溴敌隆的家栖鼠实验室适口性和现场灭鼠效果评价

目的　评价溴敌隆防制家栖鼠的效果。方法　实验室有选择适口性试验 ,现场灭家栖鼠效果考核。结果　在有选择的摄食试验条件下 ,0 .0 0 5 %溴敌隆大米毒饵对褐家鼠和黄胸鼠的毒杀率达 10 0 %和 94 .4 4 % ,摄食系数分别为 0 .6 3和 0 .5 4 ,致死剂量分别为 9.97(0 .0 6～ 2 4 .6 9)和 7.93(5～ 17.6 1)mg/kg。现场灭家栖鼠试验 ,灭鼠率达 86 .4 3%。结论　溴敌隆对家栖鼠毒效髙 ,适口性好 ,具有较好的防制效果     

溴敌隆和杀鼠迷再遇适口性和灭效实验室研究

目的观察0.005%溴敌隆和0.0375%杀鼠迷对Wister大白鼠和Km小白鼠的再遇适口性和灭效,为现场灭鼠药物的选择提供依据。方法将大白鼠和小白鼠分别分为对照组、0.005%溴敌隆组和0.0375%杀鼠迷组,通过有选择摄食试验,观察和比较两种灭鼠药物的再遇摄食系数和毒杀率。结果大白鼠、小白鼠对0.005%溴敌隆的再遇摄食系数分别为1.05和2.89,毒杀率均为100%;大白鼠、小白鼠对0.0375%杀鼠迷的再遇摄食系数分别为0.81和0.32,毒杀率分别为100%和91.67%。结论溴敌隆和杀鼠迷都有较好的再遇适口性和灭效,溴敌隆再遇适口性优于杀鼠迷。     

两种溴敌隆毒饵适口性实验室效果观察

目的　了解 0 .0 0 5 %溴敌隆普通毒饵和蜡块毒饵对大白鼠的适口性及杀灭效果 ,为使用此类药物灭鼠提供依据。方法　选择性摄食试验和毒杀效果观察。结果　 0 .0 0 5 %溴敌隆普通毒饵和蜡块毒饵对大白鼠的摄食系数分别为 0 .81和 0 .6 6 ;毒杀率都达到 10 0 % ;平均死亡时间分别为 5d和 6 .3d ;雌性试鼠对溴敌隆更为敏感 ,雄性试鼠对溴敌隆较为耐受。结论　 0 .0 0 5 %溴敌隆普通毒饵和蜡块毒饵对鼠类适口性好 ,毒效高。     

溴敌隆和杀鼠迷毒饵的适口性比较

目的比较0．005％溴敌隆和0．038％杀鼠迷毒饵的适口性,为城市社区灭鼠剂的选择提供依据。方法对大白鼠和小白鼠进行集体群养有选择性试验,观察和比较0．005％溴敌隆和0．038％杀鼠迷毒饵的摄食系数。结果大白鼠对0．005％溴敌隆和0．038％杀鼠迷毒饵的摄食系数分别为1．14和0．75。小白鼠对0．005％溴敌隆和0．038％杀鼠迷毒饵的摄食系数分别为2．79和0．47。结论两种毒饵的摄食系数均大于0．3,适口性均达“好”的标准,溴敌隆适口性高于杀鼠迷,可推荐溴敌隆作为城市社区首选灭鼠剂。     

纳米氧化铜对小白鼠的急性毒性及蓄积毒性试验研究

目的:观察纳米氧化铜对小白鼠的急性毒性及蓄积毒性,为临床提供依据。方法:1.急性毒性试验:给试验小鼠灌服不同浓度的纳米氧化铜混悬液,观察14 d内小鼠的活动情况及死亡情况,测定小鼠灌胃的LD50,采用改良寇氏公式计算LD50及可信限;2.蓄积毒性试验:依据20 d蓄积毒性试验法设计,取20~22 g小白鼠,共设5组,每组10只,雌雄各半,第1组为空白对照组,给试验小鼠灌服不同浓度的纳米氧化铜混悬液分别为28.90(1/20LD50)、57.81(1/10LD50)、115.62(1/5LD50)和298.05(1/2LD50)mg/(kg.bw)剂量,每日灌胃1次,连续灌胃20 d,通过对小白鼠灌服纳米氧化铜进行了蓄积毒性试验。结果:1.急性毒性试验:纳米氧化铜对小白鼠的LD50为578.09 mg/(kg.bw),其95%可信限343.92~971.63 mg/(kg.bw)。2.蓄积毒性试验:试验结果表明0和1/20LD50剂量组小白鼠全部存活,1/2LD50剂量组10只小白鼠全部死亡;1/5LD50剂量组小白鼠死亡5只,存活5只;1/10LD50剂量组小白鼠死亡2只,存活8只。结论:高剂量纳米氧化铜可对小鼠的肾脏、小肠、肝脏等组织器官造成广泛性损伤,并引起严重的淤血、出血等病理变化。依据判定标准,证明纳米氧化铜对小白鼠有中等蓄积毒性作用。     

敌溴灵林区灭鼠试验报告

敌溴灵(86111)是一种毒性较强的广谱性灭鼠剂,对大白鼠的急性口服LD_(50)为0.86mg/kg,对小白鼠的急性口服LD_(50)为1.62mg/kg,国外尚未见报道。为探索该药在林区的灭鼠效果,我们于1987年3～11月进行了灭鼠试验。现将结果报告如下:     

别嘌呤醇与溴敌隆的协同作用

目的观察别嘌呤醇与溴敌隆的协同作用及其是否可以改善溴敌隆的灭鼠性能。方法使用灌胃和饲喂2种方法观察小白鼠首次出现死亡的时间和摄食系数。结果首次出现死鼠时间，灌胃法：0．0058％溴敌隆为4d，00056％溴敌隆＋0．0058％别嘌呤醇为2d；饲喂法：0．005％溴敌隆为4d，0．002％～0．005％溴敌隆分别与0．04％和0．06％别嘌呤醇合用均为3d。适口性检测结果：0．005％溴敌隆组、0．002％溴敌隆＋0．04％别嘌呤醇组、0．002％溴敌隆＋0．06％别嘌呤醇组的摄食系数分别为1、0．92、1．49。结论别嘌呤醇可以改善溴敌隆的灭鼠性能，使首次出现死鼠的时间提前。当别嘌呤醇浓度大于0．06％时，可使摄食系数提高，     

0.005%溴鼠灵饵剂的适口性及其现场灭鼠效果研究

目的观察0.005%溴鼠灵饵剂实验室的适口性和现场灭鼠的效果。方法用0.005%溴鼠灵饵剂对大白鼠进行实验室的有选择摄食试验和3种类型试验现场的灭家栖鼠的药效观察。结果 0.005%溴鼠灵饵剂对大白鼠的摄食系数为1.28,达到A级;实验室灭鼠率为100%,养鸡场、居民区和农贸市场3种不同类型试验场所的家栖鼠校正灭鼠率分别为94.05%、89.47%及88.77%。结论 0.005%溴鼠灵饵剂对家栖鼠毒效髙,适口性好,具有较好的防治效果。     

抗凝血杀鼠剂防制黑线仓鼠的研究

1985年秋季,我们用大隆,溴敌隆、杀鼠迷、敌鼠钠和氯敌鼠等五种抗凝血杀鼠剂,对黑线仓鼠作了毒力测定、中毒死亡时间、适口性试验和现场防制试验。其急性致死中量LD_50(mg/kg)分别为:大隆LD_50=0.1382±0.0309,溴敌隆LD_50=2.335±0.2389,杀鼠迷LD_50=95.918±42.4725,敌鼠钠LD_50=0.3363±0.1877,氯敌鼠LD_50=0.6044±0.2154。杀鼠迷连续投药三次的LD_50=0.7209±0.3195。黑线仓鼠中毒后平均死亡时间(小时),大隆105.7,溴敌隆77.2,杀鼠迷98.3,敌鼠钠107.0,氯敌鼠101.5;连续三次服杀鼠迷的平均死亡时间为73.0小时。五种杀鼠剂对黑线仓鼠的适口性均好,摄食系数都在0.7以上。现场防制试验,灭鼠效果均在90%以上。     

急性灭鼠剂敌溴灵的生物效果评价

急性灭鼠剂敌溴灵(Dixiulin)是溴甲灵(Bromethalin)的化学衍生物。它对靶动物和非靶动物均毒。急性口服LD_(50)和95%可信限是:大白鼠0.86(0.77～0.96)、小白鼠1.62(1.51～1.74)、白化黑线仓鼠1.93(1.19～3.12)、草原黄鼠0.31(0.24～0.40)、臭鼩1.16(0.81～1.67)、鸡6.68(5.18～8.63)和猫0.838～4.542mg/kg。动物中毒潜伏期长,症状反应轻。靶动物对该药接受性好。大、小白鼠摄食0.005～0.01%敌溴灵毒饵杀灭率为90～100%。接受亚致死量的大、小白鼠有轻微的蓄积中毒反应。蓄积中毒系数K值分別为5.06和19.2。在养鸡场、养猪场和农村居民住宅使用0.005%、0.015%和0.010%敌溴灵毒饵杀灭褐家鼠和小家鼠,灭鼠效果分别为91.24%、88.87%和82.98%。在草原使用0.005%、0.01%和0.02%敌溴灵小麦毒杀草原黄鼠,灭鼠率分别为52.30%、83.20%和90.00%。此药可做为现用急性灭鼠剂的替换药。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.