阿曲库铵前处理对琥珀胆碱胆松作用起效时间影响的临床研究

研究阿曲库铵作前处理对琥珀胆碱肌松作用的起效和持续时间的影响。２０例患者分为对照组和前处理组。前处理组在注诱前５分钟预注阿曲库铵０．０６ｍｇ／ｋｇ，观察Ｔｈ降至Ｔ２５．Ｔ１０和％０的时间，Ｔ０的持续时间和Ｔｈ恢复至Ｔ１０、Ｔ２５、Ｔ７５的时间。结果表明，用阿曲库铵作前处理，既可缩短琥珀胆碱的起效时间，又不明显影响肌松持续时间，也能有效地防止琥珀胆碱肌震颤对患者可能造成的多种危害。     

哌库溴铵前处理对琥珀胆碱的肌震颤及肌松效应的影响

目的：观察哌库溴铵前处理对琥珀胆碱肌震颤的预防作用及对其肌松效应的影响。方法：３６例择期手术病人随机分成三组，Ⅰ组静注琥珀胆碱１ｍｇ／ｋｇ（对照组）。Ⅱ、Ⅲ组静注哌库溴铵１５μｇ／ｋｇ后３．５分钟分别注入琥珀胆碱１ｍｇ／ｋｇ和１．５ｍｇ／ｋｇ。结果：哌库溴铵前处理能有效地消除琥珀胆碱引起的肌震颤，但使１ｍｇ／ｋｇ琥珀胆碱的起效时间延长、阻滞程度降低、气管插管条件变差、肌松恢复时间缩短。当琥珀胆碱的剂量增至１．５ｍｇ／ｋｇ时，肌松效应恢复满意。结论：哌库溴铵前处理使琥珀胆碱的肌松效应减弱，故琥珀胆碱的插管剂量应增至１．５ｍｇ／ｋｇ，以获得满意的肌松。     

小儿体外循环时低温对阿曲库铵肌松作用的影响

研究小儿低温体外循环对阿曲库铵肌松作用的影响。选择在体外循环下行心脏手术的小儿２０例。并据体外循环低温程度分为Ａ、Ｂ两组。麻醉诱导后，用ＪＳ－１型肌松监测仪监测神经肌肉阻滞程度。首量阿曲库铵０．５ｍｇ／ｋｇ静注后，行气管插管。每当Ｔ１恢复至基础值２５％时，给予静注阿曲库铵０．２ｍｇ／ｋｇ，观察记录体外循环前、中、后期维持量阿曲库铵起效时间、作用时间及恢复时间（Ｔ５￣２５）的变化。结果：低温体外循环     

米库氯铵在无抽搐电休克治疗中的应用

目的观察米库氯铵与琥珀胆碱、阿曲库铵在无抽搐电休克治疗(MECT)中的应用。方法选择精神分裂症患者60例,年龄18~60岁,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级,随机分为米库氯铵组(A组)、琥珀胆碱组(B组)和阿曲库铵组(C组),每组20例。分别观察记录诱导后肌松药起效时间、MECT后自主呼吸恢复时间、患者完全清醒时间及MECT诱导前和治疗后5 min MAP、HR、SpO2的变化。结果 B组肌松起效时间、自主呼吸恢复时间明显短于A组和C组(P0.05)。A组肌松起效时间、自主呼吸恢复时间明显短于C组(P0.05)。结论在无琥珀胆碱或应用琥珀胆碱禁忌的情况下,米库氯铵是行MECT较好替代药物。     

阿曲库铵气管插肌松条件的研究

研究了肌松监测下阿曲库铵气管插管的肌松条件。３２例患者随机分为三组。麻醉诱导：硫喷妥纳５～７ｍｇ／ｋｇ、阿曲库铵０．６ｍｇ／ｋｇ。根据肌松监测分别当Ｔ１＝２５％（组Ａ）、Ｔ１＝１０％（组Ｂ）、Ｔ１＝２％（组Ｃ）时气管插管。结果发现阿曲库铵首量后５．４分钟，Ｔ１＝２％时气管插管最为满意，随Ｔ１值的增加或给药后的时间缩短，插管的满意程度降低，尽管Ｔ１＝２５％时也可顺利气管插管，但插管的满意程度明显比Ｔ     

阿曲库铵气管插管肌松条件的研究

研究了肌松监测下河曲库铵气管插管的肌松条件。３２例患者随机分为三组。麻醉诱导：硫喷妥钠５～７ｍｇ／ｋｇ、阿曲库铵０．６ｍｇ／ｋｇ。根据肌松监测分别当Ｔ１＝２５％（组Ａ）、Ｔ１＝１０％（组Ｂ）、Ｔ１＝２％（组Ｃ）时气管插管。结果发现阿曲库铵首量后５．４分钟，Ｔ１＝２％时气管插管最为满意，随Ｔ１值的增加或给药后的时间缩短，插管的满意程度降低，尽管Ｔ１＝２５％时也可顺利气管插管，但插管的满意程度明显比Ｔ１＝２％时为差。三组气管插管后ＨＲ、ＭＡＰ均增加，但以组Ａ和组Ｂ增加明显，三组ＨＲ的增加幅度随Ｔ１值的增加而明显增加。     

顺式阿曲库铵与琥珀胆碱用于小儿气管异物取出术的比较

目的比较顺式阿曲库铵与琥珀胆碱用于患儿气管异物取出术的效果。方法择期气管异物取出术患儿40例,随机分为两组,每组20例。C组诱导时给予顺式阿曲库铵0.2mg/kg,S组给予琥珀胆碱2 mg/kg;C组静注顺式阿曲库铵0.05 mg/kg维持肌松,S组静注琥珀胆碱0.4mg/kg。记录支气管镜置入条件评分、肌松药追加次数、气管导管拔除时间及术后24h肌肉酸痛发生率。结果两组患儿支气管镜置入条件差异无统计学意义。C组无一例追加肌松药,S组所有患儿均需追加肌松药(P0.01)。气管导管拔除时间C组明显长于S组(P0.05)。S组所有患儿均有肌肉酸痛发生,C组无一例肌肉酸痛发生(P0.01)。结论患儿气管异物取出术中顺式阿曲库铵及琥珀胆碱均可提供良好的肌松效果,但前者拔管时间延长,后者术后肌肉酸痛较多。     

硫酸镁对顺阿曲库铵肌松效应时效关系的影响

顺式阿曲库铵是阿曲库铵的同分异构体,其肌松效应约为阿曲库铵的3倍.因其起效时间较长,快速诱导气管插管时常采用增大用药剂量的方法缩短其起效时间,但易导致肌松维持和恢复时间延长.研究表明,镁离子可有效缩短维库溴铵、泮库溴铵及阿曲库铵的起效时间[1-3],而其对顺阿曲库铵的起效时间的影响尚不清楚.因此本研究拟探讨硫酸镁对顺阿曲库铵肌松效应时效关系的影响.     

两类肌松药间的相互作用与影响

两类肌松药给药顺序不同，相互作用结果相反。琥珀胆碱或十甲铵强化其后所给筒简明毒，泮库溴铵，维库溴铵，阿曲库铵，哌库溴铵的阻滞效应，如先以筒箭毒，三碘季铵酚，维库溴铵等作预处理，与其后所给琥珀胆碱，十甲铵的相互影响则表现为拮抗。其机理至今尚不完全清楚，可能以神经肌肉接头处的相互作用为主。     

比较不同肌松药气管插管效应的研究

选择肌肉松弛药进行气管插管，目前仍无理想药物，我们用肌松监测仪比较五种常用肌松药应用于气管内插管的肌松效应，并观察了其对循环功能的影响，现报告如下。临床资料手术患者，均选择全麻，年龄１６～６０岁，男２０例，女１０例，随机分为五组，每组６例，术前均无明显神经肌肉传导疾患，肝肾功能正常。术前常规用药为阿托品、巴比妥钠肌注，五组麻醉诱导均用２．５％硫喷妥钠５～７ｍｇ／ｋｇ静注，肌松药分别用：琥珀酰胆碱２ｍｇ／ｋｇ、筒箭毒０．６ｍｇ／ｋｇ、泮库溴铵０．１ｍｇ／ｋｇ、阿曲库铵０．６ｍｇ／ｋｇ、爱肌松０．３…     

The effect of succinylcholine on atracurium–induced neuromuscular block

Background : The interaction between prior succinylcholine and atracurium has been found only after full recovery of succinylcholine block. We investigated whether the effect of succinylcholine on atracurium block may depend on the level of recovery from succinylcholine.
Methods : Fifty patients in 4 groups received atracurium 0.2 mg/ kg when first response (Tl) in train–of–four (TOF) after succinylcholine 1 mg/kg had recovered to 5%, 25%, 75% or 100%. A control group received only atracurium. The following indices were compared: the time from injection of atracurium to maximum block (onset time) and to return of Tl to 25% (duration 25%), maximal depression of Tl, time from 25% to 75% recovery of Tl (interval 25–75%) and time from injection of atracurium to a TOF ratio of 0.75 (duration TOF 0.75).
Results : Onset time was shorter, max Tl depression was greater and duration 25% increased the more succinylcholine recovery progressed. Neither interval 25–75% nor duration TOF 0.75 varied with the level of recovery from succinylcholine. The control group showed a shorter latency and onset time compared to the early (5%) recovery group and a longer onset time and less depressed Tl compared to the late (100%) recovery group. There was no difference between the control group and the early or late recovery groups, respectively for duration 25% or duration TOF 0.75.
Conclusion : The effect of prior administration of succinylcholine on atracurium block depends on the state of recovery from succinylcholine and concerns both its potency, onset and duration characteristics.     

Effect of ephedrine on the onset time of succinylcholine

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of ephedrine administered prior to induction of anaesthesia on the onset time of succinylcholine for endotracheal intubation. METHODS: Patients were randomly assigned to receive intravenously (i.v.) either 70 microg kg(-1) of ephedrine (Group I; n = 25) or saline (Group II; n = 25) 3 min before induction of anaesthesia. Induction of anaesthesia was provided with propofol 2 mg kg(-1) plus remifentanil 1 microg kg(-1). Onset time and duration of muscle fasciculation and onset time of succinylcholine were recorded. Intubation was attempted after establishment of 100% thumb relaxation and difficulties were recorded. Heart rate, pulse oxymetry (SpO2) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) were also recorded. RESULTS: The onset time of succinylcholine were significantly (P < 0.001) shorter in Group I (26 +/- 4 s), when compared with Group II (43 +/- 6 s). Patients in Group I were intubated at 49 +/- 7 s compared with 68 +/- 10 s in Group II. The score of intubation was similar in both groups. Duration of muscle fasciculation was longer in Group II. Heart rate and MAP increased significantly (P < 0.05) after ephedrine injection, compared with the baseline value in Group I. CONCLUSIONS: The onset time of succinylcholine can be shortened with ephedrine pretreatment.     

Effect of cimetidine on neuromuscular blockade by succinylcholine and pancuronium

The effect of cimetidine on neuromuscular blockade by succinylcholine and pancuronium was investigated in 54 adult patients scheduled for elective surgery. The neuromuscular blocking properties were estimated with single twitch height (T1) which was obtained by measuring the acceleration of adduction of the thumb in response to the ulnar nerve stimulation under N2O-fentanyl anesthesia. In cimetidine group, cimetidine 200 mg was administered orally on the night before surgery and 90 mins before anesthesia. Succinylcholine 1 mg.kg-1 (n = 14) or 1.5 mg.kg-1 (n = 20) was injected intravenously, and the onset time (from injection to 0% T1), the duration of maximal block (0% T1), and the recovery time from injection to 50% and 75% of control twitch height were evaluated. ED25 and ED50 of pancuronium were calculated from the dose response curve obtained by incremental administration of the drug (n = 20) whose total cumulative dose was 0.1 mg.kg-1. The recovery index of pancuronium was determined by measuring the 25%-75% recovery time. There was no significant difference between cimetidine pretreated patients and non-pretreated patients regarding these parameters of neuromuscular blockade with both succinylcholine and pancuronium. In conclusion, cimetidine has no influence on neuromuscular blockade of succinylcholine and pancuronium under N2O-fentanyl anesthesia.     

卡肌宁前处理对琥珀胆碱Ⅱ相阻滞的影响

研究卡肌宁前处理对长时间反复静注琥珀胆碱效应的影响。结果：前处理对单次静注琥珀胆碱的起效时间、作者持续时间和恢复时间无明显影响。但牟显著地降低由琥珀胆碱引起的肌颤增强现象；对长时间反复静注琥珀胆碱能明显地延缓Ⅱ相阻滞的发生时间，提高神经肌肉的自然恢复率。由此可见，卡肌宁为一种良好的前处理药物。     

Interaction between mivacurium and succinylcholine from a different point of view

OBJECTIVES: Succinylcholine (SCH) may first be used and continue with mivacurium (MIV). MIV has been suggested as a pretreatment. Conflicting results arises from studies on SCH-MIV interaction. The following trial revisits this interaction. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The patients were intubated after randomized administration of 100 microg x Kg(-1) of mivacurium (group 1) or 1 mg x Kg(-1) of succinylcholine and, after 50% recovery, 100 microg x Kg(-1) of mivacurium (group 2). A third group received the same regimen as group 2, preceded by pretreatment with 10 microg x Kg(-1) of mivacurium. Maximum effect (MAX), onset time, the 10%-25% recovery index, and duration of effect of mivacurium were determined by electromyography. In groups 2 and 3, the corrected MAX was defined as the difference between the actual MAX effect and the residual block after administration of succinylcholine, and speed of action was defined as the ratio between MAX or corrected MAX and onset time. Data were subjected to analysis of variance and Student-Newman-Keuls and t tests for bivariate comparisons. A value of P less than 0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: Groups 2 and 3 had significantly greater MAX effects (97% and 98%, respectively) in comparison with group 1 (93%), shorter onset times (135 and 158 seconds in groups 2 and 3 vs 279 seconds in group 1), and greater speed of action without changes in duration of effect. MAX was halved when corrected (to 47% and 49% in groups 2 and 3, respectively), and speed of action was significantly reduced (from 1.34 and 1.62 seconds/% in groups 2 and 3 respectively, to 2.69 and 3.36 seconds/%). Mivacurium pretreatment did not produce relevant clinical changes. CONCLUSIONS: When mivacurium is used before the effects of succinylcholine disappear, a residual effect is not usually taken into consideration. This study corrected MAX and calculated speed of action, demonstrating a reduction in net block and speed of action, consistent with an antagonistic action when the 2 blockers are administered sequentially.     

Rocuronium prevents succinylcholine-induced fasciculations

Purpose

The aim of this study was to assess the effect of rocuronium pretreatment at 3 and 1.5 min before succinylcholine administration on fasciculations, neuromuscular blockade and intubating conditions.

Methods

Sixty ASA I or II adults scheduled for elective surgery were anaesthetised with midazolam, fentanyl, propofol, N₂O and isoflurane. They were randomised in a double blind manner into three groups: group ROC-3 min (n = 22) received 0.05 mg·kg^?1 rocuronium, 3 min before 2 mg·kg^?1 succinylcholine; group ROC-1.5 min (n = 20) received 0.05 mg·kg^?1 rocuronium 1.5 min before 2 mg·kg^?1 succinylcholine; and group NO ROC (n = 18) had no rocuronium before injection of 2 mg·kg^?1 succinylcholine. Fasciculations and intubating conditions were evaluated by the same physician who was unaware of the randomisation. Neuromuscular block was measured at the adductor pollicis with an accelerometer.

Results

The incidence of fasciculations was lower in the ROC-3 min (9%) and ROC-1.5 mm (30%) groups than in the NO ROC group (83%;P < 0.001 ). The intensity of fasciculations was also less in both pretreatment groups. No statistical difference was noted between pretreatment at 3 and 1.5 min. Intubating conditions, onset time and duration of succinylcholine blockade were comparable in all three groups.

Conclusion

The incidence and severity of succinylcholine fasciculations can be reduced by giving 0.05 mg·kg^?1 rocuronium either 1.5 min or 3 min before succinylcholine. The effects of 2 mg·kg^?1 succinylcholine with rocuronium pretreatment, and 1 mg·kg^?1 succinylcholine, without pretreatment, are similar with respect to intubating conditions, onset of paralysis and duration of blockade.     

Onset and duration of neuromuscular blockade following high-dose vecuronium administration

To determine the onset time and duration of high doses of vecuronium, 40 ASA Physical Status 1 and 2 patients were randomly assigned to receive either 100, 200, 300, or 400 micrograms/kg of vecuronium bromide for muscle relaxation during elective general surgery. Neuromuscular blockade was continuously quantitated by recording the electromyographic response to stimulation of the ulnar nerve train-of-four. The rate of onset of neuromuscular blockade, endotracheal intubating conditions, duration of neuromuscular blockade, and hemodynamic effects of vecuronium at each dose were evaluated and compared. The time from vecuronium administration to complete abolition of twitch tension (T1 = 0%) decreased from 208 +/- 41 to 106 +/- 35 s as the vecuronium dose was increased from 100 to 400 micrograms/kg (P less than 0.01). Corresponding times to endotracheal intubation (T1 less than 20%) also decreased from 183 +/- 24 to 96 +/- 31 s with increasing doses (P less than 0.01). Recovery time (T1 = 25%) increased from 37 +/- 13 to 138 +/- 24 min with increasing doses (P less than 0.01). No significant hemodynamic differences between the four groups were observed. Endotracheal intubating conditions were good or excellent in all patients. High doses of vecuronium may, therefore, be a useful alternative to succinylcholine when a rapid onset of neuromuscular blockade is required.     

A comparison of d-tubocurarine pretreatment and no pretreatment in obstetric patients

The effect of pretreatment with d-tubocurarine on the incidences of succinylcholine-induced fasciculations and post-operative muscle pain, and the time to onset of and 50% recovery from neuromuscular blockade were studied in 75 obstetric patients. Thirty women with term pregnancies undergoing general anesthesia for elective cesarean section or cesarean section indicated by cephalopelvic disproportion were randomly assigned to two groups. Group C-1 patients received 0.05 mg/kg of d-tubocurarine followed by 1.5 mg/kg of succinylcholine, and group C-2 patients received 1.5 mg/kg of succinylcholine, and group C-2 patients received 1 ml of normal saline followed by 1 mg/kg of succinylcholine. An investigator, unaware of the relaxant regimen used, judged severity of fasciculations and postoperative muscle pain and measured times to onset of and 50% recovery from neuromuscular blockade. This same study design was followed in a group of 30 women undergoing tubal ligation 1 day after vaginal delivery (groups T-1 and T-2). The incidence of both fasciculations and postoperative muscle pain was low and was not significantly different between pretreated and nonpretreated groups. Time to 100% twitch depression was also not significantly different between pretreated and nonpretreated groups. Time to 50% recovery from neuromuscular blockade was significantly longer in both nonpretreated groups (C-2 and T-2). An additional group of 15 patients undergoing general anesthesia for cesarean section using 0.7 mg/kg of succinylcholine without d-tubocurarine pretreatment was studied (group C-3). This smaller dose of succinylcholine produced onset and 50% recovery times similar to the group pretreated with d-tubocurarine (group C-1).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Effect of an intubating dose of succinylcholine and atracurium on the diaphragm and the adductor pollicis muscle in humans

This study compares the neuromuscular blocking effect of succinylcholine (0.8 mg . kg-1) and atracurium (0.6 mg.kg-1) on the diaphragm (D) and the adductor pollicis (AP) in 20 patients anesthetized with nitrous oxide, oxygen, and fentanyl. The diaphragm was monitored by measuring transdiaphragmatic pressure following bilateral phrenic nerve stimulation. After succinylcholine, the time from injection of succinylcholine to maximum depression of the single twitch response (onset time) was of 50 +/- 11 s (+/- SD) for D compared to 80 +/- 24 s for AP (P less than 0.001). After succinylcholine, recovery from paralysis was earlier for D than AP. Single twitch height (TH) returned to 25% of its control value (T25) after 5 +/- 2 min for D compared to 7 +/- 3 min for AP (P less than 0.001). Complete recovery of TH (T100) was achieved after 9 +/- 4 min for D and 11 +/- 5 min for AP (P less than 0.01). Recovery index (T25-75) was of 2 +/- 1 min for both muscles. After atracurium, the onset time for D was of 137 +/- 31 s compared to 181 +/- 45 s for AP (P less than 0.001). The T25 was achieved after 38 +/- 7 min for D compared to 63 +/- 13 min for AP (P less than 0.001). The TH of D returned to T100 after 60 +/- 12 min compared to 87 +/- 17 min for AP (P less than 0.01). The train-of-four ratio returned to 1 after 64 +/- 15 min for D compared to 99 +/- 21 min for AP (P less than 0.001).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Mivacurium compared with succinylcholine in children with liver disease

We have compared mivacurium and succinylcholine in 27 paediatric patients with mild (Child's A) to moderate (Child's B) liver disease undergoing oesophagogastroduodenoscopy (OGD) and injection of oesophageal varices, with 10 healthy children receiving mivacurium for ENT procedures. With mivacurium 0.2 mg kg-1, the severity of liver disease did not correlate with duration of block compared with controls (time from bolus to T1 25%, P = 0.74; T1 25% to T4:T1 > 0.7, P = 0.545). However, initial recovery (time to T1 25%, P = 0.002) and overall recovery (bolus to T4:T1 > 0.7, P = 0.004) from mivacurium- induced neuromuscular block correlated inversely with pre-existing concentrations of plasma cholinesterase. Conditions for tracheal intubation at 2 min with mivacurium were comparable with conditions at 1 min with succinylcholine in the liver patients.