部解剖,提高手术技巧,不断总结临床经验.     

发生脑脊液鼻漏的垂体腺瘤经蝶手术治疗

目的　介绍发生脑脊液鼻漏的垂体腺瘤的临床特征和经蝶手术治疗方法。方法　分析１９９１ 年至１９９７ 年北京协和医院经蝶手术治疗的５ 例发生脑脊液鼻漏的垂体腺瘤, 并结合文献加以讨论。结果　５ 例中４ 例为巨大型泌乳素腺瘤, １ 例为部分空泡蝶鞍合并垂体无功能腺瘤, ２ 例以脑脊液鼻漏为首发症状。术后随访半年至６ 年, ３ 例肿瘤全切除, ２ 例次全切除, 脑脊液鼻漏均消失。结论垂体腺瘤自发性脑脊液鼻漏可见于巨大型垂体腺瘤; 也可见于合并部分空泡蝶鞍的垂体腺瘤; 放疗、服溴隐亭治疗可促进垂体腺瘤脑脊液鼻漏的发生。经蝶入路是最适手术入路; 肿瘤切除后严密填塞蝶窦是补漏的主要措施; 术后去枕平卧和腰蛛网膜下腔引流有助于所修补漏口的愈合。     

大型和巨大型垂体腺瘤经蝶显微外科治疗的疗效及处理策略

目的 探讨大型和巨大型垂体腺瘤手术入路的选择和处理策略。方法 回顾性总结1985—2001年收治的302例大型和巨大型垂体腺瘤临床资料和经蝶手术切除的疗效。结果 显微镜下全切除188例(62．3％)，次全切除68例，部分和大部分切除46例。手术并发症多为一过性，死亡5例(1、66％)。术后动态随诊CT(MRI)173例，无肿瘤残余92例(53．2％)。随诊期(平均22．5个月)视力、视野改善190例(95．5％)，激素分泌性垂体腺瘤相应激素水平大部分正常或不同程度下降。结论 绝大部分本类型肿瘤均可首选经蝶手术切除。术后定期随诊，如残余肿瘤明显或再生长、复发，根据具体情况经颅或再次经蝶手术和(或)辅以放疗和溴隐亭等药物治疗。     

Surgical treatment of invasive pituitary adenomas (somatotropinoma or corticotropinoma)

AIM OF THE STUDY: To evaluate efficiency of the transcranial epidural approach in the treatment of invasive GH- or ACTH-secreting pituitary adenomas with extension to the cavernous sinus. MATERIAL AND METHODS: During the past two years (from January 2000 to December 2001) 14 patients with invasive GH- or ACTH-secreting pituitary adenomas extending to the cavernous sinus were operated on using the transcranial epidural approach. Our experience is based on an analysis of 12 patients with GH-secreting tumors and 2 patients with ACTH-secreting adenomas. The patients' mean age was 45.36 years (range 28-66, SD +/- 10.26 years). Parasellar extension of the tumor was measured using the Knosp scale--in all the cases there was an extension to the cavernous sinus, in stage III (4 patients) or stage IV (10 patients). RESULTS: In none of the cases a total surgical removal of the invasive GH-secreting adenoma was attained (according the following cure criteria: basal serum GH level below 2.5 micrograms/l, OGTT < 1 microgram/l, normal sex- and age-related IGF-I level). In four patients the surgery resulted in a reduction of the basal serum GH level to below 5 micrograms/l (their postoperative mean serum IGF-I level was 530 micrograms/l--significantly lower, but still abnormal, p < 0.05). In a single case of a female patient the basal serum GH level was below 10 micrograms/l, while in other 7 patients the GH level remained above 10 micrograms/l. Remission (normalization of 24-hour urine-free cortisol (UFC) and its metabolites) was achieved in one patient with the Cushing disease. There were no complications involving case fatality. A transient deterioration of the third cranial nerve function observed in one patient disappeared within 3 months from the surgery. There was no deterioration of pituitary function and no cases of diabetes insipidus in our group. CONCLUSION: Transcranial epidural approach is an alternative to radiotherapy and/or prolonged medication in the treatment of invasive GH- or ACTH-secreting pituitary adenomas.     

340例垂体腺瘤显微手术治疗的经验

目的:为了总结垂体腺瘤显微手术治疗的经验,回顾性分析了10年来施行手术的340例病例。方法:234例经颅切除肿瘤,106例经蝶切除肿瘤。结果:经颅手术术后无一例复发,手术死亡2例(0.8％):经蝶切除肿瘤者。术后复发3例(2.8％),其中2例经开顿切除肿瘤,1例放疗治愈,手术死亡2例(1.9％)。结论:作者认为,经项切除肿瘤术野宽阔,有利于肿瘤全切:经蝶入路损伤小,但术野狭小,适合于鞍内肿瘤及年老体弱者。     

Intraoperative bilateral cavernous sinus sampling for ACTH measurements during transsphenoidal pituitary surgery in patients with Cushing's disease

Intraoperative bilateral cavernous sinus sampling combined with rapid ACTH measurement was performed in a pilot study in seven patients with Cushing's disease during transsphenoidal pituitary surgery before and immediately after removal of the ACTH-producing pituitary microadenoma. Before tumor removal a gradient in ACTH concentrations greater than 1.5:1 toward the side of the tumor was found in six patients whereas ACTH concentrations in the right and left cavernous sinuses were similar in one patient with a midline tumor. Immediately after tumor removal, six of seven patients showed variable decreases in ACTH levels in the ipsilateral and/or contralateral side, whereas in one patient the ACTH levels in cavernous sinuses failed to reflect successful tumor removal. These results indicate that intraoperative bilateral cavernous sinus sampling combined with rapid ACTH measurement may be useful to confirm and lateralize ACTH-producing pituitary microadenomas during surgery, but ACTH levels measured immediately after tumor removal do not always predict surgical cure.     

垂体瘤术后残留短期内再次手术治疗:联合与分期

目的探讨垂体瘤术后残留再次手术的方法与效果。方法回顾性分析垂体瘤术后残留再次手术病例,分析患者的临床表现、手术治疗及其预后。结果自2000年1月至2008年5月,我院共收治1412例垂体瘤病例。其中,15例术后肿瘤残留的患者短期内接受了再次手术。包括初次经鼻蝶垂体瘤切除术,再次开颅肿瘤切除术4例;初次经鼻蝶手术,再次经鼻蝶手术9例;初次开颅手术,再次经鼻蝶手术2例。再次手术后肿瘤全切除7例,次全切除8例。随访3.5～10.2年。结论垂体瘤术后残留再次手术是安全,有效的。     

侵袭性垂体腺瘤侵袭性的综合判断及其与临床预后的关系

目的分析经侵袭性垂体腺瘤侵袭性的判断标准及其与临床预后的关系。方法回顾性分析我科自2000年1月至2003年5月行经蝶手术切除的具有完整影像学、病理学和随访资料的侵袭性垂体腺瘤82例,随访时间5～30个月。结果侵袭性垂体腺瘤MR影像学特点为鞍底受侵下陷,部分肿瘤突入蝶窦;颈内动脉包绕;海绵窦受累,鞍隔突破等。病理检查以鞍底硬膜浸润的发生率最高。PRL腺瘤的全切率明显低于无功能腺瘤(P<0.01),无功能腺瘤、GH腺瘤与ACTH腺瘤之间相差不明显。PRL腺瘤的复发率较无功能腺瘤和GH腺瘤高(P<0.05)。结论垂体腺瘤的侵袭性生物学行为导致手术全切几率下降,是术后复发的主要原因。     

非分泌性垂体腺瘤的显微外科手术策略

目的 探讨非分泌性垂体腺瘤治疗的显微外科手术策略。方法 回顾分析经手术证实的236例非分泌性垂体腺瘤的临床资料，采取四种显微手术策略：经蝶手术202例（85．59％），开颅手术15例（6．36％），经蝶＋开颅手术11例（4．66％），分次经蝶手术8例（3.39％）。结果 显微手术全切除171例（72．46％），次全切除65例（27．64％）。无同手术期严重并发症，视力视野改进占88．02%。甲状腺功能恢复正常占38．98％，血清催乳素水平恢复正常占70．63％。免疫组化研究提示促性腺激素细胞腺瘤占52．54％，裸细胞腺瘤占25．00％，大嗜酸粒细胞腺瘤占14．41％，静态促肾上腺皮质激素腺瘤占8．05％。结论 对于非分泌性垂体腺瘤，根据个性化的原则，采取不同的显微外科手术策略．可以取得满意的疗效。     

内窥镜下经鼻腔蝶窦入路切除巨大垂体腺瘤

目的 报道内窥镜下经鼻腔蝶窦入路切除巨大垂体腺瘤11例，探讨该手术优缺点、适应症、禁忌症及并发症。方法 采用鼻内窥镜，经鼻腔直接开放蝶窦、鞍底，在直视下切除垂体腺瘤。结果 11例患肿瘤均肉眼下全切除，无手术死亡及严重并发症，术后患视力及视野均有明显好转。结论 鼻内窥镜下经鼻腔蝶窦径路切除垂体腺瘤是简便、安全和有效的，适用于蝶窦发育良好的垂体腺瘤切除，值得有条件的医院开展此入路手术。     

经蝶窦手术治疗巨大垂体腺瘤

目的探讨经蝶窦手术治疗巨大垂体腺瘤的临床效果。方法从2005年3月至2008年12月,采用经蝶窦分次手术治疗直径大于4cm的巨大垂体腺瘤46例,其中无功能腺瘤24例,泌乳素腺瘤9例,生长激素瘤10例,促肾上腺皮质激素腺瘤1例,混合性腺瘤2例。结果本组患者1次手术31例,2次手术12例,3次手术3例。分次手术间隔为6～8W。全切除26例,次全切除20例。术后并发垂体功能低下2例,脑脊液漏2例,术后肢体偏瘫1例。无死亡病例。l例在手术后2年肿瘤复发。结论经蝶窦手术能有效治疗巨大垂体腺瘤。分次经蝶窦手术能有效提高手术全切除率并减少术后并发症。     

采用Dolenc入路处理海绵窦病变

目的 探讨海绵窦手术入路方法，以期提高手术效果。方法 在8个尸头上（16侧）按Dolenc手术入路的基本要领进行解剖练习，应用于临床12例，其中10例为海绵窦内肿瘤（脑膜瘤5例，垂体瘤3例，脊索瘤2例），1例为累及海绵窦的眼动脉巨大动脉瘤，1例为海绵窦段颈内动脉巨大动脉瘤。结果 Dolenc手术入路主要分两步；首先从硬膜外去除遮挡海绵窦的部分骨质（前床突，蝶骨翼等），然后将海绵窦上壁和外侧壁的硬膜广泛剥离开，暴露其深面的颅神经。采用此入路，10例海绵窦内肿瘤有5例全切。3例近全切，动脉瘤顺利夹闭，除2例持久的外展神经麻痹，未带来新的神经功能缺损。结论 Dolenc手术入路显露充分，安全，为彻底根除某些海绵窦病变提供了机会。     

Surgical management of giant pituitary adenomas

During the past 25 years, 77 giant pituitary adenomas have been treated surgically, including suprasellar extensions of type C in 66 cases and of type D in 11 cases. Non-secreting adenomas were present in 53 and secreting adenomas in 24 cases. All patients except 3 presented with significant visual field defects; including bitemporal hemianopia, superior quadranopia or unilateral temporal hemianopia, contralateral blindness in 73% of the cases, and one case with sudden bilateral blindness due to acute pituitary apoplexy. A single transsphenoidal procedure was carried out in 74% of the patients while 11 patients (7%) required re-operations for recurrent or residual tumor. Only 3 patients required a subsequent transcranial procedure. Complications included 1 CSF-leak, 1 empty-sella syndrome and 4 fatal post-operative hematomas. We prefer the transsphenoidal route even in very large or giant pituitary adenomas, since it allows rapid and adequate decompression of the optic nerves and chiasm, avoids major pituitary insufficiency in 60% of the cases and is associated with low morbidity-mortality rates.     

Cavernous aneurysm and pituitary adenoma: management of dual intrasellar lesions.

A 53-year-old female with a functioning pituitary adenoma was found to also have an unruptured asymptomatic aneurysm in the cavernous sinus portion of the internal carotid artery on MRI. The adenoma had a suprasellar extension with optic chiasm compression and extended into the right cavernous sinus. An aneurysm-like flow-void adjacent to the left internal carotid artery in the sella and embedded in the adenoma was also found. The aneurysm was confirmed by conventional angiography. We used a right fronto-pterional approach to clip the aneurysm and to remove the pituitary tumor in a one-stage procedure. The outcome was good on long-term follow-up. It is important to thoroughly evaluate the anatomic relations around the sella turcica prior to procedures with limited exposure, including transsphenoidal surgery, to avoid unrecognized complications and morbidity.