青少年特发性脊柱侧凸的康复

青少年特发性脊柱侧凸（adolescentidiopathicscoliosis，AIS）是在青春前期或骨骼成熟前发生的一种脊柱畸形，影响青少年健康发育，发病率约为1％-1．17％，其中女性多于男性，比例约为9：1。有的脊柱侧凸有明确致病原因，如先天性脊柱侧凸，继发于骨骼、肌肉、神经系统疾患的侧凸；但更多的是原因不明的脊柱侧凸，即特发性（原发性）脊柱侧凸。脊柱侧凸如得不到及时发现与处理，其中部分患者侧凸情况会逐渐加重，形成严重的畸形。严重的脊柱侧凸不仅会造成身体外观异常、脊柱运动功能障碍或因骨盆倾斜而跛行，而且还可因胸廓畸形造成心、肺功能障碍。少数严重的脊柱侧凸可造成脊髓受压而致下肢瘫痪及排便功能障碍。因此，AIS的早期诊断、早期治疗与康复极为重要。     

青少年特发性脊柱侧凸术前应用滑动式牵引床牵引的效果评价

[目的]评价青少年特发性脊柱侧凸病人术前运用自行设计的滑动式牵引床进行牵引的临床效果。[方法]采取自身对照研究方法,选择22例脊柱侧凸病人,术前采用自行设计研制的滑动式牵引床进行牵引,比较牵引前后脊柱柔韧度相关指标的变化以及与术后正位Cobb角相关性。[结果]术前牵引前后脊柱柔韧度相关指标改变显著（P〈0.01） 病人术后正位Cobb角与个体弯曲数目、牵引后的B位Cobb角及牵引前BCR有回归关系（P〈0.05） 主胸段术后正位Cobb角改变与牵引前后正位Cobb角改变、B位Cobb角改变及BCR改变具有回...     

青少年特发性脊柱侧凸术前应用滑动式牵引床牵引的效果评价

[目的]评价青少年特发性脊柱侧凸病人术前运用自行设计的滑动式牵引床进行牵引的临床效果.[方法] 采取自身对照研究方法,选择22例脊柱侧凸病人,术前采用自行设计研制的滑动式牵引床进行牵引,比较牵引前后脊柱柔韧度相关指标的变化以及与术后正位Cobb角相关性.[结果]术前牵引前后脊柱柔韧度相关指标改变显著(P<0.01);病人术后正位Cobb角与个体弯曲数目、牵引后的B位Cobb角及牵引前BCR有回归关系(P<0.05);主胸段术后正位Cobb角改变与牵引前后正位Cobb角改变、B位Cobb角改变及BCR改变具有回归关系(P<0.05).[结论]青少年特发性脊柱侧凸病人术前运用自行设计的滑动式牵引床进行牵引,可明显改善治疗效果.     

脊柱侧凸特定运动疗法治疗轻度青少年特发性脊柱侧凸患者的疗效观察

目的探讨以脊柱侧凸特定运动疗法为核心的康复干预对轻度特发性脊柱侧凸患者的疗效。 方法将30例轻度特发性脊柱侧凸患者分为观察组及康复治疗组。观察组患者给予常规健康宣教,康复治疗组患者给予脊柱侧凸特定运动疗法治疗,每周训练2~3次,每次治疗60min,共治疗12周。比较治疗前、后2组患者躯干旋转角度、冠状面Cobb角、椎体旋转角度、静态平衡功能(跌倒指数)、骨强度［包括桡骨远端声速(SOS)、Z值、百分位等指标］、竖脊肌表面肌电信号、肺功能［用力肺活量(FVC)、第一秒用力呼气量(FEV1)、用力肺活量占预计值百分比(FVC/Pred%)、第一秒用力呼气容积占预计值百分比(FEV1 pred%)、用力呼气量占用力肺活量比值(FEV1/FVC%)］、生活质量改善情况等。 结果与治疗前比较,观察组患者治疗后最大Cobb角显著增大(P<0.01),治疗前、后躯干旋转角度、椎体旋转角度、跌倒指数、SOS、Z值、百分位、FVC、FEV1、FVC pred%、FEV1 pred%、FEV1/FVC%及生活质量各维度得分差异均无统计学意义(P<0.05),治疗前、后顶椎水平竖脊肌凹侧激活率均显著小于凸侧激活率(P<0.01)。康复治疗组治疗前、后躯干旋转角、最大Cobb角、椎体旋转角度、跌倒指数差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),治疗后骨强度SOS、Z值、百分位、FVC、FEV1、功能活动维度得分均显著优于治疗前水平(P<0.05),治疗前顶椎水平竖脊肌凹侧激活率小于凸侧(P<0.05),治疗后双侧顶椎水平竖脊肌激活率间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。 结论早期进行以脊柱侧凸特定运动疗法为核心的康复治疗可阻止轻度青少年特发性脊柱侧凸患者侧凸畸形进展,提高骨强度,改善肺功能,减少双侧竖脊肌肌肉运动控制差异,提高患者生活质量,该疗法值得临床推广、应用。     

青少年特发性脊柱侧凸畸形角度与心肺运动耐力相关性观察

目的探讨青少年特发性脊柱侧凸(AIS)畸形角度与心肺运动耐力的相关性。方法纳入上海交通大学医学院附属新华医院康复医学科就诊且符合入选标准的64例AIS患者临床资料, 所有患者均行心肺运动试验(CPET)评估及拍摄站立位脊柱全长X线片, 组间比较采用独立性t检验, 用Pearson相关、多元线性回归和两分段线性回归分析AIS患者Cobb角与心肺运动耐力的相关性。结果 Pearson相关分析显示, Cobb角与最大潮气量(VTmax)呈显著负相关(r=-0.345, P<0.001), 与呼吸频率(RR)呈显著正相关(r=0.273, P<0.05)。调整性别、年龄、身高和体重后, 多元线性回归分析结果显示, Cobb角与VTmax呈显著的负相关性(β=-0.013, P<0.05), 与RR呈显著的正相关性(β=0.421, P<0.05);Cobb角与心肺运动耐力水平呈非线性关系, 当Cobb角>34°时, Cobb角每增加1°, 心肺运动耐力降低的概率增加了1.399倍(P<0.05);当Cobb角≤34°时, 随着Cobb角每增加1°, 患者心肺...     

Boston矫形器治疗青少年特发性脊柱侧凸的疗效分析

目的研究Boston矫形器对青少年特发性脊柱侧凸(AIS)的临床治疗效果。方法选择1997年3月至2002年12月使用Boston矫形器治疗并得到随访的AIS患者108例,观察并比较患者治疗前、后的Cobb角、顶椎偏离中线距离(AVT)、顶椎旋转度(AVR)、躯干位移(TS)以及肺活量(VC)、第1秒用力呼气容积占用力肺活量的百分比(FEV1／FVC)、每分钟最大通气量(MVV)、残气量(RV)等指标,分析并评价Boston矫形器的疗效。结果矫形器治疗前,脊柱侧凸的Cobb角为(38．2±10．8)°,矫形器治疗2年后Cobb角平均为(24．4±8．9)°,治疗前、后比较差异有统计学意义(P<0．01),矫正率为36．1％。矫形器治疗后, AVT、AVR和TS与治疗前比较,有显著改善(P<0．01);而肺功能各项指标(包括VC、FEV1／FVC、MVV和RV)的正常率并无明显改变(P>0．05)。Risser。征Ⅰ度(包括0度)患者矫正率分别与Risser征Ⅱ度、Ⅲ度患者比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0．05)。除3例患者因出现侧凸进展改行手术矫形外,其他患者侧凸畸形均得到显著改善,肺功能无明显损害。结论Boston矫形器对AIS的临床治疗有效,Risser征可以作为预测AIS矫形器矫形效果的指标之一。     

脊柱侧凸特定性训练对轻度青少年特发性脊柱侧凸的治疗价值

  目的  观察脊柱侧凸特定性训练(scoliosis specific exercise, SSE)对轻度青少年特发性脊柱侧凸(adolescent idiopathic scoliosis, AIS)的矫正效果。  方法  回顾性收集2016年1月至3月, 在北京协和医院确诊并开始在物理医学康复科门诊接受SSE矫形治疗的轻度AIS患者临床资料。比较患者治疗前后Cobb角和轴向躯干旋转(axial trunk rotation, ATR)角, 采用脊柱侧凸研究学会患者问卷-22 (Scoliosis Research Society Patient Questionnaire-22, SRS-22)分析患者对治疗效果的主观评价。  结果  共31例符合纳入和排除标准的患者入选本研究。患者治疗后Cobb角和ATR角均较治疗前减小(Cobb角:16.29°±5.05°比19.23°±2.85°, t=2.955, P=0.006;ATR角:5.97°±2.22°比7.16°±1.66°, t=4.799, P=0.000)。SRS-22量表评分中, 治疗后满意度评分较治疗前显著增加[5.0(4.0, 5.0)分比3.0(3.0, 3.0)分, Z=0.000, P < 0.05]。  结论  SSE能延缓甚至改善轻度AIS患者的脊柱畸形。     

脊柱侧凸特定性训练对轻度青少年特发性脊柱侧凸的治疗价值

目的观察脊柱侧凸特定性训练(scoliosis specific exercise,SSE)对轻度青少年特发性脊柱侧凸(adolescent idiopathic scoliosis,AIS)的矫正效果。方法回顾性收集2016年1月至3月,在北京协和医院确诊并开始在物理医学康复科门诊接受SSE矫形治疗的轻度AIS患者临床资料。比较患者治疗前后Cobb角和轴向躯干旋转(axial trunk rotation,ATR)角,采用脊柱侧凸研究学会患者问卷-22 (Scoliosis Research Society Patient Questionnaire-22,SRS-22)分析患者对治疗效果的主观评价。结果共31例符合纳入和排除标准的患者入选本研究。患者治疗后Cobb角和ATR角均较治疗前减小(Cobb角:16. 29°±5. 05°比19. 23°±2. 85°,t=2. 955,P=0. 006; ATR角:5. 97°±2. 22°比7. 16°±1. 66°,t=4. 799,P=0. 000)。SRS-22量表评分中,治疗后满意度评分较治疗前显著增加[5. 0 (4. 0,5. 0)分比3. 0(3. 0,3. 0)分,Z=0. 000,P<0. 05]。结论 SSE能延缓甚至改善轻度AIS患者的脊柱畸形。     

轻中度青少年特发性脊柱侧凸患者肺功能研究

目的:研究轻中度青少年特发性脊柱侧凸(adolescent idiopathic scoliosis,AIS)患者肺功能特征。方法:选取68例AIS患者作为AIS组,20例健康青少年作为正常对照组,采用肺功能仪测定研究对象用力肺活量(FVC)、FVC预计值(FVC pred)、FVC占预计值百分数(FVC pred%)、第1秒用力呼气量(FEV1)、FEV1预计值(FEV1 pred)、FEV1占预计值百分数(FEV1 pred%)、FEV1占FVC百分数(FEV1/FVC%)。结果:AIS组FEV1 pred%、FEV1/FVC%分别为(85.60±11.60)、(88.40±6.84),对照组分别为(93.20±9.39)、(91.00±3.13),AIS组FEV1 pred%、FEV1/FVC%均低于正常对照组,差异有显著性意义。不同侧凸类型、不同性别AIS患者FVC pred%、FEV1 pred%、FEV1/FVC%差异无显著性意义。患者年龄与FVC、FVC pred、FEV1、FEV1 pred正相关,患者Cobb角与肺功能指标无关。结论:轻、中度AIS患者存在肺功能障碍,患者肺功能与年龄正相关,与侧凸类型、性别、Cobb角没有相关性。     

Complications following spine fusion for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis

Complications following spine fusion for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis can be characterized as either intra-operative or post-operative. The most serious and feared complication is neurologic injury, both in the intra- and post-operative period. Other intra-operative complications include dural tears and ophthalmologic or peripheral nerve deficits, which may be related to positioning. Among the most common post-operative complications are surgical site infection, venous thromboembolism, gastrointestinal complications, and implant-related complications. Significant blood loss requiring transfusion, traditionally considered a known sequelae of spine fusion, is now being recognized as a “complication” in large national databases. Pediatric spine surgeons who care for patients with AIS must be thoroughly familiar with all potential complications and their management.     

Neurophysiological basis of rehabilitation of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis

Background. Knowledge on mechanisms of neurophysiological control of trunk movement and posture could help in the development of rehabilitation programs and brace treatment in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS).

Aims. Reviewing up-to-date research on neurophysiology of movement and posture control with the aim of providing basis for new researches in the field of AIS rehabilitation and background understanding for clinicians engaged in management of AIS.

Methods. Review of literature.

Results. We considered several neurophysiological issues relevant for AIS rehabilitation, namely, the peculiar organization of patterns of trunk muscle recruitment, the structure of the neural hardware subserving axial and arm muscle control, and the relevance of cognitive systems allowing mapping of spatial coordinates and building of body schema.

Discussion and conclusion. We made clear the reason why trunk control is generally carried out by means of very fast, feedforward or feedback driven patterns of muscle activation which are deeply rooted in our neural control system and very difficult to modify by training. We hypothesized that augmented sensory feedback and strength exercises could be an important stage in a rehabilitation program aimed at hindering, or possibly reversing, scoliosis progression. In this context we considered bracing not only as a corrective biomechanical device but also as a tool for continuous sensory stimulation that could help awareness of body misalignment. Future research aimed at developing strategies of trunk postural control learning is essential in the rehabilitation of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis.     

Neurophysiological basis of rehabilitation of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis

Background. Knowledge on mechanisms of neurophysiological control of trunk movement and posture could help in the development of rehabilitation programs and brace treatment in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS).

Aims. Reviewing up-to-date research on neurophysiology of movement and posture control with the aim of providing basis for new researches in the field of AIS rehabilitation and background understanding for clinicians engaged in management of AIS.

Methods. Review of literature.

Results. We considered several neurophysiological issues relevant for AIS rehabilitation, namely, the peculiar organization of patterns of trunk muscle recruitment, the structure of the neural hardware subserving axial and arm muscle control, and the relevance of cognitive systems allowing mapping of spatial coordinates and building of body schema.

Discussion and conclusion. We made clear the reason why trunk control is generally carried out by means of very fast, feedforward or feedback driven patterns of muscle activation which are deeply rooted in our neural control system and very difficult to modify by training. We hypothesized that augmented sensory feedback and strength exercises could be an important stage in a rehabilitation program aimed at hindering, or possibly reversing, scoliosis progression. In this context we considered bracing not only as a corrective biomechanical device but also as a tool for continuous sensory stimulation that could help awareness of body misalignment. Future research aimed at developing strategies of trunk postural control learning is essential in the rehabilitation of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis.     

Effect of body morphology on standing balance in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis

OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to determine the effect of body somatotype on standing balance in girls with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) who are under observation but not wearing a body brace. DESIGN: In all, 74 girls participated in this study to form the able-bodied (n = 36) and the AIS (n = 38) groups, having an average age of 13 yrs. Quiet standing balance was tested using a force platform. Afterward, subjects in each group were divided according to their dominant body somatotype, namely endomorphs (fatness), mesomorphs (muscular), or endomorphic ectomorphs (lean). RESULTS: The center of pressure measured in the anteroposterior position was closer to the heels for the AIS ectomorphic group by approximately 14 mm (P = 0.00497). Only the AIS mesomorphic group displayed a statistically significant 12-mm shift to the right in their center of pressure (P = 0.01211) compared with the able-bodied girls of the same morphotype. In the endomorphic group, the sway area was statistically higher for the scoliotic subjects (P = 0.00839). The distances traveled by the AIS subjects were all statistically longer for all three body morphologic somatotypes. CONCLUSION: Different postural responses seem to be dependent on body somatotypes. The endomorphic AIS girls had a larger sway area than their able-bodied counterparts while maintaining a similar center of pressure position. The AIS ectomorphic girls had a tendency to lean further back than a comparable able-bodied group. This could be emphasizing a hypokyphotic trunk attitude and increasing the risk of spinal deformity progression. The AIS mesomorphic subjects characterized by a large muscular and bony structure had a tendency to position their center of mass more to their right, indicating less postural adaptability and a stiffer trunk.     

Manual therapy treatment for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis

Background

Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is a common orthopedic condition with a prevalence of 2%–3% in children aged 10–16 years. Conservative interventions remain controversial and are usually based on physical therapy exercises and treatments. Manual therapy techniques may also serve as adequate treatments for AIS due to their ability to improve range of motion and decrease muscle tone and pain.

Bracing adolescent idiopathic scoliosis today

Purpose. The purpose of this report is to give an overview of the existing literature on bracing for scoliosis, and to introduce a special issue of the journal on this topic. We look critically at this treatment, considering not only the possible efficacy but also other key points such as compliance, acceptability and the patient's quality of life, as well as the variability of existing braces.

Method. Review of the literature.

Results. Bracing is questioned in terms of efficacy, but in most cases no alternative exists other than to wait for eventual surgery, or perhaps to do nothing and facing the likelihood of problems with increasing age. Compliance is a critical point, but it isn't a reason to quit. On the contrary, it should be a stimulus for professionals to find the better ways to help their patients in this respect. When faced with the possible alternatives, patients do prefer bracing to the so-called ‘wait and see’ strategy, but we must continue to work to reduce the impairment to quality of life due to the orthosis. The actual variability of braces should be faced, and the BRACE MAP classification is proposed as a unifying tool for the future.

Conclusions. Bracing is not the best possible treatment, but in the case of scoliosis the alternatives are even more challenging. Thanks to the International Society on Scoliosis Orthopaedic and Rehabilitation Treatment (SOSORT) serious research is ongoing, and in the next few years we will have more data, not only on efficacy but also on compliance, acceptability and quality of life, biomechanics, evaluation tools, informatics in bracing, etc. Hopefully this will lead to better results and choices for our patients.