糖尿病患者泪糖浓度与血糖浓度的相关性

目的探讨正常人和糖尿病患者泪糖浓度和血糖浓度的相关性。方法 2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者75例85只眼(A组)和正常对照组28例28只眼(B组),以微量血糖仪测定两组空腹血糖,随即以微量采血管采集非刺激性泪液20μl并以高效液相色谱质谱联用法(HPLC-MS)测定泪糖。结果 A组泪糖明显高于B组[(0.460±0.204)mmol/L vs.(0.081±0.027)mmol/L](P<0.01)。A组泪糖与血糖呈直线正相关(r=0.870,P<0.01);B组泪糖与血糖无直线相关(r=0.229,P>0.05)。结论在糖尿病患者中,泪糖浓度可以作为一个反映血糖浓度的良好指标。     

钠-葡萄糖转运蛋白2抑制剂与2型糖尿病患者恶性肿瘤发生风险的Meta分析

目的： 系统评价钠-葡萄糖转运蛋白2（sodium-glucose transporter 2 inhibitors,SGLT2）抑制剂的使用与2型糖尿病患者肿瘤发病的关系,为明确二者之间关系提供循证医学依据。方法： 以"钠-葡萄糖转运蛋白2（SGLT2）抑制剂、达格列净（dapagliflozin）、坎格列净（canagliflozin）、恩格列净（empagliflozin）、2型糖尿病、肿瘤"等为关键词,通过PubMed、Embase、Web of Science、Cochrane Library及万方、中国知网（CNKI）、维普中文期刊（VIP）等数据库检索2021年2月以前发表的中英文文献,确定符合条件的随机对照试验（randomized controlled trials,RCTs）。运用RevMan 5.3和Stata 15.0软件进行统计学处理。结果： 最终纳入17篇文献,共35 299例患者,其中1 072例2型糖尿病患者罹患恶性肿瘤。Meta分析结果表明,与对照组相比,SGLT2抑制剂与总体肿瘤风险增加无显著相关性（RR=0.98,95% CI：0.96~1.36）。不同SGLT2抑制剂对肿瘤发生的风险无显著相关性（RR=0.92,95% CI：0.81~1.04）。结论： 目前来自短期随机对照试验的证据并未表明使用SGLT2抑制剂的2型糖尿病患者有增加发生恶性肿瘤的风险。     

2 型糖尿病患者长期家庭血糖监测的随访分析简

目的 观察2型糖尿病家庭血糖监测频次与综合管理对患者血糖、血脂控制的影响.方法 回顾性调查了165例2型糖尿病患者13年家庭血糖监测频次,以及综合管理措施对血糖、血脂控制的影响.结果 2000年进行自我血糖监测的患者仅为14%,到2012年进行自我血糖监测率达98%.2000年患者空腹血糖（FPG）、餐后血糖（PPG）、糖化血红蛋白（HbA1c）、三酰甘油（TG）、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-C）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL-C）的达标率分别为,17%、12%、18%、25%、24%、25%;到2012年165例患者以上指标达标率分别为,65%、63%、49%、54%、61%、59%;HbA1c和TG在不同的监测频次下有统计学意义（P〈0.05）.结论 2型糖尿病家庭血糖监测频次对患者血糖、血脂控制情况均有很大的影响;一体化中心对糖尿病患者进行综合管理是一种可行的方法.     

瑞格列奈联合二甲双胍治疗2型糖尿病对血糖指标的影响分析

目的 分析瑞格列奈联合二甲双胍治疗2型糖尿病对血糖指标的影响.方法 110例2型糖尿病患者,随机分为观察组与对照组,各55例.对照组给予二甲双胍治疗,观察组给予二甲双胍联合瑞格列奈治疗.比较两组血糖恢复正常时间、治疗期间低血糖次数、治疗前后血糖生化值[空腹血糖(FPG)、餐后2 h血糖(2 h PG)、糖化血红蛋白(H...     

国产那格列奈片对2型糖尿病疗效的临床评价

目的：评价国产那格列奈片治疗2型糖尿病的疗效。方法：46例2型糖尿病患者随机分入那格列奈组和瑞格列奈组，以瑞格列奈作阳性对照，检测空腹血糖及糖化血红蛋白(HbA1C)。结果：两组治疗后空腹指尖及静脉血糖、糖化血红蛋白均有所下降，治疗8周后瑞格列奈组空腹指尖血糖改善值优于那格列奈组。结论：那格列奈片能改善2型糖尿病患者的糖代谢，是一种安全有效的降糖药物。     

1型糖尿病患儿自我血糖监测的调查现状分析

目的 提高1型糖尿病患儿的自我管理能力,延缓并发症的发生.方法 对110 例 1 型糖尿病患儿进行门诊及电话随访6个月,采用血糖自我管理日记收集资料.结果 每个月最多仅 4 例患儿能做到每天进行自我血糖监测,月监测血糖总例次数由第 1 个月的1613例次下降为第6个月的544 例次;3 个月及6个月糖化血红蛋白均值分别为(8.69±1.65)%及(8.23±1.92)%;患儿月血糖监测次数与家庭月收入、父母学历呈正相关(P< 0.01),与患儿年龄呈负相关(P< 0.01).结论 1 型糖尿病患儿出院后血糖自我监测状况不理想,其可能的相关因素为父母教育水平低,家庭月收入不佳所导致的对疾病治疗的理解力较差,再加上青春期患儿的逆反或自卑心理.     

Empagliflozin and linagliptin combination therapy for treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Introduction: Many patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) fail to achieve the desired A1c goal because the antidiabetic medications used do not correct the underlying pathophysiologic abnormalities and monotherapy is not sufficiently potent to reduce the A1c to the 6.5 – 7.0% range. Insulin resistance and islet (beta and alpha) cell dysfunction are major pathophysiologic abnormalities in T2DM. We examine combination therapy with linagliptin plus empagliflozin as a therapeutic approach for the treatment of inadequately controlled T2DM patients.

Areas covered: A literature search of all human diabetes, metabolism and general medicine journals from year 2000 to the present was conducted. Glucagon like peptide-1 (GLP-1) deficiency/resistance contributes to islet cell dysfunction by impairing insulin secretion and increasing glucagon secretion. DPP-4 inhibitors (DPP4i) improve pancreatic islet function by augmenting glucose-dependent insulin secretion and decreasing elevated plasma glucagon levels. Linagliptin, a DPP-4 inhibitor, reduces HbA1c, is weight neutral, has an excellent safety profile and a low risk of hypoglycemia. The expression of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) in the proximal renal tubule is upregulated in T2DM, causing excess reabsorption of filtered glucose. The SGLT2 inhibitor (SGLT2i), empagliflozin, improves HbA_1c by causing glucosuria and ameliorating glucotoxicity. It also decreases weight and blood pressure, and has a low risk of hypoglycemia.

Expert opinion: The once daily oral combination of linagliptin plus empagliflozin does not increase the risk of hypoglycemia and tolerability and discontinuation rates are similar to those with each as monotherapy. At HbA1c values below 8.5% linagliptin/empagliflozin treatment produces an additive effect, whereas above 8.5%, there is a less than additive reduction with combination therapy compared with the effect of each agent alone. Linagliptin/empagliflozin addition is a logical combination in patients with T2DM, especially those with an HbA1c < 8.5%.     

2型糖尿病患者糖耐量试验与胰岛素释放试验相关性分析

目的 通过对糖耐量试验与胰岛素释放试验相关性研究,探讨其对2型糖尿病的诊断与治疗的临床意义.方法 对248例糖病病患者入院治疗前按其空腹胰岛素水平分为空腹低值组(A组)、空腹低值有峰组(B组)、空腹中值组(C组)、空腹高值组(D组)及44例正常对照组(E组),分别采用Backman LX20已糖激酶法测定空腹、糖耐量试验1、2、3 h的血糖和用美国Backman Asscey化学发光仪测定相应的胰岛素水平.结果 糖尿病患者各组胰岛素水平较正常人群组差异有显著性意义(P＜0.05)或非常显著意义(P＜0.01),A组、B组、C组、E组其血糖水平与相应的胰岛素水平具有正相关性,D组血糖水平与相应的胰岛素水平无相关性.结论 2型糖尿病患者在治疗前做糖耐量试验(OGTT)与胰岛素释放试验对其诊断治疗与预后有很重要临床意义.     

SGLT2 inhibitors: a promising new therapeutic option for treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus

Background Hyperglycemia is an important pathogenic component in the development of microvascular and macrovascular complications in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Inhibition of renal tubular glucose reabsorption that leads to glycosuria has been proposed as a new mechanism to attain normoglycemia and thus prevent and diminish these complications. Sodium glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) has a key role in reabsorption of glucose in kidney. Competitive inhibitors of SGLT2 have been discovered and a few of them have also been advanced in clinical trials for the treatment of diabetes. Objective To discuss the therapeutic potential of SGLT2 inhibitors currently in clinical development. Key findings A number of preclinical and clinical studies of SGLT2 inhibitors have demonstrated a good safety profile and beneficial effects in lowering plasma glucose levels, diminishing glucotoxicity, improving glycemic control and reducing weight in diabetes. Of all the SGLT2 inhibitors, dapagliflozin is a relatively advanced compound with regards to clinical development. Summary SGLT2 inhibitors are emerging as a promising therapeutic option for the treatment of diabetes. Their unique mechanism of action offers them the potential to be used in combination with other oral anti‐diabetic drugs as well as with insulin.     

运动疗法对2型糖尿病患者血液流变学的影响

目的:观察运动疗法对2型糖尿病患者血液流变学的影响.方法:选择2型糖尿病患者117 例,分为运动疗法组(65 例)和非运动疗法组(52 例),两组在常规药物治疗下,运动疗法组进行运动治疗6个月,对照组不进行运动治疗,观察两组患者运动前后血液流变学指标的变化.结果:运动疗法组低切变率全血黏度、血浆黏度、红细胞聚集指数、红细胞压积下降,红细胞变形指数升高,与运动治疗前相比差异有显著性(P＜0.01),与对照组相比差异也有显著性.结论:运动疗法能有效改善2型糖尿病患者血液流变学状态.     

The effects of canagliflozin,a sodium glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitor,on mineral metabolism and bone in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Background: Sodium glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors lower blood glucose levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) by increasing urinary glucose excretion. This review provides a comprehensive summary of preclinical and clinical data on the effects of the SGLT2 inhibitor canagliflozin on mineral balance and bone.

Methods: Published articles and internal study reports through November 2015 were included.

Results: In clinical studies, canagliflozin was not associated with meaningful changes in serum or urine calcium, parathyroid hormone, or vitamin D. Canagliflozin was associated with increases in serum magnesium and phosphate without changes in their urinary excretion. Increases in serum collagen type-1 beta-carboxy-telopeptide (beta-CTX), a bone resorption marker, and osteocalcin, a bone formation marker, were observed with canagliflozin. Decreases in total hip bone mineral density (BMD) of up to 1.2% were seen with canagliflozin after 2 years; no changes in BMD were seen at other skeletal sites. Changes in total hip BMD and serum beta-CTX with canagliflozin correlated with decreases in body weight. In a clinical program-wide analysis, canagliflozin was associated with increased fracture risk that was driven by a higher incidence in the cardiovascular safety study (CANVAS), with no fracture imbalance seen in pooled data from other Phase 3 studies. The fracture imbalance occurred within 12 weeks after initiating treatment, most frequently in the distal portion of the upper and lower extremities.

Conclusions: Across clinical studies, canagliflozin did not meaningfully affect calcium homeostasis or hormones regulating calcium homeostasis. Increases in bone turnover markers and decreases in BMD at the total hip, but not at other sites, that correlated with weight loss were seen with canagliflozin. Canagliflozin was associated with a higher fracture incidence within 12 weeks, primarily in distal extremities. Data from ongoing canagliflozin studies will provide additional information on fracture risk.     

Effectiveness and safety of sodium–glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors in Thai adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a real-world study

Abstract

Background

Sodium–glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2is) are widely used to improve both glycemic control and cardio-renal outcomes. We aim to evaluate the real-life clinical effectiveness, safety and outcomes of SGLT2is in Thai adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).     

1型糖尿病外周血Th1/Th2细胞因子表达水平的研究

目的检测1型糖尿病患者外周血CD_4~+T细胞分泌细胞因子的水平变化,探讨患者Th1/Th2细胞因子的平衡状态及其在1型糖尿病中的作用。方法对49例1型糖尿病患者和30例健康时照组外周血用刺激物刺激细胞,增加细胞内细胞因子的表达,再加入荧光标记的特异性抗细胞因子单克隆抗体,特异性抗原抗体结合,以流式细胞仪分析特异性细胞因子表达水平。结果1型糖尿病患者Th1型细胞因子干扰素-γ(IFN-γ)、白细胞介素-2(IL-2)表达水平较正常对照组升高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。Th2型细胞因子白细胞介素-4(IL-4)、白细胞介素-10(IL-10)表达水平较正常时照组显著降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论1型糖尿病患者Th1/Th2平衡失调,Th1型反应模式处于优势状态,Th2型反应模式处于弱势状态。Th1/ Th2平衡向Th1方向漂移。     

高血压合并糖尿病患者血糖对血压及内皮功能的影响

目的通过对高血压合并2型糖尿病患者血糖水平的控制,探讨不同血糖水平对降压疗效及内皮功能的影响。方法选择住院和门诊高血压合并2型糖尿病患者68例,根据高血压和2型糖尿病治疗指南选择降压和降糖方案,记录患者治疗过程中不同血糖水平时的降压疗效,同时检测治疗开始与结束时的空腹血糖(FPG)、血浆内皮素(ET-1)及尿清蛋白排泄率(Urinary albumin excretion rate,UAER)。结果随着治疗过程中血糖水平的逐渐改善,血压达标人数明显增加。经过4～6周的降糖治疗,血糖接近达标(6.1～6.9mmol/L)和达标(<6.1mmol/L)时,血压达标率分别为82.35%和95.59%,和血糖≥7.0mmol/L(血压达标率51.47%)及≥7.8mmol/L(血压达标率27.94%)水平相比有显著性差异;同时,治疗前后患者FPG、血浆ET-1及UAER均明显下降。结论高血压合并2型糖尿病患者血糖水平与降压疗效关系密切,良好的血糖控制有利于血压的治疗,从而改善内皮功能,更好地预防靶器官损害,防止并发症的发生。     

Efficacy and safety of ertugliflozin across racial groups in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Abstract

Objective: To assess the efficacy and safety of the sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor ertugliflozin across racial groups in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).

Methods: Pooled analysis of data from randomized, double-blind studies in the ertugliflozin phase III development program. Seven placebo- and comparator-controlled studies were used to assess safety (N?=?4859) and three placebo-controlled studies were used to assess efficacy (N?=?1544). Least-squares (LS) mean change from baseline was calculated for glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), body weight and systolic blood pressure (SBP). Safety evaluation included overall and prespecified adverse events (AEs).

Results: At Week 26, ertugliflozin provided a greater reduction in HbA1c, body weight and SBP versus placebo in all racial subgroups. The placebo-adjusted LS mean change (95% confidence interval) from baseline in HbA1c was ?0.8% (?1.0, ?0.7) and ?1.0% (?1.1, ?0.8) with ertugliflozin 5?mg and 15?mg, respectively, in the White subgroup, ?0.7% (?1.2, ?0.2) and ?0.8% (?1.3, ?0.3) in the Black subgroup, and ?0.8% (?1.1, ?0.5) and ?1.0% (?1.3, ?0.8) in the Asian subgroup. The incidences of overall AEs, serious AEs and AEs leading to discontinuation from study medication were similar between the ertugliflozin 5?mg, 15?mg and non-ertugliflozin groups within each racial subgroup. The incidence of female genital mycotic infection (GMI) was higher with ertugliflozin than non-ertugliflozin across all racial subgroups. The incidence of male GMI was higher with ertugliflozin than non-ertugliflozin in the White sub-group; however, there were few male GMI events in the non-White subgroups.

Conclusions: In patients with T2DM, treatment with ertugliflozin improved HbA1c, body weight and SBP across all racial subgroups. Ertugliflozin had a generally similar safety profile across racial subgroups and was generally well tolerated.

Clinicaltrials.gov identifiers: NCT01986855, NCT01999218, NCT01958671, NCT02099110, NCT02036515, NCT02033889, and NCT02226003.     

达格列净联合胰岛素治疗特定2型糖尿病住院患者的疗效与安全性分析

目的：探讨达格列净联合胰岛素治疗超重/肥胖、胰岛功能受损且血糖控制不佳的2型糖尿病住院患者的疗效与安全性。方法：对2017年7月1日－2018年6月30日收治于我院的55例2型糖尿病患者进行回顾性分析,根据用药方案分为对照组30例及达格列净组25例。对照组给予包括口服降糖药及胰岛素在内的降糖基础治疗,达格列净组给予降糖基础治疗+达格列净,观察至出院（约10 d）,比较2组间及治疗前后的疗效及安全性差异。结果：与对照组相比,达格列净组的胰岛素用量和达标时间显著降低（P<0.01）;住院第2、5天的空腹血糖和餐后2 h血糖显著降低（P<0.01）,住院第10天的体质指数（BMI）也显著降低（P<0.01）,降低程度与初始BMI呈正相关趋势。治疗期间2组患者均未发生严重不良反应,对照组发生轻微低血糖1例,达格列净组发生乏力1例,出院1个月后随访发现女性患者发生生殖系统感染2例和泌尿系统感染1例。结论：在降糖方案中加入达格列净用于超重/肥胖、胰岛功能受损且血糖控制不佳的2型糖尿病住院患者,能够快速起效降低血糖、缩短达标时间,显著降低BMI和胰岛素用量,女性患者需要密切监测有无生殖泌尿系感染的不良反应。     

老年2型糖尿病患者糖化血红蛋白与空腹血糖和血脂相关性研究

目的:探讨老年2型糖尿病患者糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)与空腹血糖(FPG)、血脂的相关性及其意义。方法:对61例老年2型糖尿病患者(糖尿病组)及60例健康老年体检者(对照组)进行HbA1c、FPG、总胆固醇(TC)、三酰甘油(TG)、高密度脂蛋白(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL-C)、载脂蛋白A1(ApoA1)、载脂蛋白B(ApoB)测定,对HbA1c及FPG、血脂进行相关性分析。结果:糖尿病组HbA1c,FPG,TC,TG,LDL-C,ApoB明显高于对照组;糖尿病组HDL-C和ApoA1明显低于对照组,HbA1c与FPG,TC,TG,LDL-C,ApoB呈正相关,与HDL-C和ApoA1呈负相关,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:老年糖尿病患者HbA1c与FPG、血脂均有一定的相关性。联合检测HbA1c,FPG和血脂水平对老年糖尿病患者诊断及治疗具有重要意义。     

Safety of ipragliflozin in elderly Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (STELLA-ELDER): Interim results of a post-marketing surveillance study

Objective: To determine the incidence of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) associated with ipragliflozin in elderly Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Research design and methods: We report interim results of a postmarketing surveillance survey. Japanese physicians recorded ADRs in elderly patients (≥65 years old) who were first prescribed with ipragliflozin within 3 months of its launch (April 2014).

Main outcome measures: Incidence of ADRs within 1 year of starting treatment with ipragliflozin.

Results: 898 ADRs occurred in 721/7,170 patients (10.06%). Skin complication-, volume depletion-, genital infection-, polyuria/pollakiuria-, urinary tract infection-, and hypoglycemia-related ADRs occurred in 2.23%, 1.90%, 1.45%, 1.32%, 0.77%, and 0.32%, respectively. ADRs were classified as serious in 44 (0.61%) patients. Half of the ADRs occurred within 30 days of starting treatment. There were no cases of Stevens-Johnson syndrome or toxic epidermal necrolysis. Most (92.1%) of the ADRs resolved or improved. Glycated hemoglobin, fasting blood glucose, body weight, and systolic blood pressure decreased by 0.6% (baseline 7.8%), 22.7 mg/dL (baseline 163.0 mg/dL), 2.3 kg (baseline 67.4 kg), and 3.1 mmHg (baseline 133.2 mmHg), respectively, from baseline to treatment discontinuation/last visit.

Conclusions: Ipragliflozin is well tolerated and reduced surrogate endpoints in elderly Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT02297620