不同浓度舒芬太尼用于老年人髋部手术后静脉自控镇痛的研究

目的探讨老年髋部骨折患者术后采用舒芬太尼静脉镇痛的最小有效安全剂量。方法选择160例老年髋部骨折病人,随机分为四组,每组各40例。四组采用不同浓度舒芬太尼术后静脉镇痛：A组1．25μg/ml、B组1．0μg/ml、C组0．75μg/ml、D组0．50μg/ml。术后每隔6小时随访,利用视觉模拟评分法确定镇痛的效果同时观察镇静情况、药物消耗、恶心呕吐、瘙痒、呼吸抑制（呼吸〈8次／min）等并发症发生。结果A、B、C组的各时段镇痛评分平均值都小于3分,镇痛效果满意,A组呼吸抑制、恶心呕吐在各时段的发生率高于其他三组,差异有统计学意义（χ^2=4．02,P〈0．05）。结论用于老年人髋部手术后静脉镇痛1．01μg/ml、0．75μg/ml浓度的舒芬太尼都是有效安全的浓度,0．75μg/ml可能是最佳有效浓度。     

舒芬太尼及芬太尼与吗啡用于子宫切除术后硬膜外镇痛的比较

目的：比较舒芬太尼、芬太尼与吗啡用于子宫切除术后持续硬膜外镇痛的临床镇痛效果和不良反应。方法：选择ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级,在连续硬膜外麻醉下行子宫切除术,术后行硬膜外镇痛的患者120例,随机分为4组,S1组（舒芬太尼0．5μg／mL复合甲磺酸罗哌卡因0．237mg／mL）、S2组（舒芬太尼0．75μg／mL复合甲磺酸罗哌卡因0．237mg／mL）、F组（芬太尼5μg／mL复合甲磺酸罗哌卡因0．237mg／mL）、M组（吗啡0．06mg／mL复合甲磺酸罗哌卡因0．237mg／mL）;负荷剂量5mL,速度2mL／h,单次给药0．5mL,锁定时间15min。观察患者术后疼痛视觉模拟评分（VAS）、不良反应以及Ramsay评分。结果：4组患者术后4hVAS评分差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）,S2,M组术后8h,16h评分低于S1组（P〈0．05）,S2,M组镇痛满意率更高（P〈0．05）。M组恶心、呕吐、瘙痒发生率高（P〈0．05）。结论：舒芬太尼0．75μg／mL复合甲磺酸罗哌卡因0．237mg／kg用于子宫切除术后镇痛效果满意,不良反应发生率低。     

不同剂量舒芬太尼用于剖宫产术后硬膜外自控镇痛的效果比较

目的观察不同剂量的舒芬太尼用于剖宫产术后硬膜外自控镇痛的效果比较。方法将2009年4-11月60例硬膜外麻醉下行剖宫产手术术后的患者随机分为三组,术后镇痛液A组采用0.125%罗哌卡因复合0.3μg/mL舒芬太尼;B组为0.125%罗哌卡因复合0.4μg/mL舒芬太尼;C组0.125%罗哌卡因复合0.5μg/mL舒芬太尼,观察三组患者的术后镇痛效果（视觉模拟法评分,即VAS评分）及不良反应。结果 A组VAS评分高于B组和C组,B组VAS评分高于C组（P〈0.05）。三组患者术后恶心呕吐、运动阻滞、嗜睡及肠蠕动抑制等并发症无统计学差异（P〉0.05）。结论 0.125%罗哌卡因复合0.5μg/mL舒芬太尼以4mL/h持续输注用于剖宫产术后患者自控硬膜外镇痛术后疼痛VAS评分最小,患者镇痛满意度最高。     

帕瑞昔布钠联合曲马多及舒芬太尼静脉镇痛泵多模式镇痛在腰椎手术后的应用效果

目的观察帕瑞昔布钠联合曲马多及舒芬太尼静脉镇痛泵（PCIA）多模式镇痛在腰椎手术后的应用效果。方法将90例择期行腰椎手术的患者按随机数字表法分为A、B、C3组,每组30例。3组患者均麻醉诱导后,A组：术前30rain给予帕瑞昔布钠40mg静脉推注;B组：术前30min给予帕瑞昔布钠40mg静脉推注,术毕前30min给予曲马多100mg静脉推注;C组：不使用帕瑞昔布钠及眙马多。3组术后均使用舒芬太尼PCIA（舒芬太尼150μg＋托烷司琼5mg＋生理盐水至150mL）自控镇痛。观察各组术后12、24及48h的疼痛程度（VAS评分）、镇静深度（Ram—say评分）,并记录舒芬太尼用药总量、PCIA按压次数及不良反应发生情况。结果B、A组术后各时间点的VAS评分、舒芬太尼使用总量及PCIA按压次数均低于C组（均P〈0．05）;A组与B组比较差异均无统计学意义（均P〉0．05）。3组Ramsay评分比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。C组镇痛期间不良反应（眩晕、嗜睡、恶心呕吐）发生率高于A、B组（均P〈0．05）;A组与B组比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论帕瑞昔布钠联合曲马多及舒芬太尼PCIA多模式镇痛对行腰椎手术患者术后镇痛效果良好;术前30min给予帕瑞昔布钠40mg能明显减少腰椎术后使用舒芬太尼镇痛的总量．     

舒芬太尼在腰-硬联合阻滞分娩镇痛中应用研究

【目的】评价鞘内注射5pg舒芬太尼行腰一硬联合阻滞分娩镇痛的效果,【方法】选取足月妊娠单胎头位,无头盆不称,无椎管内禁忌证,无产科病理因素,ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级产妇150例随机分为三组：腰硬联合麻醉组（A组）;硬膜外麻醉组（B组）;无分娩镇痛组（C组）。A组在珠网膜下腔注5μg舒芬太尼后硬膜外置管,接电子输注泵。B组只行硬膜外穿刺置管接电子输注泵,泵内药液都为0．1％罗哌卡因＋0．4μg／mL舒芬太尼100mL。C组不做镇痛,观察镇痛起效时间,镇痛效果（VAS评分）,各产程时间,分娩方式,催产素使用情况,出血量以及新生儿Apgar评分。【结果】：A组镇痛起效时间明显快于B组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。A组的VAS评分低于B组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,A、B两组VAS评分显著低于C组,比较差异显著（P〈0．05）。三组产程时间、剖宫产率、器械助产率及产后出血量比较差畀无统计学意义。A、B两组间的催产素使用率无显著差异（P〉0．05）。但A、B两组分别与C组比较差异显著（P〈0．05）。【结论】：鞘内注射5μg舒芬太尼行腰一硬联合麻醉的分娩镇痛效果优于单纯使用硬膜外镇痛组,两者都不延长产程,对母儿的影响小,且安全可行的。     

舒芬太尼与曲马多用于术后病人静脉自控镇痛的比较

目的观察比较全麻术后舒芬太尼与曲马多病人自控静脉镇痛（PCIA）的临床镇痛效果与不良反应。方法选择全身麻醉手术病人90例。美国麻醉医师协会（ASA）分级Ⅰ～Ⅱ级,年龄18～50岁,随机分两组：A组（舒芬太尼组）45例,选择舒芬太尼0．1mg＋利多卡因100mg＋地塞米松5mg＋生理盐水稀释至100ml PCIA泵入;B组（曲马多组）45例,选择曲马多800mg＋利多卡因100mg＋地塞松5mg＋生理盐水稀释至100ml PCIA泵入。两组背景剂量2ml／h,单次追加剂量0．5ml,锁定时间15min。观察患者24h内用药量、按键次数、心率、呼吸频率、脉氧饱和度、视觉模拟评分法（VAS）、镇静评分、恶心呕吐。结果A组患者的VAS评分、镇痛药消耗量及按压次数显明显低于B组（P〈0．05）。镇静评分,A组镇静评分达2分者高于B组,两组差异有显著性（P〈0．05）。术后恶心呕吐发生半,B组明显高于A组。心率和呼吸频率,B组普遍略高于A组,术后血氧饱和度两组差异无显著性。结论舒芬太尼是目前用于人体最强效的芬太尼类镇痛药,镇痛作用确切,安全可靠、恶心呕吐等不良反应发生率低;曲马多在单一途径中镇痛作用较弱。     

舒芬太尼和芬太尼用于非停跳冠状动脉旁路移植术后自控镇痛的对比观察

目的：探讨等效剂量的舒芬太尼和芬太尼用于非停跳冠状动脉旁路移植术（OPCAB）后病人自控静脉镇痛（PCIA）的效果及不良反应。方法：60例择期行 OPCAB病人,分为舒芬太尼组（S组）和芬太尼组（F组）各30例,S组为舒芬太尼（1μg/mL）＋氟哌利多（0.05μg/mL）;F组为芬太尼（8μg/mL）＋氟哌利多（0.05μg/mL）。PCIA设定为输注速率为2mL/h,单次自控量2mL,锁定时间15min。给药开始后,分别记录 6、12、24、36和48h5个时点的视觉模拟评分（VAS）、Ramsay评分及血压、心率、呼吸幅度与频率等指标,并观察恶心、呕吐、低血压（低于基础值20%）和呼吸抑制等不良反应。结果：S组各时点VAS普遍低于F组,仅术后24h和48h差异有显著性（P〈0.05）。各时段Ramsay镇静评分S组普遍高于F组,仅术后24h差异有显著性（P〈0.05）。两组术后不良反应的发生率均低,S组恶心的例数较F组明显减少（P〈0.05）。结论：舒芬太尼复合氟哌利多与芬太尼复合氟哌利多均可安全有效地用于OPCAB后PCIA,舒芬太尼镇痛效果优于芬太尼。[著者文摘]     

不同浓度舒芬太尼用于术后静脉自控镇痛的比较

目的观察不同浓度的舒芬太尼应用于脊柱手术病人术后静脉自控镇痛（PCIA）的疗效,探讨舒芬太尼PCIA的安全有效浓度。方法选择择期脊柱手术病人90例,随机分为3组,每组30例。S．组：1．0μg／ml舒芬太尼＋80μg／ml恩丹西酮;s2组：1．2μg／ml舒芬太尼＋80μg／ml恩丹西酮;s3组：1．5μg／ml舒芬太尼＋80μg／ml恩丹西酮。应用PCA泵LCP给药模式设置：总量100ml,背景输注2ml／h,PCA2ml,锁定时间30min。观察术后4、8、12、24、48h各时间点的镇痛效果和不良反应。结果镇痛效果S。组较差（P〈0．05）,S：、S,组相当;镇静、恶心呕吐发生率S1、S2组低于S,组（P〈0．05）。结论1．2μg／ml的舒芬太尼为合适镇痛浓度,可安全有效地用于脊柱手术术后PCIA的镇痛治疗。     

等效剂量舒芬太尼或芬太尼术后硬膜外或静脉患者自控镇痛效应的观察

目的：观察舒芬太尼用于肝脏术后硬膜外患者自控镇痛（PcEA）或静脉患者自控镇痛（PcIA）效应。方法：80例ASAⅠ～Ⅱ择期行肝脏手术患者，随机分为4组（n=20）。术后行PCEA（背景剂量4ml／h＋PCA4rnJ／次，锁定时间8min）或PCIA（背景剂量为2．5ml／h＋PCA5ml／次，锁定时间8min）。Bf组镇痛用药为硬膜外0．125％布比卡因＋2mg／ml芬太尼；Bs组镇痛用药为硬膜外0．125％布比卡因＋0．4mg／ml舒芬太尼；S组镇痛用药为静脉0．8mg／ml舒芬太尼；F组镇痛用药为静脉4mg／ml芬太尼。观察术后2，4，8，12，24，48h镇痛（VAS）和镇静效果、镇痛泵使用情况；记录血压、脉搏和呼吸频率的变化及恶心、呕吐等不良反应。结果：4组患者均镇痛良好。Bs组各时点的镇痛评分最低，与S组相比2、4、48h镇痛评分有显著差异（P〈0．05），与Bf组比无显著差异（P〉0．05）。S组较F组8、12、24h镇痛评分低（P〈0．05），Bs组镇痛泵按压次数和镇痛药物使用量最少，与其它三组比有显著差异（P〈0．05）。四组不良反应发生率无显著差异。四组生命体征稳定。结论：舒芬太尼镇痛是可行、安全、有效的，可在临床推广。     

芬太尼或舒芬太尼复合布比卡因脊麻对阴式全宫切除术麻醉效果的比较

目的：比较芬太尼或舒芬太尼复合布比卡因脊麻对阴式全宫切除术的麻醉效果．方法：40例ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级，择期进行阴式全宫切除术的病人，分为芬太尼组（F组）（n=20）和舒芬太尼组（S组）（n=20）脊麻穿刺成功后，F组给予0．75％布比卡因1.8mL．和20μg芬太尼0．2mL，S组给予0．75％布比卡因1.8mL和5μg舒芬太尼0．2mL，监测血氧饱和度、心电图和血压，注入脊麻药后分别于1、3、5、10、15、30min使用针刺法测定感觉平面消失情况，采用Bromage法评估运动阻滞情况．对术中镇痛进行评分．并记录术后首次感到疼痛和首次需要使用镇痛药的时间．观察有无相关并发症、结果：两组病人在麻醉后5min和10min收缩压和舒张压较术前明显下降（P〈0．05），组间无统计学差异，术后首次感到疼痛的时间及首次需要止痛药的时间．S组较F组明显延长（P〈0．05）结论：芬太尼和舒芬太尼复合布比卡因脊麻对阴式全宫切除术麻醉效果相当．但舒芬太尼的镇痛时效较长．     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.