Alkaloids from the Roots of Aristolochia Triangularis(I)

从马兜铃科植物Ａｒｉｓｔｏｌｏｃｈｉａｔｒｉａｎｇｕｌａｒｉｓ的根部分离出十五个生物碱成分。其中两种成分ｔｒｉａｎｇｕｌａｒｉｎｅ－Ａ和ｔｒｉａｎｇｕｌａｒｉｎｅ－Ｂ系新生物碱，三种系阿卟啡类季铵碱。这些化合物的结构经各种波谱（ＩＲ，ＵＶ，ＭＳ，２ＤＮＭＲ）解析和化学转化技术得以确定。     

莨菪烷类生物碱分析提取工艺研究进展

对中药材或中成药制剂中莨菪烷类生物碱成分的定性鉴别和提取工艺条件进行综述，为莨菪烷类生物碱成分的定性鉴别和提取分离提供参考。     

中药骆驼蓬的研究进展

骆驼蓬PeganumharmalaL．为蒺藜科Zygophllaceae植物的全草，主要活性成分为去氢骆驼蓬碱（HM）和骆驼蓬碱（HL）的β-咔保啉类生物碱。笔者综述了骆驼蓬生物碱的提取分离、结构鉴定、含量检测、药理作用和临床应用等方面的研究，为其进一步开发利用提供参考。     

液质联用法测定吴茱萸碱、吴茱萸次碱、去氢吴茱萸碱在大鼠脑脊液和脑组织中的分布

吴茱萸碱、吴茱萸次碱、去氢吴茱萸碱是吴茱萸中主要的生物碱类成分.为研究吴茱萸主要生物碱成分在大鼠脑脊液中的代谢和在脑组织中的分布,吴茱萸碱、吴茱萸次碱、去氢吴茱萸碱以1∶1∶1的质量比混合,以15 mg/kg的剂量灌胃给予大鼠.本文建立了同时测定大鼠脑脊液和脑组织中三个生物碱成分的液质联用方法,测定结果显示,三个生物碱...     

菊叶三七生物碱成分的研究

从菊科蒂叶三七植物中分离出六个生物碱,对其中四个进行了鉴定。光谱数据证明:生物碱Ⅰ和Ⅱ分别为已知的千里光碱(senecionine,Ⅰ)和千里光菲灵碱(seneciphylline,Ⅱ),生物碱Ⅲ和Ⅳ为新成分,分别命名为菊三七碱甲(sineciphyllinine,Ⅲ)和菊三七碱乙[(E)-seneciphylline,Ⅳ]。     

四川千金藤生物碱类成份的研究 新型氧阿朴菲类生物碱千金藤酮碱的结构研究

本文对防己科四川千金藤Stephania Sutchuenensis H.S.Lo根中的生物碱成分进行了研究,从中获得四种生物碱,其中三种证明为liriodenine(1);oxoanolobine(2);tetrandrine(3);其中oxoanolobine为首次从防己科中获得,另一种生物碱(4)经光谱和理化性质分析,确定为一种新型的氧阿朴碱(oxoaporphine)类生物碱,命名为千金藤酮碱(stephanonine) (4),此外,还分明一种非生物碱(5),为三十一烷烯醇-2,和其他几种结晶成分。     

HPLC指纹图谱和多成分定量结合化学模式识别法评价黔钩藤质量

目的 基于HPLC指纹图谱、多成分定量结合化学模式识别法评价黔钩藤质量。方法 从贵州中药材市场随机购买了18批钩藤饮片,采用HPLC法建立了18批钩藤饮片的指纹图谱;通过中药色谱指纹图谱相似度评价系统（2012年版）进行相似度评价,对其中5种生物碱进行了指认,并采用外标法和一测多评法进行了含量测定;采用SPSS 26.0统计软件进行聚类分析和主成分分析。结果 在钩藤饮片指纹图谱中,确定了共有峰28个,采用对照品指认了5个生物碱成分,分别为异去氢钩藤碱、异钩藤碱、去氢钩藤碱、钩藤碱和去氢毛钩藤碱,18批钩藤的相似度评价表明市场上钩藤的质量差异较大;聚类分析将18批钩藤饮片样品聚为3大类;主成分分析用5个主成分进行综合评价,其中8批钩藤饮片的综合得分大于1;采用一测多评法和外标法计算18批钩藤饮片中5种生物碱的含量,经GraphPad差异性分析表明,2种方法无显著性差异。结论 市场上钩藤质量差异较大,建立了检测5个生物碱成分的一测多评法和外标法,为完善钩藤质量评价提供参考。     

基于含量测定和化学计量分析的消渴灵片质量标准研究

目的:建立13个厂家111批消渴灵片中黄连的6个生物碱、丹皮酚等多指标性成分含量测定方法,并结合主成分分析及聚类分析等化学计量学方法对其进行质量评价研究.方法:采用HPLC-UV法建立6个黄连生物碱类成分(非洲防己碱、表小檗碱、盐酸药根碱、盐酸黄连碱、盐酸巴马汀、盐酸小檗碱)、丹皮酚的含量测定方法及通过Chempatt...     

常山叶中一种新的喹唑酮生物碱

从常山中分离得到一种新的生物碱，命名为新常山碱，还分离得到已知的常山碱、异常山碱、香豆素，双氢黄酮和香草醛。新生物碱的结构通过波谱解析和与自常山碱的半合成产品对照来确定。     

HPLC法测定克泻灵片中槐定碱的含量

ＨＰＬＣ法测定克泻灵片中槐定碱的含量宁夏药品检验所银川７５０００４杨凤珍尹世清宁夏卫生学校银川７５００１１姜秋彦克泻灵片是由苦豆草总生物碱为原料制成的片剂．其功能为清热利湿、祛风燥湿，用于湿热泄泻、痢疾［１］．苦豆草总生物碱主要成分为槐定碱（Ｓｏｐｈ...     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.