载基因壳聚糖纳米粒的制备及其相关性质的研究

目的：制备壳聚糖载基因纳米粒，并对其体外相关性质进行初步研究。方法：采用复凝聚法制备载基因纳米粒；用纳米粒度仪测量粒度分布，分散性和Zeta电位；用透射电镜观察粒子的形态；用紫外分光光度法和比色法测定包封率和载药量，并对主要影响因素进行考察。用凝胶阻滞分析和电性结合分析对载药方式进行初步推测。结果：所制备的载基因纳米粒形态规则，大多呈球形，纳米粒平均粒径为263．2nm，粒径分布较窄，多分散度为0．213，Zeta电位为19．8mV；包封率大于90％，载药量约30％；凝胶阻滞和电性结合分析结果表明，非甲基化胞嘧啶鸟嘌呤的寡核苷酸链（CPG-ODN）与壳聚糖分子间可通过电性结合作用而完全结合。结论：采用复凝聚法可制备粒度分布均匀，形态规则，具有较高包封率和载药量的载基因壳聚糖纳米粒；电性结合作用是载基因壳聚糖纳米粒载药的主要方式。     

载基因壳聚糖纳米粒的制备及其相关性质的初步研究

目的制备壳聚糖载基因纳米粒,并对其体外相关性质进行初步研究。方法采用复凝聚法制备载基因纳米粒;用纳米粒度仪测量粒度分布、多分散性和Zeta电位;用透射电镜观察粒子的形态;用荧光分光光度法和比色法测定包封率和载药量,并对主要影响因素进行考察;用凝胶阻滞分析和电性结合分析对载药方式进行初步推测。结果所制备的载基因纳米粒形态规则,大多呈球形,平均粒径约150nm,PDI＜0．2,Zeta电位约20mV;包封率大于90％,载药量约30％;凝胶阻滞和电性结合分析结果表明,pDNA与壳聚糖分子间可通过电性结合作用而完全结合。结论采用复凝聚法可制备粒度分布均匀,形态规则,具有较高包封率和载药量的载基因壳聚糖纳米粒;电性结合作用是载基因壳聚糖纳米粒载药的主要方式。     

乙基纤维素载药纳米粒的制备与体外性能研究

目的 用乙基纤维素制备环丙沙星纳米粒,并对其进行体外释放性能的测定。方法 以环丙沙星为主药,乙基纤维素为主要辅料,采用液中干燥法制备环丙沙星纳米粒,并用透析法进行体外释放度的测定。结果 纳米粒平均粒径为690 nm,载药量（33.90±0.54）%,包封率（90.40±0.48）%,在105 h后药物体外释放达到86.38%。结论 采用乙基纤维素制备的环丙沙星纳米粒具有明显的缓释效果.     

棉酚白蛋白纳米粒的制备及其体外释放

目的:优化超声-溶剂沉淀法制备棉酚白蛋白纳米粒的工艺。方法:采用正交设计,以白蛋白浓度、有机相与水相比、乳化分散时间为考察因素,根据L9(34)正交设计原理安排实验,对包封率、载药量、平均粒径进行归一化处理后,再以总体的归一值为综合评价指标,优化出处方。对优化出的制剂采用透射电镜进行观察,并且进行体外释放研究拟合药物释放曲线。结果:优化的最佳条件为白蛋白浓度1%,有机相与水相比2∶25,高剪切乳化时间60 s,在此条件下制备的棉酚白蛋白纳米粒载药量为15.34%,包封率为91.21%,粒径为435 nm。结论:制备的白蛋白纳米粒体外有缓释能力,拟合方程符合Higuchi方程。     

壳聚糖纳米粒Zeta电位与载药量关系初探

目的以壳聚糖作为载体材料、冬凌草甲素为模型药物,制备载药纳米粒,研究载药纳米粒Zeta电位与载药量的关系。方法采用离子交联法在系列pH下制备出不同Zeta电位的冬凌草甲素-壳聚糖纳米粒(Ori-CS-NPs)。测量粒径分布、多分散性和Zeta电位,用HPLC测定载药量,对数据进行回归分析。结果初步得出了ORI-CS-NPs(粒径242.01±11.45nm,PDI<0.3)的Zeta电位随pH升高而降低,载药量随Zeta电位的增高而降低。结论采用离子交联法在不同pH下可制备出粒径分布均匀、Zeta电位及载药量呈一定规律变化的载药纳米粒;纳米粒的Zeta电位与载药量呈线性关系。     

槲皮素固体脂质纳米粒的包封率与载药量测定

目的:建立槲皮素固体脂质纳米粒(SLN)的包封率和载药量测定方法。方法:采用高速离心-高效液相色谱法。色谱柱为DiamonsiL-C18(250mm×4.6mm,5μm),流动相为甲醇-4.3%乙酸溶液(55∶45),流速为1.0mL·min-1,检测波长为254nm,柱温为30℃。结果:槲皮素检测浓度在2.0～200.0μg·mL-1范围内与峰面积积分值呈良好线性关系(r=0.9996);平均回收率为97.83%,RSD=1.03%(n=6)。该条件下,槲皮素SLN的包封率为80.2%,载药量为1.7%。结论:所建方法便捷、可靠,可用于SLN包封率与载药量的测定。     

姜黄素聚乙二醇-聚己内酯纳米粒的药动学及其体外抗肿瘤作用

目的研究姜黄素聚乙二醇-聚己内酯纳米粒(Cur-PEG-PCL-NPs)在大鼠体内的药动学及其体外抗肿瘤作用。方法采用HPLC法考察Cur-PEG-PCL-NPs在SD大鼠体内的药动学行为;采用MTT法考察Cur-PEG-PCL-NPs体外对人肝癌细胞HepG2的抑制作用。结果姜黄素原药(Cur-Sol)和Cur-PEG-PCL-NPs在大鼠体内的药动学行为均符合二室模型,主要药动学参数分别为:Cur-Sol组t1/2α(7.76±1.80)min,t1/2β(20.11±5.30)min,AUC0→∞(248.59±25.31)mg·min·L^-1,CL(0.08±0.008)mL·min^-1;Cur-PEG-PCL-NPs组t1/2α(4.34±0.66)min,t1/2β(207.20±12.17)min,AUC0→∞(573.06±64.21)mg·min·L^-1,CL(0.04±0.004)mL·min^-1。体外抗肿瘤作用结果表明:Cur-PEG-PCL-NPs较Cur-Sol对HepG2细胞具有更强的抑制作用(P<0.01)。结论制备的Cur-PEG-PCL-NPs具有缓释特性,能延长血中滞留时间,且对HepG2细胞的抑制作用优于Cur-Sol,为后续肝癌治疗提供实验参考。     

载阿霉素透明质酸聚合物纳米粒的构建及其体外性质研究

目的 合成透明质酸（HA）接枝单油酸甘油酯（GMO）两亲性聚合物HGO,并研究其所制备载阿霉素（DOX）纳米粒的理化性质及体外抗肿瘤效果。方法 HA与GMO通过酯化反应制得载体聚合物HGO,通过核磁共振波谱法及红外光谱法对其进行结构表征;采用芘荧光探针法测定聚合物临界聚集浓度（CAC）。采用透析法制备聚合物HGO载阿霉素（DOX@HGO）纳米粒,并对其进行粒径分布、Zeta电位及微观形态的表征;通过检测其在不同离子强度、不同pH条件下的粒径变化考察纳米粒的体外稳定性;考察DOX@HGO纳米粒在不同pH条件下的体外释放行为;CCK-8法考察DOX@HGO纳米粒对MDA-MB-231细胞的体外抑瘤效果;并通过荧光显微镜研究MDA-MB-231细胞对DOX溶液、DOX@HGO纳米粒的摄取能力,以及HA预处理对DOX@HGO纳米粒摄取的影响。结果 成功制得两亲性聚合物HGO,聚合物HGO中GMO的取代度为15.8%,CAC为0.023 mg·mL^-1。DOX@HGO纳米粒呈规则的球形,平均粒径为（130.800±1.709）nm,平均电位为（-32.600±0.153）mV,包封率和载药量分别为（98.65±0.74）%和（33.03±0.17）%,在不同离子强度下、模拟胃肠液中表现出良好的稳定性;DOX@HGO纳米粒的体外释放表现出pH依赖性。体外抗肿瘤活性实验表明,DOX@HGO纳米粒对MDA-MB-231细胞的生长具有较好的抑制作用;与DOX溶液比较,DOX@HGO纳米粒显著增加肿瘤细胞对于DOX的摄取（P＜0.05） ,HA预处理显著减少肿瘤细胞对DOX@HGO的摄取（P＜0.05）。结论 所构建的DOX@HGO纳米粒具有良好的理化性质,并且具有一定的pH敏感性及靶向抗肿瘤细胞的能力,是具有应用潜力的药物载体。     

HPLC法测定葛根总黄酮固体脂质纳米粒的载药量及包封率

目的：建立HPLC法同时测定葛根总黄酮固体脂质纳米粒中4种异黄酮类成分的包封率及载药量。方法采用RP-HPLC法,Kromasil C18（4.6mm ×250mm,5μm）色谱柱;甲醇-0.1%枸橼酸溶液为流动相梯度洗脱;流速1.0mL/min,柱温40℃,检测波长250nm。采用高速离心法分离固体脂质纳米粒中游离药物。结果3-羟基葛根素、葛根素、大豆苷和大豆苷元线性关系良好,平均回收率分别为（100.28±2.52）%、（100.26±2.33）%、（100.08±3.35）%及（100.44±3.48）%。3批次葛根总黄酮固体脂质纳米粒中3＇-羟基葛根素、葛根素、大豆苷和大豆苷元的包封率分别为（84.35±0.45）%、（86.84±0.48）%、（89.52±0.86）%及（93.80±0.50）%,其载药量分别为（10.37±0.36）%、（14.19±0.52）%、（16.79±0.34）%及（20.00±0.97）%。结论本法简单快速、结果准确可靠,可同时测定葛根总黄酮固体脂质纳米粒4种成分的载药量与包封率。     

胰岛素固体脂质纳米粒的制备及其包封率的测定

目的 制备胰岛素固体脂质纳米粒(Ins-SLNs),考察其理化性质,并建立测定包封率的方法.方法 通过复乳/溶剂扩散法制备Ins-SLNs,考察其形态、粒径分布、Zeta电位;通过改变pH,调节Zeta电位后,采用冷冻高速离心分离纳米粒与游离Ins的方法,测定Ins-SLNs的包封率.结果 复乳法制备的Ins-SLNs在扫描电镜下均呈球形,分布均匀,平均粒径为114.7±4.68 nm,Zeta电位为-54.36±2.04 mV;包封率测定方法的线性范围为1.047～100.47μg·ml-1,平均回收率为98.37%,RSD=1.02%;测得3批Ins-SLNs样品的平均包封率为97.78%.结论 所用制备工艺简单,制得的纳米粒包封率较高;包封率的测定方法方便、灵敏、准确.     

Nanostructured hyaluronic acid-based materials for active delivery to cancer

Importance of the field: Active targeting of bioactive molecules by physicochemical association with hyaluronic acid (HA) is an attractive approach in current nanomedicine because HA is biocompatible, non-toxic and non-inflammatory.

Areas covered in this review: This review focuses on synthesis, physicochemical characterization and biological properties of different nanoparticulate delivery systems that include HA in their structures. Chemically based approaches to the delivery of small molecule drugs, proteins and nucleic acids in which they become chemically or physically bound to hyaluronic acid are reviewed, including the use of molecular HA conjugates and nanocarriers. The systems are considered in terms of intracellular delivery to different cultured cells that express HA-specific receptors (hyaladherines) differently. The in vivo biodistribution and therapeutic effect of these systems are discussed.

What the reader will gain: Different synthetic methodologies for preparations of HA-based nanoparticles are presented extensively. HA nanoparticulate systems of various structures can be compared with respect to their in vitro assays and in vivo biodistribution.

Take home message: To make HA useful as an intravenous targeting carrier, strategies have to be devised to: reduce HA clearance from the blood; suppress the HA uptake by liver and spleen; and provide tumor-triggered mechanisms of release of an active drug from the HA carrier.     

透明质酸纳米给药载体的研究进展

透明质酸(hyaluronic acid,HA)是一种天然多糖,具有无毒性、无免疫原性、无致炎性、生物相容性好、生物可降解等诸多优点,同时还具有靶向性,在药物载体领域广泛应用。本文综述了各种HA纳米给药载体的合成、物理化学特点和生物学性质,重点阐述了其体外靶向能力和体内分布,展望了其发展趋势和应用前景。     

甘草次酸修饰姜黄素阳离子脂质体对肿瘤Walker256细胞的影响

目的：研究姜黄素及甘草次酸修饰姜黄素阳离子脂质体对Walker256细胞的影响。方法：不同浓度姜黄素与甘草次酸修饰姜黄素阳离子脂质体处理Walker256细胞后,采用CCK-8法检测细胞增殖抑制率;用流式细胞仪检测细胞吸收、细胞周期变化情况;Annexin V/PI双染法检测细胞凋亡;Western blot检测Wnt及β-catenin表达水平。结果：姜黄素和甘草次酸修饰姜黄素阳离子脂质体对肿瘤细胞Walker256均具有明显的抑制作用。与游离姜黄素相比,甘草次酸修饰姜黄素阳离子脂质体明显增强细胞对姜黄素的吸收,显著增强对Walker256细胞的增殖抑制、凋亡、细胞周期G2期的阻滞作用,明显下调Wnt及β-catenin的表达。结论：甘草次酸修饰姜黄素阳离子脂质体比游离姜黄素具有更强的抗肿瘤Walker256细胞的作用。     

Preparation and characterization of methotrexate-loaded microcapsules

Abstract

Methotrexate (MTX) has toxic effect to healthy tissues. Microencapsulation coats particles with a functional coat to optimize storage stability and to modulate release. In the present study, a new MTX encapsulated microcapsules were synthesized for controlling MTX release. Controlled drug release provides releasing of efficient dose and prevent drug side effect to tissues and also protects MTX from oxygen, pH and other interactions. MTX was encapsulated through biocompatible hyaluronic acid (HA) and sodium alginate (SA) with an encapsulation system to reduce its toxicity and for controlled release. The microcapsules prepared by vibrating nozzle were cross-linked with SA, HA and calcium chloride. Nozzle diameter and MTX concentration were changed according to loaded MTX and encapsulation efficiency were determined using HPLC. For the reliability of the data, validation studies of the HPLC method were performed. The precision of the method was demonstrated using intra- and inter-day assay relative standard deviation (RSD) values which are less than 2% in all instances. For the characterization of microcapsules, particle size, drug loading and in vitro drug release studies were performed. Diameters of MTX-loaded microcapsules were acquired approximately 160, 400 and 800?µm. Surface morphology of encapsulated microcapsules were displayed with light microscope. Eighty-nine percent MTX encapsulation efficiencies were achieved. Encapsulated MTX microcapsules showed controlled release when compared to pure MTX. While powder MTX dissolved completely in 10?min in the dissolution medium, MTX release from encapsulated MTX microcapsules became 40?h in 0.1?M PBS pH 7.4, including NaCl. MTX release from MTX-loaded microcapsules was reached to 79%. Moreover, drug efficiency was examined in vitro cell culture tests. Viability of 5RP7 cells were decreased to 88.5% for 96?h. When MTX was given directly to 5RP7 cells, viability of 5RP7 cells was decreased to 49.7% for 96?h. Flow cytometry studies also showed that, MTX microcapsules induced apoptosis. The goal of this study is to provide controlled release of MTX and to reduce the toxic effect of MTX.     

姜黄素对宫颈癌小鼠的抗肿瘤活性及免疫功能的影响

目的 探讨姜黄素对宫颈癌小鼠的抗肿瘤活性及免疫功能的影响。方法 采用腹腔及前肢腋下接种U14细胞建立宫颈癌小鼠模型,随机分为模型组、姜黄素组和阳性对照组,每组10只。模型组给予0.9% NaCl 0.2 mL,姜黄素组给予100 mg·mL^-1的姜黄素0.2 mL,连续灌胃14 d,阳性对照组给予顺铂3 mg·kg^-1·d^-1,每隔3 d腹腔注射1次,共5次。比较各组移植瘤形态,检测各组肿瘤体积和重量并计算抑瘤率,ELISA法检测血清中白细胞介素-2（IL-2）、肿瘤坏死因子（TNF-α）、干扰素-γ（IFN-γ）、骨桥蛋白（OPN）、癌胚抗原（CEA）和鳞状细胞癌抗原（SCC-Ag）水平,流式细胞仪检测CD3⁺、CD4⁺、CD8⁺细胞及NKT细胞含量。结果 模型组肿瘤细胞核大、深染,核质增加,核分裂多,姜黄素组和阳性对照组肿瘤细胞明显皱缩,核固缩或碎裂,病理性核分裂减少。姜黄素组和阳性对照组肿瘤体积、质量、IL-2、TNF-α、IFN-γ、OPN、CEA、SCC-Ag、CD8⁺水平显著低于模型组,而抑瘤率、CD3⁺、CD4⁺和NKT细胞含量显著高于模型组,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论 姜黄素可抑制宫颈癌小鼠的抗肿瘤活性,其机制可能为增强免疫功能,降低炎症因子和肿瘤标志物水平。     

Targeted delivery of hyaluronic acid-coated solid lipid nanoparticles for rheumatoid arthritis therapy

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, systemic inflammatory disease. Long-term, high-dose glucocorticoid therapy can be used to treat the disease, but the fact that the drug distributes systemically can give rise to severe adverse effects. Here we develop a targeted system for treating RA in which the glucocorticoid prednisolone (PD) is encapsulated within solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) coated with hyaluronic acid (HA), giving rise to HA-SLNs/PD. HA binds to hyaluronic receptor CD44, which is over-expressed on the surface of synovial lymphocytes, macrophages and fibroblasts in inflamed joints in RA. As predicted, HA-SLNs/PD particles accumulated in affected joint tissue after intravenous injection into mice with collagen-induced arthritis (CIA), and HA-SLNs/PD persisted longer in circulation and preserved bone and cartilage better than free drug or drug encapsulated in SLNs without HA. HA-SLNs/PD reduced joint swelling, bone erosion and levels of inflammatory cytokines in serum. These results suggest that encapsulating glucocorticoids such as PD in HA-coated SLNs may render them safe and effective for treating inflammatory disorders.     

Plant extracts: from encapsulation to application

ABSTRACT

Introduction: Plants are a natural source of various products with diverse biological activities offering treatment for several diseases. Plant extract is a complex mixture of compounds, which can have antioxidant, antibiotic, antiviral, anticancer, antiparasitic, antifungal, hypoglycemic, anti-hypertensive and insecticide properties. The extraction of these extracts requires the use of organic solvents, which not only complicates the formulations but also makes it difficult to directly use the extracts for humans. To overcome these problems, recent research has been focused on developing new ways to formulate the plant extracts and delivering them safely with enhanced therapeutic efficacy.

Areas covered: This review focuses on the research done in the development and use of polymeric nanoparticles for the encapsulation and administration of plant extracts. It describes in detail, the different encapsulation techniques, main physicochemical characteristics of the nanoparticles, toxicity tests and results obtained from in vivo or in vitro assays.

Expert opinion: Major obstacles associated with the use of plant extracts for clinical applications include their complex composition, toxicity risks and extract instability. It is observed that encapsulation can be successfully used to decrease plant extracts toxicity, to provide targeted drug delivery and to solve stability related problems.     

Modeling uptake of nanoparticles in multiple human cells using structure–activity relationships and intercellular uptake correlations

Biomedical applications of nanoparticles (NPs) are largely dependent on their cellular uptake potential that enables them to reach the specific targets in the body. Experimental determination of cellular uptake of diverse functionalized NPs in different human cell types is tedious, expensive and time intensive, hence compelling for alternative methods. We developed quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) models for predicting uptake of functionalized NPs in multiple cell types in accordance with the OECD guidelines. The decision treeboost QSAR models precisely predicted uptake of 104 NPs in five different cell types yielding high R² between experimental and model predicted values in the respective training (>0.966) and test (>0.914) sets. The cross-validation Q² values ranged between 0.627 and 0.926. Low RMSE (<0.11) and MAE (<0.09) in test data emphasized for the usefulness of developed models for predicting new NPs, which outperformed the previous reports. Relevant structural features of NPs (modifier) that were responsible and influence the cellular permeability were identified. Here, we also attempted to develop intercellular uptake correlations based quantitative activity–activity relationship (QAAR) models for predicting cellular viability of NPs for all the cell types. The performances of all the 20 developed QAAR models were highly comparable with the QSAR models. The applicability domains of the developed models were defined using leverage method. The proposed QAAR models can be employed for extrapolating activity endpoints of NPs to either of the five cell types when the data for the other cell type are available. The developed models can be used as tools for screening new functionalized NPs for their cell-specific affinities prior to their biomedical applications.     

Construction of pH-sensitive targeted micelle system co-delivery with curcumin and dasatinib and evaluation of anti-liver cancer

Nanomedicine delivery systems can achieve precise drug delivery and reduce toxic side effects compared with traditional drug delivery methods, but further development is still needed to eliminate obstacles such as multiple drug co-delivery, uncontrolled drug-release, and drug-resistance. Herein, we designed a dual drug-loaded nanosystem (THCD-NPs) that selectively transports and targets tumor cells for the treatment of liver cancer. In this drug delivery system, hyaluronic acid (HA)-conjugated curcumin (Cur) and d-α-tocopherol acid polyethylene glycolsuccinate (TPGS) were used as selective drug-carrying vehicles to deliver dasatinib (DAS) to cancer cells for combined administration. The mean size of the nanoparticles was approximately 66.14 ± 4.02 nm with good in vitro stability. The nanoparticles were pH sensitive and could accelerate drug release at low pH conditions. In vitro experiments showed that THCD-NPs were significantly cytotoxic to HepG2 cells and could be effectively taken up by these cells. Detailed investigations also demonstrated its pro-apoptotic activity. In vivo NIR fluorescence imaging showed that the nanoparticles could accumulate efficiently at the tumor site. Meanwhile, in vivo experiments showed that THCD-NPs significantly inhibited tumor growth and reduced the toxic side effects of free drugs in a mouse solid tumor model. In short, the nanoparticles we prepared provide a new idea for the treatment of liver cancer.     

姜黄素调控非编码RNA抗肿瘤的研究进展

姜黄素是姜黄中一种小分子多酚化合物,是姜黄发挥生物活性的最主要成分,具有抗炎、抗氧化、抗病毒、抗肿瘤等广泛的药理作用。近年来,非编码RNA（ncRNA）作为姜黄素潜在的治疗靶点被广泛研究。姜黄素可通过ncRNA影响调控肿瘤细胞增殖、凋亡和迁移的关键信号通路或直接作用于相关蛋白进而发挥抗肿瘤作用。综述了姜黄素参与调控微小RNA（miRNA）、长链非编码RNA（LncRNA）和环状RNA（circRNA）发挥抗肿瘤作用的情况,希望对姜黄素的抗肿瘤研究提供参考依据。