手足口病合并病毒性脑炎35例护理体会

手足口病是由多种肠道病毒引起的常见传染病,引起手足口病的肠道病毒包括肠道病毒71型(EV71)和A组柯萨奇病毒(Cox),其中以EV71及CoxA16型最为常见,EV71感染引起重症病例的比例较大[1]。肠道病毒传染性强,手足口病常见于学龄前儿童,以3岁以下年龄组发病率最高,以夏秋季多见。     

惠州市儿童手足口病的流行特征及病原学分析

目的了解惠州市手足口病流行期间（2009—2010年4—10月）的病原学特征及流行病学规律,为科学制定手足口病防控策略提供依据。方法2009—2010年手足口病流行期间共收集578份疑似手足口病标本,用荧光定量RT—PCR法进行肠道病毒通用型、肠道病毒71型（EV71）和柯萨奇病毒A组16型（CoxA16）定量分型。结果578例被检测患儿中406例为肠道病毒阳性,阳性率为70．24％;EV71阳性208份,检出率为35．99％;CoxA16阳性145份,检出率为25．09％;手足口病2009年以CoxA16流行为主,2010年以EV71流行为主。手足口病重症病例EV71阳性率为81．55％。手足口病发病以幼儿为主,主要集中在4岁以下儿童,占83．91％。结论手足口病在不同时期的肠道病毒感染往往呈现不同的流行特点,年龄小于3岁的EV71阳性手足口病患儿已成为重症病例的危险因子。及时、持续地开展手足口病病原学调查,预测其流行规律,有助于更好的制定其防控措施。     

磁县2010至2011年手足口病流行特征分析

手足口病是由多种肠道病毒引起的常见传染病,以婴幼儿发病为主,引起手足口病的肠道病毒包括肠道病毒71型(EV71)和A组柯萨奇病毒(CoxA)、埃可病毒(Echo)的某些血清型.EV71感染引起重症病例的比例较大.本文通过对磁县2010至2011年手足口病的流行特征分析,为手足口病防控提供科学依据.     

手足口病实验室分型诊断的研究进展

手足口病(Hand foot mouth disease,HFMD)是由多种肠道病毒引起的急性传染病,引起HFMD的肠道病毒有20多种,主要是小RNA病毒科肠道病毒属的一组肠道病毒,其中肠道病毒71型(EV71)及柯萨奇病毒16型(CoxA16)最常见,其中EV71型感染常导致重症HFMD。EV71手足口病流行以     

炎琥宁联合利巴韦林治疗儿童手足口病临床疗效分析

<正>手足口病是由肠道病毒引起的急性传染病,所感染的病毒以肠道病毒71型(EV71)和柯萨奇A组16型(CoxA16)多见,多发生于5岁以下学龄前儿童[1]。重症病例多由EV71感染引起,病情凶险,病死率高[1]。2011年10月至2012年5月,我院共收治重症儿童手足口病早期患     

肠道病毒71型感染临床处置流程在基层医院的应用体会

目的评价肠道病毒71型（EV71）感染临床处置流程在基层医院的应用价值。方法按照卫生部颁布的《肠道病毒71型（EV71）感染重症病例临床救治专家共识（2011年版）》制定处置流程。结果检测出手足口病重症病例177例,进展至3期患儿39例,进展至4期18例,死亡3例。抽查咽拭子、大便标本56人份,病原学结果柯萨奇A组16型（CoxA16）5例（8．9％）、肠道病毒71型35例（62．5％）,肠道病毒未分型16例（28．6％）。结论本院制定的处置流程,能够使手足口病重症得到早期识别,早期治疗,在基层医院是有效可行的。为未来本地区的类似传染病防治积累经验。     

基层医院手足口病医院感染防控体会

引起手足口病的肠道病毒包括肠道病毒71型（EV71）和A组柯萨奇病毒（CoxA）、埃可病毒（Echo）的某些血清型。EV71感染引起重症病例的比例较大（参见2008—05—11卫生部感染防控组《的足口病医院感染防控的指导意见》）。流行病学调查表明肠道病毒感染主要为粪一口传播途径。     

重症手足口病流行病学分析

手足口病是由多种肠道病毒引起的消化道传染病,主要病原为柯萨奇病毒A组16型(cox-saekievirus A16,CoxA16)和肠道病毒71型(enterovirus 71,EV71)[1].该病好发于夏秋季,常在婴幼儿中间造成暴发流行[2],可引起手、足、口腔等部位的疱疹[3],少数患儿可并发心肌炎、肺水肿、脑炎、无菌性脑膜炎等并发症,易发生死亡[4].为了探明唐山市重症手足口病的流行特征和趋势,探讨重症病例的病原学特点,我们对唐山市2009年75例手足口重症病例进行了流行病学分析,报告如下.     

手足口病合并病毒性脑炎35例护理体会

手足口病是由多种肠道病毒引起的常见传染病,引起手足口病的肠道病毒包括肠道病毒71型(EV71)和A组柯萨奇病毒(Cox),其中以EV71及Cox A16型最为常见,EV71感染引起重症病例的比例较大[1].肠道病毒传染性强,手足口病常见于学龄前儿童,以3岁以下年龄组发病率最高,以夏秋季多见.主要症状表现为手、足、口腔、肛周等部位的斑丘疹、疱疹,少数病例可出现脑膜炎、脑炎、脑脊髓炎、肺水肿、循环障碍等,多由EV71感染引起.我院于2008年5月2日-2010年6月20日收治手足口病合并病毒性脑炎患者35例,取得满意的效果.现将护理体会介绍如下.     

2012-2013年淮南市某院手足口病实验室检测结果分析

目的：分析某院手足口病的病原学特征,了解HFMD流行特征,并探讨EV71、CoxA16手足口病发病的实验室指标,为临床治疗手足口病提供参考。方法回顾性分析2012年8月-2013年6月某院抽样送检91例手足口病患儿咽拭子病毒检测结果,并分析EV71、CoxA16手足口病患儿心肌酶谱、血糖、白细胞计数（ WBC ）、超敏C反应蛋白（hs-CRP）及免疫球蛋白的差异。结果 EV阳性率89．01％（81/91）,其中EV71阳性率53.85％（49/91）、CoxA16阳性率16．48％（15/91）、其他肠道病毒阳性率21．98％（20/91）。2组病例发病年龄、血糖、心肌酶谱（除肌酸激酶）、IgA、IgG差异无统计学意义（P＞0．05）;肌酸激酶、WBC、hs-CRP及IgM差异有统计学意义（P＜0．05）。结论2012-2013年某院手足口病主要是EV71感染为主,EV71手足口病病情较严重,部分实验室指标升高更显著。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.