抗N-甲基-D-天门冬氨酸受体脑炎与病毒性脑炎的关系

抗N-甲基-D-天门冬氨酸受体(anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor,NMDAR)脑炎是一种常见的自身免疫性脑炎,近年来逐渐被神经医学领域所认识.该病具有相对一致的临床表现,脑脊液具有特异性的抗NMDAR抗体,免疫治疗有较好的临床效果.抗NMDAR脑炎与病毒性脑炎关系密切,在认识该病之前,其常常被误诊为病毒性脑炎.近来大量研究发现病毒感染是抗NMDAR脑炎的重要诱发因素,而部分病毒性脑炎尤其是单纯疱疹病毒脑炎的复发,是由病毒感染继发中枢神经系统免疫性炎性反应所致,需要进行免疫治疗.因此认识抗NMDAR脑炎及其与病毒性脑炎的关系,对患者的诊治与预后有重要影响.     

抗N-甲基-D-天门冬氨酸受体脑炎的临床表现

抗N-甲基-D-天门冬氨酸受体（N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor, NMDAR）脑炎是儿科最常见的一种具有独特临床表现的免疫性脑炎。该文对典型和不典型抗NMDAR 脑炎的临床表现及儿童抗NMDAR 脑炎临床表现的独特之处等进行了综述,以提高儿科医生对此症的认识及诊治水平。     

抗N-甲基-D-天门冬氨酸受体脑炎的病因学

抗N-甲基-D-天门冬氨酸受体（NMDAR）脑炎是近年来新认识的一种自身免疫性脑炎,儿童较多见。虽然对该病的认识不断加深,但其确切病因仍不明确。揭示抗NMDAR 脑炎的病因,对于进一步阐明该病的发病机制,深入认识该病,早期诊断并尽早启动相关免疫治疗从而改善预后是十分必要的。复习国内外文献,早期认为抗NMDAR 脑炎多与肿瘤尤其是畸胎瘤有关,随后的研究又发现其发病也与感染、遗传等因素等有关。该文对抗NMDAR 脑炎病因的认识及演变过程进行概述。     

抗N-甲基-D-天门冬氨酸受体脑炎发病机制的研究进展

抗N-甲基-D-天门冬氨酸受体（NMDAR）脑炎已经成为脑炎疾病当中最主要的类型。阐明抗NMDAR 脑炎的发病机制对于理解该病,进而进行合理的治疗是非常有必要的。该文从以下几个方面进行综述：（1）抗NMDAR 脑炎发病与肿瘤关系的发现;（2）抗NMDAR 脑炎与肿瘤关系的进一步研究;（3）抗NMDAR 抗体识别的抗原决定部位,患者的自身免疫反应;（4）抗体与受体的作用：（5）不伴有肿瘤的抗NMDAR 脑炎的发病机制。该文向读者展示了这个病从在临床中被发现,到认识它和肿瘤的关系,再到从病理组织、分子水平以及信号传导水平进行研究的过程。展现一个科研思路,告诉读者临床医生是如何在临床中发现问题并逐步深入解决问题。目前的研究已证明抗NMDAR 脑炎是一种和肿瘤尤其是卵巢畸胎瘤密切相关的神经系统自身免疫性疾病。     

Recent research on immunotherapy for anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis北大核心CSCD

抗N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸受体（N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor,NMDAR）脑炎是一种以神经及精神症状为主要表现的中枢神经系统疾病。免疫治疗是基础治疗,包括急性期的一线治疗和二线治疗,以及慢性期的长程治疗。抗NMDAR脑炎总体预后良好,但仍有部分患者对当前免疫治疗方案反应欠佳,遗留神经系统功能障碍。此外,药物的不良反应及经济负担也是临床工作中常遇到的现实问题。为解决上述问题,近年来免疫治疗方案在药物的剂量、使用途径、疗程方面不断改进,同时涌现出一些新免疫治疗药物。因此,该文就抗NMDAR脑炎免疫治疗的研究进展进行综述。     

儿童抗N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸受体抗体脑炎

儿童抗N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸受体抗体脑炎(anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis,NMDAR)是一种抗NMDA受体抗体相关性自身免疫性脑炎.该病发病、临床表现具有儿童其自身特点.成年患者多与肿瘤相关,患儿肿瘤相关性低,多与感染、遗传因素有关.其发病机制主要是抗MDAR抗体选择性、可逆性的减少神经元突触后膜表面的NMDAR密度.临床主要表现为精神症状、语言障碍、运动障碍、睡眠障碍及自主神经功能紊乱等.治疗以肿瘤切除和免疫治疗为主.该病儿童病例报道少,易误诊,部分患儿病情重,易留下后遗症,故早期诊断、治疗具有重要意义.该文就儿童抗NMDAR脑炎发病机制、临床表现及诊断治疗作一综述.     

儿童抗N-甲基-D-天门冬氨酸受体脑炎的诊断与鉴别诊断

自身免疫性脑炎相对少见,且临床表现多种多样,很难在疾病早期给予确诊。因此,儿科临床医生应该熟悉自身免疫性脑炎的临床症状、体征、辅助检查特点、影像学改变、免疫学特征以及鉴别诊断要点。为正确诊断抗N-甲基-D-天门冬氨酸受体（NMDAR）脑炎,患儿应该进行包括寡克隆带检测的脑脊液检查、头颅磁共振扫描以及普通脑电图和/ 或24 h 视频脑电图检查。对于早期出现精神症状和癫癎发作的患儿尤其注意进行血液和脑脊液中抗NMDAR 抗体测定。脑电图出现“δ 刷”时对该病临床诊断有帮助。脑脊液NMDAR 抗体阳性是诊断该病的金标准。抗NMDAR 脑炎的鉴别诊断非常宽泛,儿童患者应该主要与单纯疱疹病毒性脑炎、其他自身免疫性脑炎及精神病相鉴别。     

儿童抗N-甲基-D-天门冬氨酸受体脑炎的治疗策略

抗N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸受体(anti-N-methyl D-aspartate receptor,抗NMDAR)脑炎是由抗NMDAR抗体介导的自身免疫性脑炎,在成人与儿童均可发病,儿童抗NMDAR脑炎在诱因、临床表现、诊断流程、治疗随访策略和预后均有别于成人,有其独自的特点。本病虽然临床表现重,但给予及时和有效的免疫...     

儿童抗N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸受体脑炎精神症状研究进展

儿童抗N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸受体(N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor, NMDAR)脑炎是一种自身免疫性脑炎, 其精神症状与年龄相关, 发生率随年龄增长而增加。激越和紧张症是突出的症状。针对儿童的激越症状, 首选药物治疗, 当药物治疗无效时可考虑身体约束, 有效的激越治疗不仅可以控制症状, 还有助于患者依从免疫治疗。精神运动性激越是紧张症的核心症状, 但对于儿童紧张症的临床认识仍有待深入, 治疗方面也缺乏统一意见。电休克疗法已被证实是一种有效的治疗手段。<12岁儿童相较于青少年和成人, 适应性功能易受损, 可能会留下部分精神症状。因此, 总结儿童抗NMDAR脑炎的精神症状、临床管理及预后有助于抗NMDAR脑炎的早期识别, 规范对患儿精神行为症状的长程管理, 从而改善预后。     

儿童自身免疫性脑炎诊疗的思考

自身免疫性脑炎(AE)泛指一类由于免疫系统与神经系统相互作用而导致的急性与亚急性炎症。根据不同的抗神经元抗体和相应的临床综合征, AE可分为多种类型, 儿童以抗-甲基-D-天冬氨酸受体(NMDAR)脑炎最为常见, 其他种类的AE在儿童报道甚少。国内外新近发表的抗NMDAR脑炎的诊疗共识为临床医生提供了标准化的治疗建议, 但抗体阴性的AE是临床诊断的难点, 重叠抗体的AE以及AE相关的重叠综合征逐渐被认识与关注, 临床医生应以核心症状明确责任抗体。     

Anti-NMDAR encephalitis misdiagnosed as Hashimoto's encephalopathy

Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis is a well-defined autoimmune disorder. Hashimoto's encephalopathy (HE) is a still controversial entity, lacking definite diagnostic criteria.We described a 14-year-old-girl presenting with a clinical picture consistent with the diagnosis of anti-NMDAR encephalitis, confirmed by NMDAR antibody testing. Four years earlier, she had presented a similar episode of acute encephalopathy diagnosed as HE.Anti-NMDAR encephalitis and HE share similar clinical features so that the differential diagnosis can be difficult if specific antibodies are not tested. The correct diagnosis of anti-NMDAR encephalitis is crucial to plan the appropriate management and follow-up, namely in term of oncological screening, since it can be paraneoplastic in origin. We suggest to re-evaluate the clinical history of all subjects with previous HE diagnosis in order to evaluate the possible diagnosis of anti-NMDAR encephalitis and plan the appropriate management of these patients.     

Anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor encephalitis in a pre-teenage girl: a case report

Anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (anti-NMDAR) encephalitis is an auto-immune and paraneoplastic encephalitis which generally affects young adults. It is a multistage illness, with prominent extrapyramidal, neuropsychiatric and autonomic symptoms. The syndrome is frequently associated with an ovarian teratoma. Recently, it has become evident that anti-NMDAR encephalitis is more common in children and adolescents than was previously believed. Prognostic factors that determine a good outcome are presence of a tumour, prompt treatment and no need for admission to an intensive care unit. Increased awareness among paediatricians of this potentially life-threatening disease is important because early recognition and treatment will improve the patients’ chances of a good clinical outcome. In this case report, we describe a 9-year-old girl with behavioural changes and severe extrapyramidal symptoms due to anti-NMDAR encephalitis associated with an ovarian teratoma. She was treated with a variety of immunomodulating therapies and made a slow, but good recovery.     

儿童抗N-甲基-D-天门冬氨酸受体脑炎免疫治疗进展

抗N-甲基-D-天门冬氨酸受体（NMDAR）脑炎是近年被报道的一种自身免疫性脑炎。目前国内外尚无针对该病的儿童及青少年患者的统一治疗方案,免疫治疗仍是主要的治疗措施,应用较为广泛的包括一线免疫治疗、二线免疫治疗及长程免疫治疗。近年来也有学者尝试应用新型免疫抑制剂或改进现有免疫治疗方案来提高对儿童及青少年患者的治疗效果,该文将尝试总结相关免疫治疗方案,并对免疫治疗研究方向做一展望。     

Anti-N-Methyl-d-aspartate-receptor encephalitis: Cognitive profile in two children

Background

Anti-N-Methyl d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis is an autoimmune disorder associated with antibodies against NMDAR resulting in a characteristic neuropsychiatric syndrome characterized by seizures, dyskinesias, and cognitive impairment. The extent and specific tasks associated with cognitive dysfunction in anti-NMDAR encephalitis have not been fully investigated.

Aims

To describe cognitive and neuropsychological profile in two children with anti-NMDAR encephalitis.

Methods

Clinical, laboratory, cognitive and neuropsychological assessments have been performed. Cognitive functions have been evaluated one year after the disease onset, at age 4 years and 10 months in one patient and at age 5 years and 5 months in the other subject. The first patient has been re-assessed one year after the first evaluation.

Results

Both children, who were reported to be normal before disease onset, showed a severe neurological impairment during the acute phase of disease with progressive substantial recovery following treatment. Selective and prolonged attention, activation and integration of semantic information and verbal fluency were particularly impaired. Significant improvements were observed at neuropsychological re-assessment.

Conclusions

Executive dysfunction seems to be the “core” of the neuropsychological profile of children with anti-NMDAR encephalitis. Cognitive abilities may be, at least to some extent, recovered providing that immunomodulatory treatment and specific psychomotor and pedagogical therapy are started soon after disease onset.     

Resective surgery in the treatment of super-refractory partial status epilepticus secondary to NMDAR antibody encephalitis

BackgroundAnti-NMDAR encephalitis is an increasingly described clinical entity in children, comprising 40% of all cases. We present a case of super-refractory status epilepticus secondary to anti-NMDAR encephalitis treated with emergent resective surgery.Case studyA 7 years-old boy presented with progressive abnormal irritability. On the day after admission he had multiple seizures, characterized by head and eye version to the right. EEG revealed left parietal-occipital continuous paroxysmal activity. Anti-NMDAR antibodies were positive in CSF and serum. After almost 3 months in the Intensive Care Unit, in barbituric coma, and given the failure of all treatment regimens, a preoperative evaluation was conducted. Ictal SPECT showed significant hiperperfusion and brain FDG-PET a cortical hypometabolism in the left occipital lobe; a left occipital lobectomy was performed. In the next days it was possible to progressively suspend Thiopental. Currently, patient presents right homonymous hemianopsia, eats by his own hand but needs help in almost all other activities.DiscussionStatus epilepticus (SE) in the setting of anti-NMDAR encephalitis is unusual but described. Whilst the role of surgery in the management of refractory focal epilepsy is established, it is seldom used in the treatment of SE. In the patient with refractory SE (RSE), awareness of surgery as a potentially life saving treatment is an important issue. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a partial RSE secondary to anti-NMDAR encephalitis treated with resective surgery and illustrates the need to consider anti-NMDAR encephalitis as a cause of super-refractory SE.     

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??Abstract?? Objective To identify the clinical features and the prognosis of anti-NMDAR encephalitis in children??so as to improve the pediatrician’s awareness about this disease. Methods The clinical features??therapeutic regimen and prognosis of 17 children with anti-NMDAR encephalitis were summarized by a retrospective and follow-up study. Results Among the 17 patients with anti-NMDAR encephalitis??12 were males and 5 were females.Their age varied from 2 to 12 years??and the average age was 5 years 8 months.The most common initial symptoms were convulsions ??7 cases?? and psychiatric symptoms ??7 cases??.The common symptoms in the course of the disease were psychiatric symptoms??17 cases????sleep disorders ??16 cases????extrapyramidal symptoms ??14 cases????and convulsion ??11 cases??.Only 4 patients had autonomic symptoms.The anti-NMDAR antibody were found in all the patients’CSF.The EEG test of 16 patients showed diffused slow background.Tumors were not found in any patient. Fourteen cases were treated with IVIg and methylprednisolone??2 cases only received IVIg therapy and 1 case gave up.Rituximab ??2 cases?? and cyclophosphamide ??1 cases?? were administrated in 3 cases with no improvement after the above treatment.The patients had been followed up for 3 to 15 months.Twelve of them recovered completely??2 cases died??2 cases had epilepsy??and 1 case had speech disorder. Conclusion Psychiatric symptoms??sleep disorders??extrapyramidal symptoms and convulsion are the common symptoms of anti-NMDAR encephalitis in children.Tumors and autonomic nervous system dysfunction rarely happen. Immunotherapy is effective in the majority of the patients.The prognosis of anti-NMDAR encephalitis in children is optimistic.