Subnormal Maternal Urinary Oestriol Excretion When the Fetus has Diabetes Insipidus, Optic Atrophy, and Absence of the Septum Pellucidum

Summary : Subnormal urinary oestriol excretion was present in an apparently normal pregnancy and it is suggested that a rare combination of fetal anomalies including diabetes insipidus, absence of the septum pellucidum and optic nerve hypoplasia was the explanation.     

Oestriol Excretion in the Pregnancy Complicated by Diabetes Mellitus

Summary: Urinary oestriol excretion was studied throughout 93 diabetic pregnancies. Low levels of excretion (38%) were common to all clinical categories of diabetes and were not influenced by either the duration or severity of the disease.
The overall perinatal loss was 13%; the incidence was 7% in patients with normal excretion values and 23% in those with low values. Six of the 8 deaths associated with low oestriol excretion occurred after birth and all were due to the respiratory distress syndrome. Low assays may warn of impending intra-uterine death, but intervention may not be possible. A normal excretion level should not, however, permit a complacent attitude.     

Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus Presenting as Diabetic Ketoacidosis in Pregnancy

Summary: We report the cases of 2 pregnant women who developed diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) in the third trimester as the first presentation of diabetes mellitus; both cases were associated with intrauterine fetal death.     

Successful Pregnancy in Patients with Diabetes Following Myocardial Infarction

EDITORIAL COMMENT: We accepted this paper for publication to remind readers that women in Australia with severe medical disease, which in the past would be considered grounds for sterilization or even termination of pregnancy (Case 2) now expect or hope to tackle pregnancy successfully. It will be a challenge for obstetricians to maintain the maternal mortality rate in Australia at 1 in 7,860 births with current expectations of low and high-risk mothers (A). In Case 2 the mother died more than 6 weeks after delivery and so would not be classified as a maternal death. Such cases explain why Henry et al have discussed the value of the maternal mortality definition being changed to include all deaths of women dying within 1 year of confinement (B). This paper informs us that women with a past history of significant myocardial infarction can cope safely with pregnancy and the puerperium.

• (A) 

  Report on Maternal Deaths in Australia, 1988–1990.
• (A) 

  Henry OA, Sheedy MT, Beischer NA. When is a maternal death a maternal death? A review of maternal deaths at the Mercy Maternity Hospital, Melbourne, M J Aust 1989; 151:629–631. Also editorial comment, same issue, 615–616.

Summary: Two cases of successful pregnancy are described in insulin-dependent diabetic patients following myocardial infarction. Both mothers survived the pregnancies but 1 died from presumed cardiovascular causes 3 months postpartum. The relevant current literature is reviewed.     

Irisin在妊娠合并糖尿病中的研究进展

妊娠合并糖尿病有两种情况,一种是原有糖尿病基础上合并妊娠,即糖尿病合并妊娠,另一种是妊娠期首次发生的糖尿病,即妊娠期糖尿病（GDM）。妊娠合并糖尿病易发生不良妊娠结局。肥胖在妊娠合并糖尿病的发生发展中起着至关重要的作用,而运动则通过减轻肥胖以改善妊娠合并糖尿病的病情。近年研究发现Irisin可能是运动改善糖脂代谢的调控因子。Irisin是一种由骨骼肌运动产生的肌肉因子,其主要作用于脂肪、肝脏及胰岛细胞等与糖脂代谢相关的靶器官。研究表明在肥胖、糖尿病、GDM患者中,Irisin与血糖、血脂、能量代谢水平、胰岛素抵抗及胰岛素分泌能力有关。Irisin具有促进脂肪细胞燃烧,抑制肝糖异生,增加胰岛细胞再生等作用。Irisin可能与肥胖相关的妊娠合并糖尿病的发生发展有关,亦可能通过改善肥胖,减少胰岛素抵抗而有望成为肥胖相关代谢性疾病的防治靶点。     

妊娠期糖尿病诊治与妊娠结局的相关性分析

目的 :探讨妊娠期糖尿病 (gestationaldiabetesmellilus,GDM)的血糖控制状况与妊娠结局的关系。方法 :回顾性分析 331例经糖尿病筛查发现并确诊的GDM患者的临床资料 ,按治疗方式分为单纯饮食控制组 2 0 1例 (Ⅰ组 )、饮食控制加胰岛素治疗组 83例 (Ⅱ组 )、无系统治疗组 4 7例 (Ⅲ组 ) ,比较三组的妊娠结局 ,包括孕产妇并发症 (妊娠高血压综合征、羊水过多、产后大出血、产褥感染 )、剖宫产率、早产率、巨大胎儿发生率、围生儿死亡率及新生儿病率 (包括重度窒息、呼吸窘迫综合征、低血糖 )等。结果 :Ⅲ组的孕产妇并发症、剖宫产率、早产率、巨大胎儿的发生率、围生儿死亡率、新生儿病率均较Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组明显升高 ,而Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组间无明显差异。结论 :GDM孕妇经过合理治疗 ,有效控制血糖 ,能明显改善妊娠结局。     

Folic Acid Supplementation in Early Pregnancy,Homocysteine Concentration,and Risk of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

We used a prospective cohort of pregnant women at 12 to 20 weeks gestation between 2002 and 2008 in Ottawa and Kingston to evaluate the impact of early pregnancy folic acid supplementation on the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus. Among 7552 eligible women, 84 (1.11%) were diagnosed of gestational diabetes mellitus. Non-significant associations were observed between gestational diabetes mellitus and folate supplementation, homocysteine levels, and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase 677 TT genotype. Although we found no significant associations between folic acid supplementation and the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus, genetic associations were not confounded by lifestyle or socioeconomic factors, which may have biased previous studies.     

Systematic Review of Lifestyle Interventions for Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in Pregnancy and the Postpartum Period

ObjectiveTo examine the characteristics and effectiveness of lifestyle interventions for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in pregnancy and the postpartum period to prevent Type 2 diabetes.Data SourcesWe conducted searches in seven databases, including Ovid MEDLINE, CINAHL, Ovid Embase, Cochrane Central, Web of Science, Ovid PsycInfo, and ProQuest Dissertations and Theses for articles published from inception to January 2021.Study SelectionWe included articles on controlled intervention studies in which researchers evaluated a lifestyle intervention provided during pregnancy and the postpartum period for women with or at risk for GDM that were published in English.Data ExtractionTwelve articles that were reports of seven studies met the inclusion criteria. In some cases, more than one article was selected from the same study. For example, articles reported different outcomes from the same study. We extracted data with the use of a data collection form and compared and synthesized data on study design, purpose, sample, intervention characteristics, recruitment and retention, and outcomes.Data SynthesisAll seven studies focused on weight management and/or healthy lifestyle behaviors (diet and physical activity). Outcomes included glucose regulation, weight, lifestyle behaviors, and knowledge. The interventions varied in duration/dosage, strategies, and modes of delivery. In four studies, researchers reported interventions that had significant effects on improving glucose regulation and/or weight change. Some characteristics from the four effective interventions included goal setting, individualized care, and good retention rates. In the other three studies, limitations included low rates of participant retention, lack of personalized interventions, and limited population diversity or lack of culturally sensitive care.ConclusionLifestyle interventions provided during and after pregnancy to reduce the risk associated with GDM have the potential to improve outcomes. Health care counseling to promote healthy lifestyle behaviors related to the prevention of Type 2 diabetes is needed at different stages of maternity care for women with GDM. Additional high-quality studies are needed to address the limitations of current studies.     

Successful Pregnancy,Epidural Anaesthesia,Labour, and Delivery in a Woman With Sturge-Weber Syndrome and Previous Hemispherectomy

BackgroundThe outcomes of pregnancy and subsequent delivery of healthy neonates in women who have undergone previous near total hemispherectomy for Sturge-Weber syndrome (SWS) have rarely been reported.CaseA woman with SWS had two successful and uncomplicated pregnancies and deliveries under epidural anaesthesia after undergoing a near total hemispherectomy with subsequent unilateral cerebral palsy. Non-contrast MRI of the brain revealed post hemispherectomy changes with no residual meningeal angiomatosis.ConclusionAs more women who undergo surgical resection for underlying SWS grow into the child-bearing years, additional reports of pregnancy and delivery outcomes in this patient population can be expected and will be valuable.     

Pregnancy Outcome in Maturity Onset Diabetes at Young Age (MODY)

Diabetes mellitus is not a single disease, but rather a syndrome comprised of a variety of diseases characterized by hyperglycaemia. Indeed it has a heterogeneous nature. Maturity Onset Diabetes of the Young or MODY is an unusual, mild type of hyperglycaemia, which develops in young women, (below the age of 25), who do not require insulin. This study describes 10 pregnancies in MODY women, who are compared to a group of patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), a group with gestational diabetes, and a control group of normal, healthy pregnant women. Our group of pregnant MODY patients proved to have an intermediate form of diabetes, more severe than gestational diabetes and yet not as severe as insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Mean duration of diabetes was shorter and mean daily insulin requirement (during pregnancy) was lower among MODY patients in comparison to IDDM gestants. Moreover the frequency of maternal complications and Caesarean deliveries in MODY patients were lower than in the IDDM group, but higher when compared to the gestational diabetes group.     

Vitamin D Deficiency During the First Trimester of Pregnancy and the Risk of Developing Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

ObjectiveTo investigate the relationships among various factors that affect serum vitamin D levels and vitamin D in the first trimester and the risk of developing gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM).DesignA prospective cohort design.SettingThe family health center of Ankara, Turkey.ParticipantsOut of 889 pregnant women who participated in the study in the first trimester (6–13 weeks gestation), 814 participated in GDM screening in the second trimester (24–28 weeks gestation).MethodsWe determined serum vitamin D levels, demographic data, various biochemical and anthropometric parameters, and factors that affect vitamin D synthesis of participants in the first trimester and used logistic regression analysis to analyze the effects of the associations among vitamin D deficiency and the other variables on the occurrence of GDM.ResultsVitamin D deficiency in the first trimester was present in 425 (82.5%) participants. In the second trimester, 198 participants (24.3%) were diagnosed with GDM through oral glucose tolerance test screening. We detected GDM in the second trimester in 5.7% of participants who had vitamin D deficiency in the first trimester. Even after adjustment for vitamin D intake, clothing style, and duration of exposure to the sun, the risk of GDM was significantly greater in participants who were vitamin D deficient than those who were not deficient. The risk of GDM among women with vitamin D deficiency was sustained or increased significantly after we adjusted for age, parity, prepregnancy body mass index, history of diabetes, triglyceride levels, vitamin D intake, clothing style, and length of sun exposure, OR = 10.60, p < .001, 95% confidence interval [2.82, 39.76].ConclusionsOur results suggest that vitamin D deficiency in the first trimester may significantly increase the risk of developing GDM.     

Vardenafil Allows Successful Intercourse initiated Rapidly after Dosing in Japanese Patients with Diabetes Mellitus and Erectile Dysfunction

IntroductionVardenafil is reported to improve success rates in the maintenance of an erection sufficient for completion of intercourse (SEP-3) compared with placebo in erectile dysfunction (ED) patients who attempted intercourse from as early as 15 minutes after dosing. However, these data were based on general ED patients, using time from administration to initiation of intercourse. It is unclear whether the results can be applied to difficult-to-treat ED patients, such as those with diabetes mellitus (DM), with the time between dosing and insertion into vagina.AimTo determine whether early onset of activity with vardenafil is also achievable in ED patients with DM.MethodsData from a 12-week Phase III clinical trial (randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, parallel-group comparison) in Japanese men with ED and DM was used for analysis. In this study, patients received vardenafil 10 mg, 20 mg, or placebo, and were instructed to start sexual activity 1 hour after dosing. Mean per-patient SEP-3 success rates (intent-to-treat; ITT population), based on patient diary question, were calculated by the time between dosing and insertion. The least-squares means and nominal P values for differences versus placebo were derived by analysis of covariance with terms for baseline.Main Outcome MeasuresSEP-3 success rates in each time interval.ResultsThe majority of inserts occurred between 60–90 minutes after dosing, but 100 of inserts in 52 patients occurred in the first 30 minutes. SEP-3 success rates in patients who inserted in each interval from 0–15 minutes (P = 0.0268), 15–30 minutes (P = 0.0094) through > 120 minutes were all higher in vardenafil-treated patients than those in placebo.ConclusionsIn this retrospective analysis, a rapid onset of activity was also demonstrated in difficult-to-treat ED patients. Vardenafil improved successful intercourse rates compared with placebo in Japanese DM patients who inserted from as early as 15 minutes to >120 minutes after dosing. Nagao K, Kobayashi H, Fujikawa K, Tachibana T, Iwamoto Y, Ishii N, Turek PJ, Brant WO, and Kamidono S. Vardenafil allows successful intercourse initiated rapidly after dosing in Japanese patients with diabetes mellitus and erectile dysfunction. J Sex Med 2009;6:2851–2857.     

Sipple''s Syndrome (Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia) in Pregnancy … Case Report

Summary: A case of Sipple's syndrome (multiple endocrine neoplasia) in a 24-year-old pregnant Hindu patient is described. Classical features included multiple carcinoma of the thyroid and adrenal glands. The patient died shortly after admission with hypertensive encephalopathy/preeclampsia.     

妊娠期糖尿病患者孕晚期体质量增长与糖化血清白蛋白、内脂素水平及新生儿体成分的相关性研究

目的:探讨非肥胖的妊娠期糖尿病(GDM)患者孕晚期体质量增长与母体糖化血清白蛋白(GA)、内脂素水平及新生儿体成分的相关性。方法:200例GDM患者[孕前体质量指数(BMI)均25 kg/m~2]进入本研究,以孕28周至分娩期体质量增长速度分为过度增重GDM组(n=77)和适宜增重GDM组(n=123)。比较不同组别GA、内脂素等糖脂代谢指标及新生儿出生体质量、体脂百分含量的差异;进一步分析GDM患者妊娠晚期体质量增长与上述指标的相关性。结果:1过度增重GDM组患者GA、糖化血清蛋白(HbA1c)、内脂素及血脂总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL)、极低密度脂蛋白(VLDL)水平均高于适宜增重GDM组(P0.05)。2两组平均分娩孕周、新生儿出生即刻Apgar评分、男婴比例、阴道分娩率的差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。与适宜增重GDM组相比,过度增重GDM组新生儿具有较高的平均出生体质量、较低的血糖水平,该组大于胎龄儿(LGA)比例增加,新生儿腹围/头围比(AC/HC)、体脂百分含量均显著增高(P0.01)。3GDM患者孕晚期体质量增速与GA、内脂素、HbA1c及新生儿出生体质量、新生儿体脂百分含量均呈显著正相关(r=0.524、0.470、0.456、0.329、0.473,P0.001)。结论:GA、内脂素水平的监测可能在评估GDM患者孕晚期体质量增长方面具有一定临床实用价值,而GDM患者孕晚期体质量增长过速则可能加速内脏脂肪积累、加重原有的糖脂代谢紊乱,并与新生儿出生体质量及体脂含量的增加密切相关。