新型冠状病毒肺炎的眼部表现

新型冠状病毒肺炎(coronavirus disease 2019,COVID-19,新冠肺炎)是由新型冠状病毒(novel coronavirus,SARS-CoV-2,新冠病毒)引起的一种具有高度传染性的疾病,目前在世界各地广泛流行,并引起全球性恐慌。研究表明,新冠病毒可以通过眼部黏膜传播,因此眼科医务人员更容易受到感染。新冠肺炎患者眼部表现主要累及结膜、角膜、巩膜、前房、瞳孔、视网膜、视神经和视皮层、眼外肌及其颅神经支配、眼眶和泪器系统等。病毒性结膜炎是新冠肺炎患者最常见的眼部表现。新冠肺炎流行期间,为了眼科医务人员免受感染,安全地开展临床工作,本文依据近年来相关文献报道总结了新冠肺炎的眼部表现,主要包括流行病学、病理生理、临床表现等方面。     

关注新型冠状病毒肺炎与眼表传播问题

自2019年岁末以来,新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎(COVID-19)疫情在中国武汉快速传播并引起中国和国际社会的广泛关注。目前已有尚未确认的线索认为结膜可能是新型冠状病毒(SARS-CoV-2)感染的通道之一,因此关于COVID-19感染方式以及SARS-CoV-2是否通过眼表组织进行传播的问题也成为新的关注点。由于目前尚缺乏SARS-CoV-2在眼部感染的临床观察资料和实验室研究证据,因此对引起流行性疾病的病毒引起眼部病变的部分文献进行回溯和分析则更有助于我们在COVID-19疫情防控过程中对眼部及相应的工作环境和器械采取合理的防护措施。     

新型冠状病毒疫苗相关眼部病变的研究进展

2019年以来,新型冠状病毒(SARS-CoV-2)感染在世界范围内广泛流行,造成约7.7亿人感染和690万人死亡。目前针对SARS-CoV-2感染的疫苗已经成为预防重症SARS-CoV-2发生的主要方法。SARS-CoV-2疫苗对于预防重症SARS-CoV-2感染具有实质性保护作用,但使用SARS-CoV-2疫苗后会出现全身多处的不良反应。越来越多的研究表明SARS-CoV-2疫苗可引起眼部结膜、角膜、巩膜、葡萄膜、视网膜、视神经组织的病变,造成视觉功能的损害。文章主要回顾分析了SARS-CoV-2疫苗的分类和特性及其与眼部组织病变的相关研究,期望能更加深刻地认识SARS-CoV-2疫苗引起的眼部不良反应,为防治其造成的眼组织损伤和视功能损害提供一些理论性指导。     

充分认识COVID-19相关眼部损害, 努力提高诊疗水平

由严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2型(SARS-CoV-2)引起的新型冠状病毒感染(COVID-19)在全球持续大流行, 给全球医疗模式带来了深刻影响, 更多积累的、新的医学资料提示SARS-CoV-2感染会侵犯患者多个器官, 但对其引起的眼部相关病变特征及其危害仍缺乏足够认识。已有的临床资料发现, COVID-19相关眼病主要包括眼表炎性病变和眼后节的视网膜、脉络膜病变, 疾病不仅表现为急性炎性反应过程, 还可导致视网膜和脉络膜的微血管栓塞性病理过程, 给患者, 尤其是首诊为眼科的患者视力预后可能带来长期影响, 准确诊断COVID-19相关眼病是眼科医生面临的挑战。眼科医生应深入了解SARS-CoV-2感染者眼病相关疾病的发生机制和发展规律, 利用目前的眼科多模式影像检查以减少患者相关眼部疾病的漏诊和误诊, 及时采取针对性治疗措施, 尽可能降低疾病对视功能损害的风险。建议眼科临床工作者开展相关疾病的发病机制研究及多学科临床研究, 以降低COVID-19相关眼病患者的致盲率, 改善患者的生活质量。     

警惕冠状病毒经眼传播

目前新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)疫情在中国湖北武汉快速传播,并引起了国际社会的广泛关注。目前有线索认为结膜可能是新型冠状病毒(SARS-CoV-2)感染的入口之一。但目前缺乏SARS-CoV-2眼部感染的临床观察资料,因此了解冠状病毒经眼传播的机制和细胞受体,了解其他同源病毒感染眼部的传播特征,有助于眼科医生在COVID-19防控工作中采取合理防护措施并及时识别与眼部体征并存的COVID-19。     

新型冠状病毒相关眼部疾病的研究进展

2019年新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)自爆发以来已在短时间内呈现出全球大流行状态,新型冠状病毒(SARS-CoV-2)的多种变异株具有高度传染性和致病性。SARS-CoV-2可能通过血管紧张素转化酶2(ACE2)和跨膜丝氨酸蛋白酶2(TMPRSS2)的介导感染组织细胞从而引发不同疾病。呼吸道、心血管、胃肠道系统的临床疾病较为常见; 也有大部分患者以眼部症状为主诉就诊。相较于严重的全身系统疾病,眼部相关症状很容易被忽视。文章通过对SARS-CoV-2相关多种眼部疾病的发病机制和相关病例进行综述,旨在增强临床医师对SARS-CoV-2相关眼病的重视,避免延误病情,造成视力的不可逆损失,并为眼部疾病的预防和治疗提供新思路。     

新型冠状病毒感染相关眼底病变的特征分析及其诊治思考

新型冠状病毒感染(COVID-19)在导致呼吸系统等多器官病变的同时, 会引起眼底病变, 危害视功能。COVID-19相关眼底病变的发生与视网膜毛细血管缺血、血栓形成以及免疫炎症反应有关。COVID-19相关眼底病变的类型主要包括棉绒斑与视网膜微出血、视网膜血管阻塞、急性旁中心中层黄斑病变、急性黄斑神经视网膜病变、葡萄膜炎以及内源性眼内炎。现根据文献报道及临床观察实践, 总结分析COVID-19相关眼底病变的临床特征, 同时分享对其诊断与治疗的一些思考。     

急性黄斑神经视网膜病变1例

16岁女性患者在感染新型冠状病毒后发生双眼视力急剧下降伴眼前黑影5 d。进行眼部检查评估, 相干光层析成像术的结构平面成像显示指向黄斑中心凹的低反射楔形病灶, B扫描图像可见视网膜外核层及光感受器层的局限性高反射条带, 椭圆体带不连续。根据临床表现及检查结果, 诊断为双眼急性黄斑神经视网膜病变。     

新型冠状病毒受体血管紧张素转化酶2在眼组织表达及分布的研究进展

2019年以来,新型冠状病毒(2019-nCoV,也被称为SARS-CoV-2)在全世界范围内引起了数亿人感染,造成数百万人死亡,对人类健康及社会经济带来了极大的威胁。随着对SARS-CoV-2不断深入的研究,血管紧张素转化酶2(ACE2)被认为是SARS-CoV-2入侵人体的重要功能受体。ACE2在人体多个组织部位都有分布,不仅表达于肺、心血管、肾脏组织,而且也表达于眼部的结膜、角膜、葡萄膜、视网膜和视神经等组织。越来越多的研究发现SARS-CoV-2通过眼部感染的病例,然而眼部ACE2是否在SARS-CoV-2感染过程中发挥作用尚不完全明确,因此探讨ACE2在眼组织中的表达及分布,不但可以深入了解SARS-CoV-2感染的机制,也可以全面认识ACE2在眼组织的作用机制。本文综述关于ACE2在眼组织表达及分布的研究进展,期望能更好地理解ACE2在眼组织病理生理过程中的作用机制。     

新型冠状病毒感染相关急性黄斑区神经视网膜病变的神经眼科特征

目的：总结新型冠状病毒(SARS-CoV-2)感染相关急性黄斑区神经视网膜病变(AMN)的神经眼科特征。

方法：纳入2022-12-27/2023-02-01就诊于西安市第一医院(西北大学附属第一医院)神经眼科并经相关检查确诊为AMN的患者8例(6例女性,2例男性)共14眼纳入本次研究。所有患者病前均有SARS-CoV-2感染史。收集患者的临床资料。纳入最佳矫正视力(BCVA)、非接触间接眼压测定、眼底彩色照相、近红外成像(IR)、频域光学相干断层扫描(SD-OCT)、OCT血流成像(OCTA)、眼底荧光素血管造影(FFA)、吲哚菁绿血管造影(ICGA)、视野、视觉诱发电位(VEP)和视网膜电流图(ERG)检查结果。对纳入患者的神经眼科特征进行分析总结。

结果：纳入的8例患者年龄20-43(平均30±6.63)岁。病前3-11(平均5±3.51)d有SARS-CoV-2感染史,8例患者中有6例在感染SARS-CoV-2的5 d内出现视觉症状。患者的临床表现为视力下降或视物遮挡感; 纳入患者的视力0.08-1.0; 视野缺损表现为中心、旁中心暗点或合并周边暗点。VEP可见P100或P2峰时延迟; ERG提示视网膜感光细胞 功能受损。在疾病早期,SARS-CoV-2感染相关AMN患者可能存在视力、视野和视网膜外层病变大小及形状可能不匹配的情况,并发现视力越低,VEP峰时越迟。

结论：除眼底多模影像,SARS-CoV-2感染相关AMN的神经眼科特征需要临床医师关注,视功能及电生理可以辅助临床更加全面评估患者及判断预后。     

严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2型(SARS-CoV-2)眼表感染研究进展

严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2型(SARS-CoV-2,又称COVID-19)经眼表传播远较经口鼻传播困难,然而现有证据认为眼表传播仍是一条可能的途径,尤其对于医护人员.本文描述了SARS-CoV-2相关的眼表症状,阐释了眼表SARS-CoV-2入胞的可能机制和与眼表相关的SARS-CoV-2传播机制,并对现有的和未来可...     

Dry eye disease among patients infected with the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant: a cross-sectional study

AIM: To investigate the incidence of dry eye disease (DED) and relevant risk factors among patients infected with the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Omicron variant. METHODS: This cross-sectional, observational analysis included 993 patients with corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) treated at the National Exhibition and Convention Center (Shanghai) Fangcang Shelter Hospital, from April 10 to May 26, 2022. Totally 944 uninfected control participants were recruited. All participants completed ocular surface disease index (OSDI) questionnaires, and DED symptoms were determined using OSDI scores. The demographic characteristics, length of hospital stay and in nasopharyngeal swabs were performed using questionnaires. SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant infection was confirmed by nucleic acid-based detection in nasopharyngeal swabs using a 2019-nCoV nucleic acid detection kit. The risk factors for DED symptoms among patients with COVID-19 and control participants were determined by logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: Patients with COVID-19 showed a higher incidence of DED than controls (64.9% vs 55.1%, P<0.001). SARS-CoV-2 infection [odds ratios (ORs) (95%CI): 1.271 (1.038, 1.556)], use of contact lenses [ORs (95%CI): 9.350 (3.676, 23.783)], history of corneal refractive surgery [ORs (95%CI): 2.047 (1.494, 2.804)], poor sleep quality [ORs (95%CI): 2.657 (2.029, 3.480)], and video display terminal (VDT) use for more than 8h per day [ORs (95%CI): 6.348 (4.720, 8.538)] were found to be risk factors for DED symptoms in patients with COVID-19 as well as controls. For patients with COVID-19, the length of hospital stay [ORs (95%CI): 1.196 (1.134, 1.262)], use of contact lenses [ORs (95%CI): 20.423 (2.680, 155.632)], history of corneal refractive surgery [ORs (95%CI): 2.166 (1.321, 3.553)], poor sleep quality [ORs (95%CI): 3.650 (2.381, 5.597)], and VDT use for more than 8h per day [ORs (95%CI): 7.740 (4.918, 12.180)] were significant risk factors for DED symptoms. CONCLUSION: Patients with COVID-19 are more prone to develop symptomatic DED. SARS-CoV-2 infection and length of hospital stay are important risk factors for DED symptoms.     

The evidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection on ocular surface

This is a cross-sectional study of patients who received a COVID-19 diagnosis between December 30, 2019 and February 7, 2020 at Tongji Hospital. A total of 102 patients (48 Male [47%] and 54 Female [53%]) with clinical symptoms, Rt, and chest Computed Tomography (CT) abnormalities were identified with a clinical diagnosis of COVID-19. Patients had a mean [SD] gestational age of 57.63 [14.90] years. Of a total of 102 patients identified, 72 patients (36 men [50%] and 36 women [50%]; mean [SD] age, 58.68 [14.81] years) were confirmed to have COVID-19 by laboratory diagnosis with a SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR assay. Only two patients (2.78%) with conjunctivitis were identified from 72 patients with a laboratory confirmed COVID-19. Of those two patients, SARS-CoV-2 RNA fragments were found in ocular discharges by SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR in only one patient. Our findings suspect the incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection through the ocular surface is extremely low, while the nosocomial infection of SARS-CoV-2 through the eyes after occupational exposure is a potential route. To lower the SARS-CoV-2 nosocomial infection, all health care professionals should wear protective goggles. The inefficient diagnostic method and the sampling time lag may contribute to the lower positive rate of conjunctival swab samples of SARS-CoV-2.     

冠状病毒眼部感染及检测

自严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒(SARS-CoV)和中东呼吸综合征冠状病毒(MERS-CoV)感染爆发以来,冠状病毒病原体研究和宿主生物鉴定一直是医学界的重要任务。2019年出现的新型冠状病毒(SARS-CoV-2)传染性和致病能力更强,迅速引起了全球的关注。目前已有临床报道冠状病毒感染患者可出现以结膜炎为主的眼部感染症状,并提出将眼部核酸检测等作为病毒早期鉴定的辅助手段。本文综述冠状病毒的眼部感染及其检测相关进展,以期为冠状病毒的进一步研究和防护提供参考。     

ACE2 and TMPRSS2 are expressed on the human ocular surface,suggesting susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection

PurposeConjunctival signs and symptoms are observed in a subset of patients with COVID-19, and SARS-CoV-2 has been detected in tears, raising concerns regarding the eye both as a portal of entry and carrier of the virus. The purpose of this study was to determine whether ocular surface cells possess the key factors required for cellular susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 entry/infection.MethodsWe analyzed human post-mortem eyes as well as surgical specimens for the expression of ACE2 (the receptor for SARS-CoV-2) and TMPRSS2, a cell surface-associated protease that facilitates viral entry following binding of the viral spike protein to ACE2.ResultsAcross all eye specimens, immunohistochemical analysis revealed expression of ACE2 in the conjunctiva, limbus, and cornea, with especially prominent staining in the superficial conjunctival and corneal epithelial surface. Surgical conjunctival specimens also showed expression of ACE2 in the conjunctival epithelium, especially prominent in the superficial epithelium, as well as weak or focal expression in the substantia propria. All eye and conjunctival specimens also expressed TMPRSS2. Finally, Western blot analysis of protein lysates from human corneal epithelium obtained during refractive surgery confirmed expression of ACE2 and TMPRSS2.ConclusionsTogether, these results suggest that ocular surface cells including conjunctiva are susceptible to infection by SARS-CoV-2, and could therefore serve as a portal of entry as well as a reservoir for person-to-person transmission of this virus. This highlights the importance of safety practices including face masks and ocular contact precautions in preventing the spread of COVID-19 disease.     

SARS-CoV-2经结膜感染与结膜炎研究述评

当前因新型冠状病毒(severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2,SARS-CoV-2)引起的新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎(corona virus disease 2019,COVID-19)在我国传播乃至全球爆发,快速蔓延至世界各国,严重威胁世界人民的生命安全与健康。由于特效药物的缺失,积极预防仍是目前抵御COVID-19的有效方法。临床观察发现COVID-19患者可并发结膜炎,动物实验也证实结膜是SARS-CoV-2传播的途径之一。但已有的研究结果存在明显差异性,SARS-CoV-2感染与结膜炎发生的关系也未阐明。所以本文结合目前最新的研究和报道,通过各项分析研究结果,进一步阐述SARS-CoV-2感染与结膜及结膜炎的关系,探讨结膜作为SARS-CoV-2传播途径之一对于该病防护的意义,为该病与眼表关系的研究和临床判读提供帮助。     

Cilioretinal artery occlusion with paracentral acute middle maculopathy associated with COVID-19

The purpose of the study is to describe cilioretinal artery (CILRA) occlusion that is presumed to be associated with COVID-19 without severe respiratory distress and inform ophthalmologists of unusual ocular presentations of COVID-19. Here, we present the first case of a patient with isolated CILRA occlusion and paracentral acute middle maculopathy (PAMM) after recently polymerase chain reaction-proven COVID-19. A 26-year-old female patient presented with a visual field defect in her left eye for 2 days and decreased vision compared to her right eye. It was learned that the patient had a laboratory-proven COVID-19 infection with mild respiratory symptoms that did not require hospitalization 2 weeks ago. Fundus examination revealed retinal edema in the left eye area supplied by the CILRA. Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography revealed a prominent hyperreflective band at the inner nuclear layer level. These findings led us to the diagnosis of isolated CILRA occlusion and PAMM associated with recent COVID-19. CILRA occlusion and PAMM could be associated with the inflammatory and procoagulant condition caused by the SARS-CoV-2 infection.     

Stromal and endothelial herpes simplex virus keratitis reactivation in the convalescent period of COVID-19 – A case report

A 73-year-old lady presented with a white spot and redness in the left eye for 1 month and had been treated elsewhere as a case of fungal keratitis. She had severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) viral infection 2 months before. Her past ocular history and examination gave a probable diagnosis of herpetic stromal and endothelial keratitis. She responded to oral acyclovir and topical steroid, leading to resolution of stromal edema and inflammation. Anterior chamber fluid polymerase chain reaction (PCR) confirmed pathogen herpes simplex virus (HSV)-1. HSV ocular reactivation after coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been reported currently. The present report will add knowledge about this potential opportunistic ophthalmic infection during the recovery phase of COVID-19 disease.     

SARS-CoV和SARS-CoV-2两种高致病性冠状病毒眼部感染的研究进展

COVID-19的全球大流行使冠状病毒再次引起重视。在本世纪大流行的三种高致病性冠状病毒（SARS-CoV、MERS-CoV、SARS-CoV-2）研究中,已有直接证据证明SARS-CoV及SARS-CoV-2可引起人眼部感染。冠状病毒感染除引起眼部症状外,也可通过眼部感染引发全身多种临床表现。两种高致病性冠状病毒（SARS-CoV和SARS-CoV-2）具有更强的流行性及更高的病死率,两种病毒眼部症状相似,病毒结构及眼部感染过程也具有相似性,主要是通过其特异性S蛋白与细胞表面相关受体结合,使其核酸进入细胞内并借用细胞内的蛋白合成通路对自身蛋白进行转录、组装、折叠并通过其受体蛋白激发多种细胞因子表达。本文就2003年流行的SARS-CoV以及2019年末流行的SARS-CoV-2两种高致病性冠状病毒的特点、眼部感染通路的研究进展及病毒眼部感染相关的研究现状进行综述,阐述眼部病毒防护及患者眼部检查的必要性。（国际眼科纵览,2020, 45：374-379）