云南省陇川县HIV-1流行毒株膜蛋白基因C2-V3区序列测定和分析

使用ＰＣＲ对２１份采集于１９９５年中的云南陇川县ＨＩＶ－１阳性静脉吸毒者外周血单个核细胞（ＰＢＭＣｓ）样品进行扩增，从１７份样品中获得了ＨＩＶ－１膜蛋白（ｅｎｖ）基因的核酸片段，并对其Ｃ２－Ｖ３及邻区４５０个核苷酸序列进行了测定和分析。研究结果表明，１７份陇川样品中存在Ｂ和Ｃ两种亚型的ＨＩＶ－１毒株序列，各亚型内的基因离散率分别为４．７％和３．３％。与Ａ～Ｅ参考亚型及部分Ｂ和Ｃ亚型代表株序列相比较，属陇川Ｂ亚型的１４个毒株与包括泰国、缅甸及云南瑞丽在内的Ｂ亚型毒株序列十分接近，基因离散率在３．９％～４．５％的范围内；属陇川Ｃ亚型的３个毒株则与代表印度毒株的Ｃ亚型共享序列及瑞丽Ｃ亚型毒株序列十分相似，其基因离散率均为２．５％。以上数据提示，ＨＩＶ－１在陇川的流行时间不长，且Ｂ和Ｃ亚型毒株的传入时间相差１年左右。对Ｂ亚型毒株Ｖ３环序列的分析还发现，位于Ｖ３环顶端的四肽序列中ＧＰＧＱ占６４．３％，ＧＰＧＲ则仅占２８．６％，且编码其精氨酸（Ｒ）的密码子均为ＣＧＡ而不是ＡＧＡ。此结果与作者根据早期瑞丽ＨＩＶ－１毒株序列研究结果得出的推测相吻合。     

云南省陇川县HIV—1流行毒株膜蛋白基因C2—V3区序列测定…

使用ＰＣＲ对２１份采集于１９９５年中的云南陇川县ＨＩＶ－１阳性静脉吸毒者外周血单个核细胞（ＰＢＭＣｓ）样品进行扩增，从１７份样品中获得了ＨＩＶ－１膜蛋白（ｅｎｖ）基因的核酸片段，并对其Ｃ２－Ｖ３及邻区４５０个核苷酸序列进行了测定和分析。研究结果表明，１７份陇川样品中存在Ｂ和Ｃ两种亚型的ＨＩＶ－１毒株序列，各亚型内的基因离散率分别为４．７％和３．３％。与Ａ￣Ｅ参考亚型及部位Ｂ和Ｃ亚型代表株序列相比较     

克隆中国B,C,E亚型的HIV—1代表株建立适于我国流行株的 …

目的 构建我国人免疫缺陷病毒１型（ＨＩＶ－１）Ｂ、Ｃ和Ｅ各亚型代表株ｅｎｖ基因质粒,用于对中国ＨＩＶ－１进行分型。方法 将与我国ＨＩＶ－１ Ｂ,Ｃ和Ｅ各亚型共享序列最接近的毒株用套式聚合酶链反应（ＰＣＲ）技术扩增包膜（ｅｎｖ）基因,克隆到ｐＧＥＭ－Ｔｅａｓｙ载体中,构建成用于异源双链泳动分析（ＨＭＡ）分型的中国标准亚型质粒,并进行了序列分析和分型的敏感性分析。结果 构建的中国ＨＩＶ－１ Ｂ,Ｃ和Ｅ     

山东省某些高危人群HIV-1感染者分子流行病学研究

目的 了解流行于山东境内ＨＩＶ－１毒株的亚型分布及变异情况,分析其来源并推测其流行趋势。方法 采集了２５份ＨＩＶ－１抗体阳性感染者的全血分离单核细胞（ＰＢＭＣ）,提取前病毒ＤＮＡ,经ｎｅｓｔｅｄ－ＰＣＲ扩增ＨＩＶ－１膜蛋白（ｅｎｖ）基因的Ｃ２－Ｖ３区并进行序列测定和亚型分析。结果 ２５例ＨＩＶ－１阳性感染者的ＰＢＭＣ样品中扩增到２４份可用于序列测定的ＨＩＶ－１ｅｎｖ基因片段,经序列测定和基因分析鉴     

我国西南西北地区吸毒人群重组人类免疫缺陷病毒1？…

目的 寻找人类免疫缺陷病毒１型在中国可能的重组。方法从流行２种以上ＨＩＶ－１亚型的地区收集ＨＩＶ感染者的血样。从ＰＭＣｓ中应用套式聚合酶链反应方法,对ＨＩＶ病毒的ｔａｔ和ｅｎｖ基因进行扩增,ＰＣＲ产物直接测序并进行序列分析。结果 对中国Ｂ’亚型和Ｃ亚型浒区域收集的１４个ＨＩＶ－１毒株进行序列分析,对ｅｎｖ基因进行测序后没有发现重组毒株的证据。     

我国西南西北地区吸毒人群重组人类免疫缺陷病毒1型毒株的发现

目的寻找人类免疫缺陷病毒１型（ＨＩＶ１型）在中国可能的重组。方法从流行２种以上ＨＩＶ１亚型的地区收集ＨＩＶ感染者的血样。从ＰＭＣｓ中应用套式聚合酶链反应（ＰＣＲ）方法,对ＨＩＶ病毒的ｔａｔ和ｅｎｖ基因进行扩增,ＰＣＲ产物直接测序并进行序列分析。结果对中国Ｂ′亚型和Ｃ亚型流行区域收集的１４个ＨＩＶ１毒株进行序列分析,对ｅｎｖ基因进行测序后没有发现重组毒株的证据。对ｔａｔ基因的第一外显子进行序列分析时,１４个样品中的１０个样品发现了Ｂ′亚型和Ｃ亚型重组的ＨＩＶ１毒株。此外,四川省静脉吸毒者中发现了３个非重组的Ｂ′亚型毒株和１个非重组的Ｃ亚型毒株。结论首次在中国西南部的四川省和西部的新疆维吾尔自治区发现了Ｂ′亚型和Ｃ型的重组ＨＩＶ１毒株。相同的序列和重组方式,表明重组毒株具有相同的起源,同时表明这两个艾滋病流行区域密切相关。由于在新疆只发现了重组毒株,而在四川省则发现了Ｂ亚型、Ｃ亚型和Ｂ′／Ｃ重组毒株,重组很有可能发生在四川而不是新疆。     

中国人类免疫缺陷病毒（HIV—1）D亚型毒株gag,env和t …

目的 通过对ＨＩＶ－１毒株ｇａｇ,ｔａｔ,ｅｎｖ基因的序列分析,阐明Ｄ亚型ＨＩＶ－１毒株已在中国出现。方法 从１名四川非洲回国营务人员ＨＩＶ感染者（ＳＣ９ ７１２）淋巴细胞（ＰＢＭＣ）中提取前病毒ＤＮＡ,使用套式ＰＣＲ方法分别扩增ＨＩＶ－１的ｇａｇ基因区,ｅｎｖ基因的Ｃ２Ｖ３区和ｔａｔ基因的第一外显子。结果 发现ＳＣ９ ７１２在ｇａｇ区,ｅｎｖ区和ｔａｔ区与国际标准Ｄ亚型毒株的基因距离最近,其中在     

1990～1997年云南IDUsHIV—1B亚型分离株膜蛋白V3环 …

目的 观察云南静脉药瘾（ＩＤＵｓ）ＨＩＶ－１分离株ｅｎｖ基因Ｖ３环顶端四肽氨基酸和相应核苷酸序列随时间推移的变化。方法 根据１９９０～１９７年间６２株ＨＩＶ－１分离株ｅｎｖ基因Ｃ２－Ｖ３区ＤＮＡ序列，对ＨＩＶ－１膜蛋白Ｖ３环顶端四肽基因序列（基序）及其编码核苷酸进行分析，并探讨其随时间推移的变化趋势。结果 １９９０～１９９７年间６２株ＨＩＶ－１毒株膜蛋白Ｖ３环顶端四肽基序有程度不同的氨基酸变异，主     

散发性戊型肝炎病毒部分核苷酸序列分析

目的为阐明戊型肝炎病毒（ＨＥＶ）毒株的地理分布、流行特征以及研制血清学诊断试剂和基因工程疫苗提供资料。方法选择１例浙江仙居山区散发性ＨＥ患者，从其血清中分离ＨＥＶＲＮＡ，通过逆转录－套式聚合酶链反应法（ＲＴ－ｎＰＣＲ），扩增该散发性ＨＥＶ（Ｚ－３３株）ＯＲＦ２区部分ｃＤＮＡ片段（４９７ｂｐ），然后进行直接序列分析，并与ＨＥＶ各主要代表株序列作比较。结果Ｚ－３３株与新疆流行株ＣＨ１．１的核苷酸及氨基酸序列同源性分别为９６．７％及９８．２％；与缅甸流行株的同源性分别为９４．２％及９９．１％；与缅甸散发株的同源性分别为９５．２％及９９．１％，与墨西哥株的同源性分别为８１．８％及９４．５％。结论浙江仙居散发性ＨＥＶＺ－３３株和新疆流行株ＣＨ１．１一样，与ＨＥＶ缅甸株可能为同一亚型。     

人免疫缺陷病毒Ⅰ型包膜糖蛋白gp120基因在大肠杆？…

目的 提高人免疫缺陷病毒Ⅰ型（ＨＩＶ－１）包膜糖蛋白ｇｐ１２０基因在原核中的表达量。方法 采用聚合酶链反应（ＰＣＲ）技术扩增出５６０ｂｐ的ＨＩＶ－１ＬＡＶ株ｇｐ１２０Ｎ端基因片段，经ＥｃｏＲⅠ及ＳａｌⅠ酶切后插入高效表达载体ＰＥＴ２８ａ得到重组质粒ｐＥＴ／１２０，并转化表达宿主菌ＢＬ２１（ＤＥ３），经诱导高效表达出ＨＩＶ－１ｇｐ１２０基因片段。结果 间接酶联免疫吸附试验（ＥＬＩＳＡ）及Ｗｅｓｔｅｒ     

HIV-1流行毒株HIV DNA的研究

目的 了解HIV－1流行毒株中HIV DNA的变异特性。方法 用逆转录PCR（RT－PCR），长片段PCR（Long-Distance PCR LD-PCR)、分子克隆、杂交和测序等对63例HIV－1感染者外周血单个核细胞（PBMC）HIV DNA进行研究。结果 57例标本可明确定型，其中B亚型43例，C亚型5例，E亚型9例。57例中31例既存在完整又存在不完整的HIV－1 DNA，19例只存在不完整的HIV－1 DNA片段，7例只有完整的HIV－1 DNA，缺失的最大范围为7759个碱基，最小范围71个碱基，以多片段缺损最为常见。结论 HIV DNA基因片段变异在HIV感染和流行传播中是非常重要的。     

HIV-1型中国株E、B亚型gag基因的克隆与表达

目的 克隆和表达人免疫缺陷病毒（ＨＩＶ）Ⅰ型中国株Ｅ、Ｂ亚型代表株的结构基因ｇａｇ。方法 在分子流行病学调查的基础上，选择１份经部分ｇｐ１２０基因测序判定为Ｅ亚型和１份经部分ｇｐ１２０基因测序判定为Ｂ亚型的代表性样品。利用套式聚合酶链反应（ＰＣＲ），扩增外周血中的前病毒。获得了结构基因ｇａｇ全长片断，并先后克隆到ｐｌｉｎ８Ｐｒ５５和ｐＦａｓｔＢａｃｌ载体中，我们首次克隆到全长的中国株Ｅ亚型ｇａｇ基     

无偿献血人群人类免疫缺陷病毒抗体和核酸检测分析

目的　了解深圳地区无偿献血人群人类免疫缺陷病毒(HⅣ)感染流行情况。方法　采用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)对无偿献血者进行抗-H1V-1／2筛查,对初查阳性标本用聚合酶链反应(PCR)方法　进一步检测外周血单个核细胞(PMBCs)中HIVDNA和血浆中HIVRNA,并对2例无偿献血者PCR扩增阳性片段进行序列测定。结果　在46095例无偿献血者中,发现抗-HIV1阳性7例,阳性率为0.015％;在7例抗-HIV-1阳性献血者的PBMCs中均检出HIVDNA阳性,5例血浆中检测出HIVRNA阳性;2例献血者HIVDNA测序分析显示,感染的是HIV-1E亚型毒株。结论　深圳地区无偿献血者人群存在HIVE亚型毒株感染,对无偿献血者仍应加强HIV感染的筛查和监测。     

Molecular epidemiology of HIV-1 in Switzerland: evidence for a silent mutation in the C2V3 region distinguishing intravenous drug users from homosexual men. Swiss HIV Cohort Study

OBJECTIVES: To study the molecular epidemiology of HIV-1 strains found in Switzerland and to determine possible genetic linkages among strains sorted by risk group or geographic region. DESIGN: A cross-sectional, clinic-based survey of HIV-1 molecular sequences and linked patient history from Swiss people. METHODS: Specimens were collected from 215 HIV-1-infected people in HIV outpatient clinics of four tertiary referral centers (Lausanne, St. Gallen, Zurich, and Basel) between May and August 1996, mainly from homosexual men, injecting drug users (IDU), and heterosexually infected people. In addition, specimens collected between 1991 and 1995 in the HIV outpatient clinic at University of Geneva were included into this survey. These specimens were collected primarily for an ongoing, prospective cohort (Swiss HIV Cohort Study). Direct C2V3C3 sequences of the env gene were determined from 158 samples of peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Genetic data were analyzed with the available patient history on each specimen. RESULTS: As found in other previous studies in Europe, primarily subtype B viruses were identified, whereas seven (4%) of 158 were non-subtype B: one subtype D, four subtype A, and two subtype E. Five of seven non-B subtypes occurred in immigrants from African or Asian countries and all seven were found exclusively in individuals who had been infected by heterosexual contact. No significant clustering of strains within different study sites or risk groups was found. A silent mutation (LAI env 834) occurred significantly more often in IDU than in homosexual men (p<.001). CONCLUSIONS: Although the lack of significant clustering of strains by risk group or geographic region may result from early introduction of subtype B viruses in Switzerland, the strong association of a silent mutation with IDU suggests that, early in the epidemic, there was a unique founder virus among IDUs. The HIV epidemic in Switzerland is still predominantly caused by subtype B viruses.     

我国云南省艾滋病病毒感染的长期不进展者人免疫缺陷 …

目的 人类免疫缺陷病毒１型（ＨＩＶ－１）ｔａｔ基因是该病毒的调控基因之一。本研究是探讨ｔａｔ基因变异是否影响ＨＩＶ－１感染者的病程进展。方法 从云南ＨＩＶ流行区的２２例感染后临床进程不同的人抽取外周血,提取核酸,用套式聚合酶链反应（ＰＣＲ）扩增ＨＩＶ－１的ｔａｔ基因,并进行了核酸序列测定和分析。     

中国HIV-1型B、C亚型主要流行株外膜蛋白基因V3-V4区序列的变异分析

目的　研究我国人类免疫缺陷病毒 1型 (HIV 1)B、C亚型主要流行株在感染过程中基因变异的特点及其与选择压力的关系。方法　应用巢式聚合酶链反应 (nested PCR)对 2 5 8例HIV 1感染者血样中的HIV 1外膜蛋白 (env)基因进行扩增 ,并使用ABI 377型测序仪对扩增产物测序后 ,选择其中 37份B亚型和 35份C亚型HIV 1毒株env基因包括V3～V4区的序列进行比较分析 ,并计算和分析氨基酸同义替换与非同义替换的比值 (Ks Ka)。结果　B亚型毒株V3～V4区的基因离散率高于C亚型毒株。无论B亚型 ,还是C亚型毒株 ,其V4区基因序列较V3区变异更大。在C亚型毒株中 ,V3区基因序列变异甚至比V3上游区和C3区小。B和C亚型毒株整个V3～V4基因区的Ks Ka比值均 <1,差异有非常显著性 (P <0 0 0 1) ,其中B亚型毒株以V3区的Ks Ka比值最小 ,而C亚型毒株则以V4区的Ks Ka比值最小。结论　B和C亚型毒株env基因的变异主要发生在V4区而不是V3区。C亚型毒株V3区较V3上游区和C3区还要保守 ,是本研究的特殊发现。这两种亚型在我国快速流行中发生的变异是在选择压力下发生的 ,而不是随机进化的结果 ,而且选择压力对这两种亚型毒株V3、V4区的作用程度也不一样。这将为我国艾滋病防治策略的制定和疫苗研究提供科学的依据。     

Molecular epidemiology of vertical human immunodeficiency virus type 1 transmission in Greece: evidence of non-B subtypes

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the subtype classification of the circulating virus strains among human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-infected children in Greece. STUDY DESIGN/METHODS: Since the beginning of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) epidemic in Greece in 1982, 23 children have been reported to be vertically infected with HIV-1. Blood samples were available for 19 of these children, and the C2-C4 env region was successfully amplified by nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for 16 subjects. HIV-1 subtype was established by the heteroduplex mobility assay (HMA) in 16 subjects and confirmed by DNA sequencing and phylogenetic analysis in 8 subjects. RESULTS: Most subjects (9; 56%) fell into subtype B. However, a substantial proportion (44%) were classified as subtypes A (3; 19%), C (1; 6%), D (1; 6%), and I (2; 12%). According to epidemiologic information, 5 of 7 children infected with non-B HIV-1 subtypes were born to Greek parents. CONCLUSION: These findings clearly suggest that non-B strains have been introduced into Greece, providing evidence that HIV epidemic in this country will probably change profile over time. In addition, subtype I was identified in 2 HIV-1-infected children, both of whom were born to Greek parents.     

Determination of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 subtypes in Taiwan by vpu gene analysis

The genetic diversity of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 (HIV-1) has been characterized mainly by analysis of the env and gag genes. Information on the vpu genes in the HIV sequence database is very limited. In the present study, the nucleotide sequences of the vpu genes were analyzed, and the genetic subtypes determined by analysis of the vpu gene were compared with those previously determined by analysis of the gag and env genes. The vpu genes were amplified by nested PCR of proviral DNA extracted from 363 HIV-1-infected individuals and were sequenced directly by use of the PCR products. HIV-1 subtypes were determined by sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis with reference strains. The strains in all except one of the samples analyzed could be classified as subtype A, B, C, E, or G. The vpu subtype of one strain could not be determined. Of the strains analyzed, genetic subtypes of 247 (68.0%) were also determined by analysis of the env or gag gene. The genetic subtypes determined by vpu gene analysis were, in general, consistent with those determined by gag and/or env gene analysis except for those for two AG recombinant strains. All the strains that clustered with a Thailand subtype E strain in the vpu phylogenetic analyses were subtype E by env gene analysis and subtype A by gag gene analysis. In summary, our genetic typing revealed that subtype B strains, which constituted 73.8% of all strains analyzed, were most prevalent in Taiwan. While subtype E strains constituted about one-quarter of the viruses, they were prevalent at a higher proportion in the group infected by heterosexual transmission. Genetic analysis of vpu may provide an alternate method for determination of HIV-1 subtypes for most of the strains, excluding those in which intersubtype recombination has occurred.