动态浊度法定量检测磺达肝癸钠注射液细菌内毒素含量的研究

目的:建立动态浊度法定量检测磺达肝癸钠注射液中细菌内毒素的含量。方法:使用两个厂家的动态浊度法鲎试剂建立细菌内毒素标准曲线,对3批供试品进行干扰试验,分析不同稀释倍数下细菌内毒素的回收率并进行验证,完成供试品溶液中内毒素含量的定量检测。结果:两个厂家鲎试剂的标准曲线均符合标准要求,3批供试品在稀释10、100、800、1 600倍时细菌内毒素回收率均在50%~200%范围内,均无干扰,符合药典要求。结论:采用动态浊度法检测磺达肝癸钠注射液中细菌内毒素含量是可行的。     

动态浊度法定量测定碘克沙醇中细菌内毒素的含量

摘 要 目的： 应用动态浊度法定量测定碘克沙醇中的细菌内毒素含量。方法: 建立动态浊度法测定细菌内毒素的标准曲线,通过干扰实验确定样品最佳稀释倍数,并对样品的细菌内毒素进行定量测定。结果: 样品稀释12倍时,可消除对实验的干扰作用,细菌内毒素回收率在50%~200%内。结论:动态浊度法可用于定量检测碘克沙醇中的细菌内毒素含量。     

布罗佐喷钠细菌内毒素检查法的建立

摘 要 目的： 建立新型原料药布罗佐喷钠的细菌内毒素检查法。 方法: 根据《中国药典》2010年版二部附录的细菌内毒素检查法和相关标准及指导原则,用2个厂家的鲎试剂对3个批号的供试品进行干扰试验预试验及干扰试验,确定供试品的细菌内毒素检查的适用性及最大不干扰浓度,并对供试品进行细菌内毒素检查。 结果: 3个批次的布罗佐喷钠在浓度为2.5 mg·ml^-1及其以下浓度时对鲎试剂与内毒素的反应无干扰作用,细菌内毒素检查均符合规定。 结论:细菌内毒素检查法可用于布罗佐喷钠的质量控制。     

葛根素注射液细菌内毒素的测定

目的：研究葛根素注射液进行细菌内毒素检查的干扰情况，建立其细菌内毒素的定性和定量分析法。方法：采用2005年版中国药典凝胶法和动态浊度法检测供试品中的细菌内毒素。结果：供试品稀释50倍（凝胶法）和200倍（动态浊度法）后对细菌内毒素的检查无干扰作用。结论：用凝胶法和动态浊度法测定葛根素注射液中细菌内毒素的含量是可行的。     

注射用头孢拉定联合用药的细菌内毒素定量测定

目的以动态浊度法研究注射用头孢拉定、氯化钠注射液联合用药输液器终端混合液的细菌内毒素检查干扰情况,建立其细菌内毒素的定量分析方法。方法采用中国药典2005年版二部附录检测细菌内毒素的动态浊度法。结果供试品稀释5倍排除干扰。结论动态浊度法测定此混合液细菌内毒素含量是可行的。     

动态浊度法检测透析用水和透析液细菌内毒素含量

目的：建立韶关地区医院透析用水和透析液细菌内毒素动态浊度检查法,了解分析韶关地区透析用水和透析液质量状况。方法：按照《中国药典》2015年版第四部通则1143细菌内毒素检查法方法2光度测定法,对韶关地区医院透析用水和透析液进行动态浊度法的方法学研究,使用SPSS软件分析不同稀释倍数下细菌内毒素的回收率,确定检测方法,并按照建立方法检测细菌内毒素含量。结果：建立细菌内毒素标准曲线LgT=2.80493-0.27415 LgC（r＝-0.9983）,干扰试验中,稀释倍数越大,回收率越接近100%。不同稀释倍数对透析用水的回收率无显著影响（P=0.521）,对透析液的回收率有显著影响（P=0.000）,透析用水使用原液进行细菌内毒素检查无干扰作用,透析液使用8倍或16倍稀释液进行细菌内毒素检查无干扰作用。结论：医院透析用水和透析液细菌内毒素检测可用本研究建立的细菌内毒素检查法进行检测,韶关地区医院透析用水和透析液总体质量水平较好,均可达到标准要求。     

动态浊度法检测流感病毒裂解疫苗细菌内毒素的含量

摘 要 目的：探讨动态浊度法检测流感病毒裂解疫苗细菌内毒素含量的可行性。 方法: 参照《中国药典》2015年版通则1143细菌内毒素检测法,对流感病毒裂解疫苗进行标准曲线可靠性试验、干扰初筛试验、干扰验证试验及内毒素含量测定,并与凝胶法检定的同批疫苗的结果相比较。 结果: 标准曲线可靠性试验结果符合规定。干扰初筛试验,疫苗稀释160倍、320倍及640倍,回收率在50%～200%之间,均无干扰,干扰验证试验进一步证明疫苗稀释640倍对试验均无干扰作用,浊度法检测的10批流感疫苗细菌内毒素含量均小于该疫苗的限值20 EU·mL^-1,并与经凝胶法检定的同批疫苗结果一致。结论:采用动态浊度法检测流感病毒裂解疫苗细菌内毒素含量是可行的,值得推广应用。     

动态浊度法检测注射用苯唑西林钠细菌内毒素的研究

目的：建立注射用苯唑西林钠细菌内毒素动态浊度法检测方法。方法：按照《中华人民共和国药典》2015年版四部,采用动态浊度法进行干扰试验,发现注射用苯唑西林钠对细菌内毒素检查有抑制作用,实验中用辅剂稀释剂Ⅰ稀释供试品以加入适量镁离子的方式消除注射用苯唑西林钠对细菌内毒素检查的抑制作用,定量测定样品中细菌内毒素含量。结果：补充适量的金属镁离子可以有效地消除注射用苯唑西林钠对细菌内毒素的抑制,降低样品的稀释倍数,细菌内毒素回收率在50%~200%之间。结论：可建立动态浊度法进行注射用苯唑西林钠细菌内毒素定量检测,样品中细菌内毒素含量均远低于《中华人民共和国药典》规定的0.10 EU·mg-1,建议提高现有标准。     

动态浊度法定量检测依地酸二钠中细菌内毒素的含量

目的 建立依地酸二钠细菌内毒素的常规检测方法。方法 根据2015年版《中国药典》四部通则1143细菌内毒素检查法,采用动态浊度法对依地酸二钠进行干扰预试验和正式干扰试验,确定依地酸二钠的不干扰稀释倍数或不干扰稀释浓度。结果 用BET水溶解配制成初始浓度为50 mg?mL-1的供试品溶液,采用钙离子缓冲液稀释50倍,再用BET水稀释2倍进行定量检测。结果无干扰因素影响,内毒素回收率在50%-200%范围内。 结论 动态浊度法可用于检测依地酸二钠中的细菌内毒素含量。     

维生素C、维生素B6、葡萄糖注射液联合用药细菌内毒素测定

目的：以动态浊度法研究维生素C、维生素B6、葡萄糖注射液联合用药输液器终端混合液的细菌内毒素检查干扰情况,建立其细菌内毒素的定量分析方法。方法：采用《中国药典》2005年版二部附录检测细菌内毒素的动态浊度法。结果：供试品稀释5倍排除干扰。结论：动态浊度法测定此混合液细菌内毒素含量是可行的。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.