Therapeutic application of Carica papaya leaf extract in the management of human diseases

IntroductionPapaya (Carica papaya Linn.) belongs to the family Caricaceae and is well known for its therapeutic and nutritional properties all over the world. The different parts of the papaya plant have been used since ancient times for its therapeutic applications. Herein, we aimed to review the anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic and antiviral activities of papaya leaf.MethodsAll information presented in this review article regarding the therapeutic application of Carica papaya leaf extract has been acquired by approaching various electronic databases, including Scopus, Google scholar, Web of science, and PubMed. The keywords Carica papaya, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and phytochemicals were explored until December 2019.ResultsThe papaya plant, including fruit, leaf, seed, bark, latex, and their ingredients play a major role in the management of disease progression. Carica papaya leaf contains active components such as alkaloids, glycosides, tannins, saponins, and flavonoids, which are responsible for its medicinal activity. Additionally, the leaf juice of papaya increases the platelet counts in people suffering from dengue fever.ConclusionThe major findings revealed that papaya leaf extract has strong medicinal properties such as antibacterial, antiviral, antitumor, hypoglycaemic and anti-inflammatory activity. Furthermore, clinical trials are needed to explore the medicative potential of papaya leaf. Graphical abstractOpen in a separate windowGraphical abstract showing the medicinal properties of Carica papaya leaf     

环丙沙星治疗急性细菌性痢疾29例临床疗效观察

食源性急性菌例２９例中２８例大便培养为弗氏２ａ志贺氏菌。经２天吡哌酸加ＴＭＰ短程快速治疗，２９例无一例治愈。依据药敏试验改用环丙沙星治疗，其中１１例感染严重者先予静脉点滴，每１２小时２００ｍｇ，１￣２天，症状好转即改口服，每１２小时２５０ｍｇ。另１８例口服，疗程均为４天。用药后，平均退热时间１．３２天，大便次数恢复正常时间平均２．１０天，大便常规正常时间平均２．８６天，２８例大便培养阳性者，平均阴     

自由基对爪蟾卵母细胞表达的大白鼠脑皮层谷氨酸受体和5－羟色胺受体的作用

采用爪蟾卵母细胞和黄嘌呤氧化酶一次黄嘌呤反应系统研究了自由基对大白鼠脑皮层谷氨酸受体和５－羟色胺受体的作用。自由基抑制谷氨酸和５－羟色胺引起的去极化反应，但不影响膜的被动电学参数。自由基对受体的作用表现为去极化幅度下降及半衰退时间缩短；去极化的潜伏期和上升时间延长（Ｐ＜０．００１或Ｐ＜００１），说明白由基作用于移植到卵母细胞膜上的受体，抑制了谷氨酸和５－羟色胺引起的去极化反应。提示在本实验条件下，神经递质受体自由基作用的敏感性高于卵母细胞的质膜。此标本适于研究自由基对神经递质受体的作用。     

天麻3个不同变型遗传关系的SRAP分析

目的 从分子水平上分析对比天麻的3个不同变型,探索其种内变异,为资源保护和良种选育奠定基础.方法 采用SRAP分子标记分析天麻3个不同变型的遗传关系.结果 筛选出7对SRAP引物,用PCR扩增11批天麻样品,得到145条清晰的带,其中110条具有多态性,多态百分率为75.86％;通过Nei&Li遗传相似系数(GS)计算,11批天麻的种质两两间的相似系数分布在0.36 ～ 0.93;UPGMA聚类分析将乌天麻聚为一类,红天麻与绿天麻聚为一类.结论 天麻的3个不同变型中,绿天麻和红天麻的亲缘关系较近,而乌天麻与前两者的遗传差异较大,亲缘关系较远.     

X钼靶及高频超声对乳腺微钙化灶的的诊断价值

目的:比较乳腺钼靶摄影与超声在乳腺微钙化灶诊断中的价值。方法:收集经X线钼靶摄影确诊伴微钙化灶的乳腺良恶性疾病患者178例,分析超声对乳腺微钙化的检出率,比较2者诊断的敏感性、特异性及准确性。同时比较2者良恶性病例伴有或不伴有包块的构成比,分析包块对微钙化发现的意义。结果:乳腺微钙化的超声检出率为44.94%,其中乳腺病灶恶性病变的微钙化检出率为80%,良性病变的钙化检出率为34.78%。超声诊断乳腺微钙化病例的敏感性、特异性及准确性分别为96.8%、66.7%、63.5%,X线钼靶摄影诊断乳腺微钙化病例的敏感性、特异性及准确性分别为97.5%、89.%8、87.3%;钙化伴有包块的构成比超声检查结果达71.2%,较钼靶检查结果的47.8%高。结论:钼靶摄影对乳腺微钙化的发现及良恶性的判断价值较超声高。     

Effects of steroids on beta-adrenergic binding sites in sheep pineal glands

As an initial step in investigations of putative differences between central nervous system light-sensitive mechanisms in seasonally shedding and non-shedding breeds of sheep, some beta-adrenoceptor characteristics of Merino sheep pineal glands were determined, using [3H]dihydroalprenolol as the labelled ligand. Overall, a dissociation constant of 17.2 +/- 2.6 nmoles/l and a daytime beta-receptor density of 1.6 +/- 0.3 pmoles/mg were determined at 37 degrees. The binding sites exhibited stereospecificity, saturability and apparent homogeneity. 17 beta-Estradiol and progesterone implants that provided hormone concentrations in the physiological range had no significant effect on pineal beta-receptors in male sheep castrated shortly after birth. Dexamethasone injections, on the other hand, in doses sufficient to loosen the attachment of wool fibres to the skin, resulted in decreased pineal beta-receptor density and increased receptor affinity for dihydroalprenolol. This effect was apparently not mediated by altered plasma catecholamine concentrations, since the glucocorticoid treatment did not affect jugular venous noradrenaline, adrenaline or dopamine levels. The possible involvement of glucocorticoids in the regulation of wool growth could thus have a central neuronal component, medicated via action on pineal beta-adrenoceptors in sheep; however, the existence of the putative gonadal steroid feedback on beta-adrenoceptor-mediated pineal function remains to be demonstrated in this species.     

环丙沙星与氧氟沙星注射液治疗细菌性感染的疗效观察

以乳酸环丙沙星（ＣＰＬＸ）注射液和氧氟沙星（ＯＦＬＸ）注射液随机分组治疗各种细菌性感染４０例及４２例，并以注射用头孢噻肟钠（ＣＴＸ）治疗４９例作对照。三组平均年龄、体重、疗程及病情程度相比无显著性差异，具可比性。病种分布以消化道感染最多，共８１例，占总数的６１．８％。三组１３１例病人细菌阳性率为９４．７％。一疗程ＣＰＬＸ组、ＯＦＬＸ组、ＣＴＸ组治愈率分别为８７．２％、８３．３％、７１．４％，有效率     

黔产3种金丝桃属植物药中金丝桃苷的含量测定

目的:测定贵州地区3种金丝桃属植物药贯叶连翘、地耳草、贵州金丝桃中金丝桃苷的含量。方法:采用高效液相色谱法,选用岛津Shim-packVP-ODS(5μm,250mm×4.6mm)柱,流动相:甲醇-0.5％磷酸(45:55,用三乙胺调pH为3.0),流速1.1mL·min~(-1),检测波长为360 nm。结果:金丝桃苷在0.114～0.684μg范围内线性关系良好,r=0.999 9(n=6)。平均回收率为96.05％～103.3％,检测限为5 ng·mL~(-1)。结论:本方法便捷、灵敏、准确、重现性好。     

Changes in tissue cyclic AMP concentrations following an intravenous lethal dose of cholera enterotoxin in rabbits

The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that a generalized increase in tissue cAMP concentrations after an i.v. injection of cholera enterotoxin may play a role in the development of biochemical and pathological changes leading to death. Dutch rabbits were injected i.v. with highly purified cholera enterotoxin at a dose of 100 or 200 μg/kg. When death appeared imminent (20–30 hr after inoculation), rabbits were anesthetized; plasma, urine, and 13 different tissue samples were obtained for cAMP determinations. Enterotoxin (200 μg/kg) produced significant increases in cAMP concentrations in lung, spinal cord, skeletal muscle, renal cortex, renal medulla and liver, whereas a lower dose (100 μg/kg) had no effect on cAMP levels in any tissue. The elevation of cAMP values in selected tissues suggests differences in tissue sensitivity to cholera enterotoxin; the data fail to support in toto the proposed hypothesis.     

Intestinal metabolism of tyramine by both forms of monoamine oxidase in the rat

The two forms of monoamine oxidase (MAO) in rat intestine and brain homogenates were found to have different K_m and V_max values towards tyramine. The K_m values for the A-form of the enzyme towards this substrate were around 120 μM in both cases, whereas the values for the B-form were about 240 μM. As a consequence, the ratio of activities (MAO-A: MAO-B) towards tyramine are dependent upon the substrate concentration. The MAO-A-selective inhibitors, toloxatone and cimoxatone, were found to be competitive inhibitors of the oxidation of tyramine by the A-form of this enzyme in the rat intestine, with K_i values of 3.4 μM and 3.7 nM respectively. The significance of these results in relation to the “cheese effect”, a pressor response to tyramine after monoamine oxidase inhibition, are discussed.     

培氟沙星治疗821例细菌感染临床评价

培氟沙星（ＰＦＬＸ）８２１例临床观察，不良反应发生率为１１．１％），主要表现为消化道反应，其次为皮疹，多数病人程度不重，可以耐受。０．２、０．３ｇ每日２次服用，可明显降低不良反应发生率及严重程度。本实验扩大了Ⅱ期临床验证的病种和年龄，痊愈率为６５．７％，有效率为９２．５％。９７例老年及３１例肝肾功能不全病人的临床观察证实，ＰＥＬＸ对以上病人安全可靠。因观察时间不够长，而ＰＦＬＸ经肝代谢，对有明显肝     

413株细菌对氧氟沙星等3种喹诺酮类药物敏感试验

用氧氟沙星、环丙沙星、诺氟沙星对从我院各种标本分离出的４１３株细菌作敏感试验，试验菌株有金葡球菌、克雷伯氏菌、大肠杆菌、绿脓假单胞菌等常见病原菌。药敏试验结果表明：这３种药物对革兰氏阴性杆菌和部分革兰氏阳性球菌敏感率仍达７０％￣９９％，甚至更高，但比以往文献报道的敏感明显下降。本文提示要合理应用喹诺酮类药物，减少耐药菌株增加。     

藏药手参原植物的生药鉴定

目的对藏药手参的两种原植物手参和绶草进行系统的生药学鉴定,为其鉴别及应用提供科学依据。方法采用原植物鉴定、性状鉴定、显微鉴定的方法对两种原植物进行对比。结果两种植物在原植物形态、性状鉴定、显微特征上有明显区别。结论通过原植物、性状、显微对比能够很好的区别手参和绶草两种原植物。     

拉萨地区藏药、西药对照治疗溃疡病100例的临床研究

目的 :探讨藏药、西药治疗消化性溃疡的临床疗效。方法 :拉萨地区消化性溃疡患者 1 0 0例 ,随机分为治疗组 (藏药 )、对照组 (西药 )两组 ,每组各 50人 ;藏药组口服坐珠达西 1丸Bid ,木布玉杰 3丸Bid ,玉琼4丸Qd。西药组口服Losec 2 0mgQd ,BismuthPectin1 0 0mgTid ,抗HP加用Amoxycillin 0 5mgTid口服 2周。治疗 4周后复查胃镜及HP。结果 :治疗组球部溃疡、胃溃疡的愈合率分别为 4 8%、81 % ,对照组球部溃疡、胃溃疡的愈合率分别为 :81、3 6% ,两组比较X2 =1 6 75,差异有显著性 (P <0 0 0 1 )。其中 ,治疗组胃溃疡的疗效明显高于对照组 ,而球部溃疡的疗效则略低于对照组 ;本次研究得出治疗组、对照组溃疡的愈合率分别为 57%、61 % ,两组间总体愈合率接近 ,愈合率及愈合质量对比差异均无显著性 (P =0 1 76,P >0 0 5) ;治疗组、对照组HP清除率分别为 1 5%、69% (差异有显著性X2 =2 5 0 2 ,P <0 0 0 1 )。结论 :本地区藏、西药治疗消化性溃疡的愈合率接近 ,藏药 4周疗程的费用明显低于西药 ,这一点也适应本地区社会经济发展状况及符合民族习惯 ,因而综合评价 ,该药治疗消化性溃疡的临床疗效肯定。而藏医学作为祖国传统医学 ,藏药作为无污染、特殊生态环境下绿色环保产品 ,符合当今国际医药界的发展趋     

Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activity of Some Endemic Verbascum., Sideritis., and Stachys. Species from Turkey

Abstract

Methanol extracts obtained from endemic Verbascum pseudoholotrichum. Hub.-Mor., Verbascum cymigerum. Hub.-Mor., Verbascum cholorostegium. Bornm. & Murb., Verbascum linguifolium. Hub.-Mor., Verbascum pellitum. Hub.-Mor., Sideritis brevidens. P.H. Davis, Sideritis cilicica. Boiss. & Bal., Sideritis vuralii. H. Duman & Baser, Stachys aleurites. Boiss. & Heldr., and Stachys pinardii. Boiss. have been investigated for their antimicrobial activity. Antimicrobial activity was determined with Escherichia coli. ATCC 11230, Staphylococcus aureus. ATCC 6538P, Klebsiella pneumoniae. UC57, Pseudomonas aeruginosa. ATCC 27853, Proteus vulgaris. ATCC 8427, Bacillus cereus. ATCC 7064, Mycobacterium smegmatis. CCM 2067, Listeria monocytogenes. ATCC 15313, Micrococcus luteus. CCM 169, Candida albicans. ATCC 10231, Rhodotorula rubra. DSM 70403, and Kluyveromyces fragilis. ATCC 8608 by the disk diffusion method. Verbascum. L. extracts had strong antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria and yeast cultures. The extracts of Stachys. L. were effective only against bacteria. The extracts of Sideritis. L. demonstrated antimicrobial effects against the bacteria and the yeast cultures used in this study.     

Effect of guanine nucleotides on binding of L3-H-glutamate to cerebellar synaptic membranes

Khat leaves, which are widely abused as a stimulant, contain the alkaloid (?1)-cathinone. The effect of this compound on the flux of radioactivity from rabbit striatal tissue prelabelled with [³H] dopamine was examined. (?)-Cathinone enhanced the release of label, and was found to have a potency to that of (+)-amphetamine. The observation demonstrates that the khat alkaloid also has amphetamine-like effects at the cellular level.