基于声表面波器件的仿生嗅觉受体传感器的研究

嗅觉受体可以与气味分子发生特异性的相互作用,这一机理不仅在生物嗅觉系统分辨和识别气味的过程中发挥着重要作用,而且也为解决传统嗅觉传感器特异性低的问题提供新的途径。从仿生设计角度,利用嗅觉受体对其配体特异性识别的机理,提高嗅觉传感器的特异性。以嗅觉受体作为敏感元件,声表面波器件作为二级传感器,构建一种可用于特异性气味检测的新型嗅觉受体传感器。选择秀丽线虫嗅觉受体ODR-10作为生物识别元件,通过基因工程的方法,将其表达在人乳腺癌细胞MCF-7细胞质膜上,提取含有ODR-10的细胞质膜组分,将其涂覆在声表面波器件的敏感区域。结果表明,ODR-10可以有效地表达于MCF-7的细胞质膜上,用这种异源表达的ODR-10构建的仿生嗅觉传感器对ODR-10的配体丁二酮具有很高的灵敏度,并具有很好的特异性。实验结果证实,这种基于嗅觉受体的仿生嗅觉传感器不仅适用于特异性气味检测,也适用于筛选特异性的嗅觉受体-配体对,将进一步推动嗅觉传导机理研究的进展。     

嗅觉和味觉图象传感技术的研究进展

本文介绍了嗅觉和味觉图象传感技术的基本原理、嗅觉和味觉图象传感器的研制，介绍了表面光伏技术ＳＰＴ及半导体技术在嗅觉和味觉图象传感器中的应用，阐述了这种化学图象检测方法一些独特的优点和它在人工嗅觉和味觉及其它生物化学传感技术方面的应用，最后本文简要地讨论了基于化学图象的一些信息处理和模式识别方法以及这种新技术的发展前景。     

嗅觉和味觉图象传感技术的研究进展

本文介绍了嗅觉和味觉图象传感技术的基本原理、嗅觉和味觉图象传感器的研制。介绍了表面光伏技术ＳＰＴ（ＳｕｒｆａｃｅＰｈｏｔｏｖｏｌｔａｇｅＴｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｙ）及半导体技术在嗅觉和味觉图象传感器中的应用，阐述了这种化学图象检测方法一些独特的优点和它在人工嗅觉和味觉及其它生物化学传感技术方面的应用。最后本文简要地讨论了基于化学图象的一些信息处理和模式识别方法以及这种新技术的发展前景。     

传感器信息融合技术及其在生物医学检测中的应用

多传感器信息融合是指将经过集成处理的多传感器信息进行合成，形成对外部环境某一特征的一种表达方式，经过集成与融合的多传感器信息能完善地、精确地反映环境特征。本文从传感器模型、多传感器集成系统模型和框架、多传感器集成系统的控制结构、信息融合的层次和方法等方面对多传感器信息融合技术的现状进行了综述，列举了该技术具体应用的几个实例，并指出其在疾病诊断、人工味觉和嗅觉检测等生物医学检测中的应用     

仿生光学人工鼻及其呼吸气体检测的实验研究

针对呼吸气体诊断的需要，介绍了一种新型的具有仿生特点的光学人工鼻实验系统，用于探索通过呼吸气味诊断疾病的可行性。该系统由气敏光纤传感器阵列和信号处理系统组成，利用光纤传感器易与多种聚合物敏感材料相结合和其对气味的响应快、精度高以及易获得嗅觉动态信息的特点，通过计算化学方法，实现了多种聚合物敏感材料与荧光试剂的定量配制，研究了具有不同选择性的气味光纤传感器阵列。此外，将生物嗅觉机理模型用于人工鼻系统的设计过程，采用模拟生物嗅觉的感受器-嗅球-线性延迟神经网络算法，实现了从光纤传感器阵列的响应数据中同时分离出混合气味的成分和浓度信息。实现结果表明，该光学人工鼻传感器实验系统具有一定的仿生特性和应用前景。     

仿生嗅觉神经芯片的研究进展

嗅觉神经芯片是在电子鼻和细胞传感器研究的基础上,在芯片表面培养嗅觉感受神经元所构成的一种神经芯片。该技术是通过用微电极阵列等芯片技术记录气体分子作用于神经元膜表面嗅觉受体产生的动作电位而达到气体检测的一种更具仿生意义的生物电子鼻技术。在嗅觉生物学研究的基础上对嗅觉芯片的研究进行了综合论述,重点介绍了嗅觉细胞的培养和神经芯片技术等嗅觉芯片相关技术的研究进展。并对该领域的应用前景进行了展望。     

味觉传感技术的最新发展

生物味觉及其传感技术的研究已在国际上列为生物医学传感技术的重要发展方向之一。本文就近年来在味觉的识别机理、味觉传感器的研究、生物味觉的模拟及其模式识别的研究和最新发展趋势作一综述。     

味觉传感技术的最新发展

生物味觉及其传感技术的研究已在国际上列为生物医学传感技术的重要发展方向之一。本文就近年来在味觉的识别机理、味觉传感器的研究、生物味觉的模拟及其模式识别的研究和最新发展趋势作一综述。     

仿生嗅觉神经芯片的研究进展

嗅觉神经芯片是在电子鼻和细胞传感器研究的基础上，在芯片表面培养嗅觉感受神经元所构成的一种神经芯片。该技术是通过用微电极阵列等芯片技术记录气体分子作用于神经元膜表面嗅觉受体产生的动作电位而达到气体检测的一种更具仿生意义的生物电子鼻技术。在嗅觉生物学研究的基础上对嗅觉芯片的研究进行了综合论述，重点介绍了嗅觉细胞的培养和神经芯片技术等嗅觉芯片相关技术的研究进展。并对该领域的应用前景进行了展望。     

电子鼻传感器技术的研制进展

随着微制造工艺和微电子机械加工技术的发展,各种新型传感器不断被研制出来,人工嗅觉系统(电子鼻)和人工味觉系统(电子舌)的研制近年来发展也很快[1～4].目前电子鼻已在医学、食品工业、环境保护和军事上获得了广泛的应用[5～11］.笔者综述了电子鼻中各种类型传感器技术研制的最新进展.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.