多静脉途径Onyx胶介入栓塞海绵窦区硬脑膜动静脉瘘的疗效观察

目的观察多种静脉途径Onyx胶介入栓塞海绵窦区硬脑膜动静脉瘘的临床疗效。方法选取21例栓塞海绵窦区硬脑膜动静脉瘘病人,分别采用经股静脉-岩下窦联合Onyx胶栓塞治疗、经面静脉-眼上静脉结合Onyx胶栓塞治疗。结果 21例病人共行栓塞治疗26侧,21侧采用经股静脉-岩下窦介入栓塞治疗,5侧采用经面静脉-眼上静脉栓塞治疗;治疗后磁共振血管造影显示,23侧完全闭塞,瘘口完全消失,有3侧虽然海绵窦填塞完整,但1侧出现少量岩下窦引流,2侧出现少量翼丛引流,在压颈2个月后消失;经静脉途径Onyx胶栓塞治疗后16例病人完全治愈,治愈率90.47%;治疗后3例病人出现头痛伴有呕吐,采用西药治疗后症状明显缓解,1例病人治疗后出现外展神经麻痹,6个月后症状自行消失,无严重并发症发生;随访3个月~27个月无复发情况。结论多静脉途径Onyx胶介入栓塞海绵窦区硬脑膜动静脉瘘的疗效显著,可作为临床首选治疗方式。     

经静脉入路采用Onyx或联合弹簧圈治疗海绵窦区硬脑膜动静脉瘘的疗效

目的探讨经静脉入路采用Onyx或联合可脱性弹簧圈栓塞治疗海绵窦区硬脑膜动静脉瘘的安全性和有效性。方法回顾性分析2007年2月—2010年12月,经静脉入路栓塞治疗的12例海绵窦区硬脑膜动静脉瘘患者的临床资料,其中经岩下窦入路10例,经面静脉-眼上静脉入路2例。单独应用Onyx 8例,Onyx联合可脱性弹簧圈4例。结果①治疗后即刻血管造影显示完全闭塞10例,少量残留2例。单独应用Onyx栓塞治愈6例,好转2例,Onyx联合可脱性弹簧圈栓塞治愈2例,好转2例;总有效率100%,治愈率66.7%,无加重或死亡病例。②2例术中出现心动过缓,3例术后出现眶部疼痛。③对所有患者进行临床随访,随访时间为6～32个月,无复发及加重者。结论静脉入路Onyx或联合可脱性弹簧圈栓塞海绵窦区硬脑膜动静脉瘘的疗效确实,安全可靠。     

复杂硬脑膜动静脉瘘的静脉途径栓塞治疗

目的探讨静脉途径栓塞治疗复杂性硬脑膜动静脉瘘的有效性和安全性。方法回顾分析6例复杂性硬脑膜动静脉瘘患者行经静脉途径栓塞治疗的临床效果。结果静脉途径栓塞治疗后,5例患者解剖性治愈(造瘘口消失),另1例患者症状好转。1例患者乙状窦栓塞后吞咽困难,1例患者海绵窦栓塞后外展不佳,经对症治疗均好转。结论静脉途径栓塞是治疗复杂性硬脑膜动静脉瘘较好的方法。     

血管内介入治疗外伤性颈动脉-海绵窦瘘存在的问题

目的总结血管内介入治疗外伤性颈动脉一海绵窦瘘(TCCF)中存在的一些问题，探讨避免引起这些问题的技术方法。方法以可脱性球囊栓塞治疗68例TCCF患者，共进行栓塞术75次。1例经颈部切开穿刺，以球囊栓塞；2例经眼静脉入路以微弹簧圈栓塞海绵窦，其余则经股动脉入路栓塞。结果颈内动脉通畅率为66．2％，有3例在瘘口近端闭塞颈内动脉，有5例在栓塞术后3d内球囊过早泄漏，再次行栓塞术，1例栓塞瘘口后出现假性动脉瘤，1例出现眼静脉的动静脉瘘。结论以可脱性球囊栓塞TCCF是可靠的方法，但目前球囊的性能有待提高，以微弹簧圈栓塞海绵窦瘘可提高颈内动脉通畅率．双侧股动脉穿刺置管可减少并发症。     

球囊辅助弹簧圈联合Onxy胶治疗颈内动脉海绵窦瘘的疗效分析

目的探讨球囊辅助弹簧圈联合Onxy胶治疗颈内动脉海绵窦瘘（CCF）的安全性及有效性。 方法四川省医学科学院·四川省人民医院神经外科自2018年1月至2020年6月共收治CCF患者19例,均采用球囊辅助弹簧圈联合Onxy胶介入治疗。其中11例岩下窦开放者行经岩下窦静脉途径栓塞治疗,另8例行经颈内动脉瘘口动脉途径栓塞。 结果19例患者栓塞后即刻造影显示海绵窦瘘口完全封闭。术后常规复查头颅CT,未见栓塞剂异位栓塞表现,无新发神经功能障碍表现。所有患者于术后即刻眼静脉症状及颅鸣耳鸣症状均有明显缓解,1~2周内逐步消失。而存在颅神经麻痹症状患者,眼外肌麻痹症状缓解则相对缓慢。 结论通过三维成像后处理剪辑技术,可精准判断瘘口位置;无论经动脉或静脉入路,封堵球囊可精准封闭瘘口,在栓塞过程中使弹簧圈及Onxy胶尽可能接近瘘口附近,从而减少费用,同时提高CCF治疗的安全性及有效性,减少并发症。     

经未显影静脉窦栓塞治疗硬脑膜动静脉瘘

目的探讨经未显影静脉窦栓塞治疗硬脑膜动静脉瘘（DAVF）的可行性、安全性及有效性。方法回顾性分析92例经未显影静脉窦栓塞治疗的DAVF患者的临床资料，其中病变位于海绵窦区91例，侧窦区1例。经颈内静脉的起始段探查未显影岩下窦，进入引流静脉窦内栓塞海绵窦区DAVF；通过颈内静脉探查未显影乙状窦，进入静脉窦栓塞侧窦区DAVF。首选可控纤毛弹簧圈进行栓塞，待血流减慢以后，用游离纤毛弹簧圈继续栓塞。若仍存在少量瘘口，通过静脉窦内注射液体栓塞剂（25％～33％Glubran或Onyx18），观察置管的成功率、安全性和栓塞的疗效。术后6个月通过电话、门诊或DSA随访。结果92例患者中，均未出现并发症，无死亡病例。1例海绵窦区DAVF患者置管失败；其余91例患者均顺利置管，并成功进行静脉栓塞。所有患者栓塞后即刻造影，均未见异常静脉窦早显，瘘口消失，达到了影像学上治愈。置管成功率及治愈率均为99％（91／92）。术后6个月对38例进行随访，无一例DAVF复发。对其余患者进行电话或门诊随访。所有患者临床症状好转或消失。结论经未显影静脉窦栓塞治疗DAVF，尤其对于海绵窦区DAVF，经未显影岩下窦超选择置管进行栓塞，具有较高的可行性、安全性及有效性，可作为海绵窦区DAVF的首选常规治疗方法。     

旋转DSA配合介入栓塞治疗老年自发性颈动脉海绵窦瘘

目的 探讨介入栓塞治疗老年自发性颈动脉海绵窦瘘的效果及旋转数字减影血管造影术(DSA)和三维血管重建在显示瘘口位置、大小及与周围血管关系中的应用.方法 经动脉入路对11例老年自发性颈动脉海绵窦瘘患者进行栓塞治疗,应用旋转DSA和三维血管重建寻找瘘口,采用可脱性球囊、电解可控弹簧圈(GDC)等多种材料栓塞病变侧海绵窦,同时闭塞瘘口.术后6～24个月对全部11例患者进行全脑血管造影复查.结果 9例行球囊及GDC栓塞瘘口的患者术后即刻造影显示瘘口完全闭塞,2例患侧颈内动脉完全闭塞,无复发.结论 在旋转DSA和三维血管重建的配合下栓塞老年自发性颈动脉海绵窦瘘是一种安全、有效的治疗方法.     

经眶上静脉-眼上静脉入路治疗海绵窦区硬脑膜动静脉瘘

海绵窦区硬脑膜动静脉瘘(cavernous sinus dural arteriovenous fistula,CSDAVF)是一种比较常见的硬脑膜动静脉瘘,Kim等[1]报道CSDAVF约占所有硬脑膜动静脉瘘的64%。CSDAVF主要表现为眼球突出、结膜充血水肿、视力进行性下降、颅内杂音、搏动性耳鸣、头痛等[2]。治疗CSDAVF的方法主要采取血管内栓塞治疗,并且首选经静脉途径栓塞,常     

静脉窦内球囊辅助Onyx18闭塞上矢状窦及侧窦治疗硬脑膜动静脉瘘

目的探讨静脉窦内球囊辅助栓塞剂——Onyx18闭塞上矢状窦及侧窦（横窦和乙状窦）治疗硬脑膜动静脉瘘（DAVF）的可行性、安全性和有效性。方法回顾性分析2008年2月—2012年6月,经静脉途径在静脉窦内使用保护球囊,经动脉和（或）静脉途径,采用Onyx18栓塞治疗上矢状窦区和侧窦区DAVF的24例患者的临床资料,分析球囊辅助栓塞的效果以及并发症的发生情况。结果①本组24例患者,病变位于上矢状窦区5例,侧窦区19例。对上矢状窦区病变和侧窦区病变使用Hyperform 7 mm×7 mm球囊各1例,对其余患者使用外周血管扩张用球囊。②对上矢状窦区病变的患者经动脉栓塞3例,经静脉栓塞2例,使用球囊均基本闭塞静脉窦;对侧窦区病变患者经动脉栓塞10例,经静脉栓塞7例,动静脉联合栓塞2例;使用球囊基本闭塞静脉窦8例,部分闭塞静脉窦11例。③上矢状窦病变患者3例栓塞后治愈,有2例随访半年无复发,1例栓塞后少量残余,1年后复查造影无明显变化;在侧窦区病变的患者中,对1例患者行两次栓塞后瘘口消失,其余患者均经1次栓塞治愈,对其中7例患者治疗后半年进行了血管造影随访,未见复发。结论对经严格选择适应证的DAVF患者在球囊辅助下使用Onyx18闭塞侧窦（横窦和乙状窦）和上矢状窦,治疗DAVF是一种相对安全、有效的方法,能最大程度地保留静脉窦的通畅性。     

经静脉途径在介入神经放射血管内治疗中的应用

经静脉途径是介入神经放射血管内治疗的两种入路之一。近年来 ,经皮经静脉途径和手术暴露后经静脉途径到达颅脑静脉血管的数量增多 ,使得颈内动脉海绵窦瘘、硬脑膜动静脉瘘、大脑大静脉动脉瘤样畸形、脑动静脉畸形、脑静脉窦血栓和脑缺血等疾病得到治疗和研究。     

闭塞静脉窦治疗颅后窝硬脑膜动静脉瘘的疗效分析

目的探讨经静脉途径闭塞静脉窦治疗颅后窝硬脑膜动静脉瘘（DAVF）的治疗方法及疗效。方法对经全脑血管造影确诊的颅后窝DAVF的10例患者,先采用经动脉栓塞,而后对其中的4例行开颅直视下填塞静脉窦,对6例患者经静脉内弹簧圈填塞瘘口集中的横窦和乙状窦。结果①对10例患者技术操作均获成功,并于术后均行全脑血管造影复查,显示6例瘘口全部消失,4例瘘口消失〉80％,残余瘘口无明显向皮质静脉引流的趋势。②所有患者术后颅内杂音消失。4例开颅直视下填塞静脉窦的患者,在术后10d造影复查未见复发,门诊或电话随访2～24个月,亦未见复发;6例经静脉途径弹簧圈闭塞静脉窦患者中,1例在术后第6个月DAVF复发,表现为搏动性杂音,再次给予动脉栓塞后症状减轻。5例表现为视力下降,其中3例在术后6—12个月内视力有不同程度的恢复,2例患者的视力术后恢复不明显。7例视盘水肿的患者5例有恢复。3例术前患者脑脊液压力〉300mmH2O的患者,术后分别降至240、230、200mmH2O。结论颅后窝DAVF病情复杂,单纯动脉栓塞难以达到良好疗效;无论直视下填塞或经静脉途径闭塞患侧脑静脉窦,对复杂颅后窝DAVF均有肯定的疗效     

硬脑膜动静脉瘘动物模型的建立

目的观察吻合右侧颈动静脉并闭塞左侧横窦和上矢状窦前部造成颅内静脉窦高压模型后，能否产生硬脑膜动静脉瘘。方法将51只体重为200～250g的SD雄性大鼠随机分成两组：(1)实验组：45只大鼠，接受吻合右侧颈总动脉和颈外静脉并闭塞左侧横窦和上矢状窦前1／3的手术。(2)对照组：6只大鼠，仅解剖颈部血管和硬脑膜窦而不吻合或闭塞。术后90d行全脑血管造影，观察有无动静脉瘘。结果实验组有28只大鼠出现面部动静脉瘘，其中6只出现硬脑膜动静脉瘘，出现率为13．3％。对照组大鼠未见动静脉瘘。结论颈动静脉吻合后合并静脉窦闭塞的大鼠静脉窦高压模型能产生类似临床的硬脑膜动静脉瘘，可以作为研究硬脑膜动静脉瘘的动物模型。     

Absence of intercavernous venous mixing: evidence supporting lateralization of pituitary microadenomas by venous sampling

Preoperative lateralization of endocrine-active pituitary tumors may be possible by bilateral inferior petrosal sinus (IPS) sampling for hormone measurement. The reliability of this technique depends on unilateral drainage of blood from the adenoma within the pituitary gland, in its course from the gland to the ipsilateral cavernous sinus, and from the cavernous sinus to the junction of the IPS and the internal jugular vein. Anatomical studies demonstrate unilateral drainage of each hemihypophysis into the ipsilateral cavernous sinus. The degree of mixing of blood between the cavernous sinuses, via the intercavernous sinus, and between the IPSs, via the basilar plexus, is unknown. We determined the extent of mixing of blood flowing from the superior orbital vein to the junction of the IPS and the internal jugular vein in four rhesus monkeys. After catheterization of a superior orbital vein and both IPSs, 99Tc-colloidal sulfur was infused into the superior orbital vein while blood samples were taken simultaneously from both IPSs and a peripheral vein at 3-min intervals. Mean relative radioactivity was 100 +/- 14% (+/- SEM) in the ipsilateral IPS, 8 +/- 2% in the contralateral IPS, and 3 +/- 1% in a peripheral vein. Isotope reaching the ipsilateral IPS before recirculation from the periphery was 10- to 313-fold more concentrated than in the contralateral IPS. These findings suggest that mixture of blood between the cavernous sinuses and between the IPSs is insignificant and support the capability of preoperative lateralization of pituitary microadenomas by bilateral and simultaneous IPS sampling.     

Unilateral Proptosis (Exophthalmos) Caused by Axillary-Subclavian Venous Thrombosis in a Patient with Upper Extremity Arteriovenous Dialysis Fistula

Arterialization of orbital veins is most often due to dural arteriovenous malformations of the cavernous sinus area. We report an unusual case of unilateral proptosis (exophthalmos) caused by arterialized retrograde venous flow in the external jugular vein and cavernous sinus in a patient with an upper extremity hemodialysis fistula and ipsilateral acute central venous thrombosis. The patient’s symptoms improved after surgical closure of the hemodialysis fistula.     

经海绵窦手术治疗海绵窦病变疗效观察(附58例报告)

目的：探讨海绵窦(C)病变的手术疗效、方法及影响肿瘤切除的因素。方法：58例CS病变患者施行经颅手术治疗，其中CS内动静脉瘘(AVF)11例，CS内异物(铅弹)2例，CS肿瘤45例。手术经额颞翼点开颅36例，额颞眶-颧弓开颅14例，幕上幕下联合经岩骨开颅8例；手术入路采用经CS上壁上方入路及经CS外侧壁侧方入路。行肿瘤全切28例，部分及次全切17例；对AVF者用止血海绵填塞CS静脉间隙；对CS内铅弹经Parkinson三角取出。结果：肿瘤全切率为63．2％，次全切及部分切除率为36．8％；9例CS内AVF患者的漏口完全消失，2例漏口部分消失者叉行血管内栓塞治疗；2例C内异物者均取出铅弹。1例脑膜瘤患者术后1周死于脑栓塞，出现动眼及外展神经功能障碍各6例。结论：CS病变手术疗效满意，并发症少。对术后影像学证实有残余肿瘤者，应行放疗或放射外科治疗。影响CS内肿瘤切除的因素主要为肿瘤性质、二次手术或放疗。     

静脉窦内球囊保护下Onyx栓塞侧窦区硬脑膜动静脉瘘的随访分析

目的初步探讨侧窦区硬脑膜动静脉瘘的栓塞治疗中,静脉窦内球囊保护技术的疗效及安全性。方法回顾性连续纳入2012年12月至2016年8月,经静脉窦内球囊保护下,使用Onyx栓塞侧窦区硬脑膜动静脉瘘7例患者,并对其临床资料、影像学资料及随访结果进行分析。结果 7例患者中,瘘口位于乙状窦区3例、横窦区4例。术后即刻造影显示完全栓塞5例,大部分栓塞2例,球囊保护静脉窦均保持通畅。临床随访7例,随访时间为术后6~43个月,无新发神经功能缺损。7例患者均获全脑DSA复查,随访时间为术后6~11个月,提示5例完全治愈,其中4例静脉窦通畅,1例闭塞;1例瘘口稳定且静脉窦通畅,1例瘘口新发合并静脉窦闭塞。结论静脉窦内球囊保护下栓塞硬脑膜动静脉瘘在栓塞瘘口的同时,可长期维持静脉窦通畅,有利于维持栓塞效果的稳定性。     

Thrombectomy and temporary AV-fistula in iliofemoral vein thrombosis. Technical considerations and early results

Seventy patients with iliofemoral vein thrombosis were operated on with thrombectomy and a temporary arteriovenous fistula (AVF). Diagnosis was always verified with a three-stage venography. The result of the treatment was evaluated with arteriovenography before closing the AVF at a second operation. The AVF stayed patent in 85% and occluded in 15% of the evaluated 60 legs. In patients with patent AVF the common femoral and iliac veins were normal in 37% and in 51% there was a stenosis in either of these veins. Occlusion of the veins in spite of patent AVF was found in 12%. No major pulmonary embolism occurred. The most common complication was wound infection (26%). Technical details of the operative procedure experienced from this study are stressed in the paper.     

Thrombectomy and temporary arterio-venous fistula for ilio-femoral venous thrombosis

Sixty patients operated for ilio-femoral venous thrombosis with thrombectomy and temporary arterio-venous fistula (AVF) were evaluated. Fifty-one thromboses occurred in women and 48 were left-sided. A triggering mechanism was found in most patients. Fifty per cent of the women were pregnant or in the immediate postpartum period, one third of all patients had a recent operation or trauma and in one third a hereditary disorder could be traced. Blood coagulation studies postoperatively revealed disorders in the coagulation or fibrinolytic systems in 34 of 47 investigated patients. At operation it was possible to open the iliac vein in 50 patients and 42 received a functioning AVF. The AVF was closed after 3 months. Forty-six patients have been followed from 6 months to 5 years with one or several of the following investigations: venous plethysmography, radionuclide venography or routine venography. At follow-up the iliac vein was judged to be patent in 29 patients, in 17 it was occluded and in 8 patients it was probably occluded. All patients over 50 years of age were among those with occluded veins as were 6 of 9 men. The best results were achieved in women operated during pregnancy or in the puerperium. Venous thrombectomy with temporary AVF is effective treatment for ilio-femoral venous thrombosis, particularly in younger females with an obvious precipitating cause e.g. pregnancy or delivery.