Delayed Arterial Hemorrhage After Pancreaticoduodenectomy

Delayed arterial hemorrhage is a rare complication of pancreaticoduodenectomy that is associated with a high mortality and has no standard management. Between 2000 and 2011, 204 pancreaticoduodenectomies were performed, and there were 3 cases of delayed arterial hemorrhage. We reviewed the role of endoscopy, laparotomy, and interventional radiology the management of delayed hemorrhage. One patient presented with intraluminal bleeding and upper gastrointestinal endoscopy failed to identify the bleeding site. Two patients presented with bleeding from the drain tube. Laparotomy was performed in the patient with intraluminal bleeding and interventional radiology was employed for the other 2 patients. There was no hemorrhage-related mortality or rebleeding, but the patient who underwent laparotomy developed sepsis. Endoscopy may have no role in the initial management of delayed arterial hemorrhage after pancreaticoduodenectomy. Interventional radiology is less invasive compared with laparotomy, and may be considered as the first-line treatment for delayed arterial hemorrhage in pancreaticoduodenectomy patients.Key words: Pancreaticoduodenectomy, Postoperative hemorrhage, Interventional radiologyThe mortality rate of patients undergoing pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) has decreased in recent decades, but complications still occur at a high rate of 30% to 50%.^1–5 Common complications of PD include pancreatic leakage, delayed gastric emptying, and intra-abdominal abscess. Hemorrhage only has an incidence of 2%–4%, but this complication is associated with a high mortality rate of 11% to 54%.^1–3 Because delayed hemorrhage is uncommon after PD, its management remains unclear. Here we present our experience with this complication and review the available therapeutic strategies.     

Hemorrhage after pancreaticoduodenectomy: when is surgery still indicated?

BACKGROUND: This study analyzed presentation and management of hemorrhage after pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) to determine the respective role of surgery and embolization. METHODS: From January 1992 to March 2005, 411 patients underwent PD and were analyzed with regard to postoperative hemorrhage. RESULTS: Hemorrhage occurred in 27 patients (7%), either within the first 3 postoperative days ("early" hemorrhage, n = 11) or after day 8 ("delayed" hemorrhage, n = 16, including 4 with "sentinel" bleeding). At the time of bleeding, 12 patients (44%) (all with delayed hemorrhage) had associated abdominal complications. Two patients had successful conservative treatment. Two stable patients with pseudoaneurysm, diagnosed by computed tomography scan, underwent successful embolization. Four patients with active bleeding underwent unsuccessful angiography. Overall, 23 patients were reoperated on without any completion pancreatectomy, 3 rebled, and 3 (11%) died (including 2 with delayed hemorrhage). CONCLUSIONS: Both embolization and surgery have a role in the management of hemorrhage after PD. For early hemorrhage, reoperation is appropriate. In case of sentinel bleeding, pseudoaneurysms can be detected by computed tomography scan and treated by embolization. For delayed active hemorrhage, reoperation is still indicated.     

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??The clinical application of a novel drainage tube on the pancreaticoduodenectomy XU Xue-Feng??LV Yang??LI jian-ang??et al. General Surgery Department??Zhongshan Hospital??Fudan University??Shanghai 200032??China
Corresponding author??JIN Da-Yong??E-mail??jin.dayong@zs-hospital.sh.cn
Abstract Objective To investigate the impact of using a novel drainage system in pancreaticoduodenectomy on the incidence rate of postoperative complications??especially the postoperative pancreatic fistula??. Methods The clinical data including the incidence rate and grade of postoperative pancreatic fistula and the occurrence rate of Biliary fistula??Delayed gastric emptying??bleeding and mortality within 30 days postoperative period of 93 patients who underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy using a novel drainage system from January 2009 to July 2011 were analyzed??retrospectively. Results The mean operation time was 199.2±46.4 minutes, with the amount of bleeding 190.8±193.2 ml , 8 patients were performed the intraoperative transfusion and volume of transfusion 2.0±0.2 units. None of all the patients appeared displacement and blockage of drainage tube. Inflammation and redness happened in 3 patients, of which 1 was found oozing. All the patients were followed up to 30 days after the operation. 57 patients were not observed with complications and were discharged successfully. Of the other 36 patients, the occurrence amount of pancreatic fistula is 22??with grade A??grade B and grade C amount 19, 3 and 0, respectively. 2 of the patients take place the Biliary fistula and 5 appeared delayed gastric emptying (DGE), 5 with pulmonary infection and 2 with wound infection. Conclusion The application of the novel two-point fixed??multisite running-through??double-lumen drainage tube in pancreaticoduodenectomy was safe??and could reduce the incidence of high grade pancreatic fistula.     

Risk factors of pancreatic fistula and delayed gastric emptying after pancreaticoduodenectomy with pancreaticogastrostomy

BACKGROUND: Pancreatic fistula (PF) and delayed gastric emptying (DGE) are, respectively, the most frightening and most frequent complications after pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD). This study was undertaken to determine which independent factors influence the development of PF and DGE after PD. STUDY DESIGN: Between January 1996 and December 2005, 131 consecutive patients underwent a PD with pancreaticogastrostomy. A total of 22 items, entered prospectively, were examined with univariate and multivariate analysis. PF was defined as amylase-rich fluid collected by needle aspiration from an intraabdominal collection or from the drainage placed intraoperatively from day 3. DGE was defined as the need for nasogastric decompression beyond the 10(th) postoperative day. RESULTS: PF occurred in 14 patients (10.7%), with a mean length of hospital stay of 40.1+/-16.6 days. DGE occurred in 41 patients (31.3%), with a mean length of hospital stay of 35.5+/-13.6 days. PF and DGE increased postoperative length of stay. Multivariate analysis identified two independent factors for PF: heart disease as a risk factor and arterial hypertension as a protective factor. According to these two predictive factors, the observed rates of PF ranged from 4.1% to 66.6%. Age and early enteral feeding with nasojejunal tube were independent risk factors for DGE. DGE was statistically more frequent when surgical complications occurred or when an intraabdominal collection was present. CONCLUSIONS: Heart disease was a risk factor and arterial hypertension was a protective factor of PF. Age and early enteral feeding were independent risk factors for DGE. DGE is linked to the occurrence of other postoperative intraabdominal complications.     

Sentinel Bleeding After Pancreaticoduodenectomy: A Disregarded Sign

Introduction Delayed massive hemorrhage induced by pancreatic fistula after pancreaticoduodenectomy is a rare but life-threatening complication. The purpose of this study was to analyze the clinical course of patients with late hemorrhage, with or without sentinel bleeding, to better define treatment options in the future. Material and Methods From April 1998 to December 2006, 189 pancreaticoduodenectomies were performed. Eleven patients, including two patients referred from other hospitals, were treated with delayed massive hemorrhage occurring 5 days or more after pancreaticoduodenectomy. Sentinel bleeding was defined as minor blood loss via surgical drains or the gastrointestinal tract with an asymptomatic interval until development of hemorrhagic shock. The clinical data of patients with bleeding episodes were analyzed retrospectively. Results Eight of the 11 patients had sentinel bleeding, and seven of them had it at least 6 h before acute deterioration. Seven out of 11 patients died, five out of eight with sentinel bleeding. No differences could be detected between patients with or without sentinel bleeding before delayed massive hemorrhage. The only difference found was that non-surviving patients were significantly older than surviving patients. Delayed massive hemorrhage is a common cause of death after pancreaticoduodenostomy complicated by pancreatic fistula formation. The observation of sentinel bleeding should lead to emergency angiography and dependent from the result to emergency relaparotomy to increase the likelihood of survival.     

自制双腔引流管用于胰十二指肠切除术93例疗效分析

目的 分析自制双腔引流管对胰十二指肠切除术（PD）病人主要术后并发症（尤其是胰瘘）的影响。方法 回顾性分析2009年9月至2011年7月复旦大学附属中山医院普外科胰腺专业组连续收治的93例因胰头良性或恶性肿瘤行PD病人的临床资料。术中均放置自制双点固定多位贯穿腹腔冲洗吸引双腔引流管。分析病人术后30 d内并发症发生及死亡情况。结果 手术时间为（199.2±46.4）min,出血量为（190.8±193.2）mL,术中有8例病人输血,输血量为（2.0±0.2）单位红细胞。无一例出现引流管堵塞、移位。3例引流管处出现红肿、炎性反应,1例出现渗液。随访至术后30 d,57例病人术后未出现并发症,顺利出院,其余36例术后出现并发症。22例病人发生胰瘘,其中A级19例、B级3例;2例病人出现胆瘘;5例病人出现DGE;5例病人出现肺部感染;2例病人出现伤口感染。结论 自制双点固定多位贯穿腹腔冲洗吸引双腔引流管安全可靠,有效减少了PD术后严重胰瘘的发生,提高了手术的安全性。     

胰十二指肠切除术后迟发性大出血危险因素分析与治疗

目的探讨胰十二指肠切除术（PD）后迟发性大出血的危险因素和治疗方法。 方法回顾性分析2010年1月至2019年1月于南京医科大学附属淮安第一医院行PD治疗的222例患者临床资料，总结出血的原因、时间、治疗及转归等，单因素分析和Logistic回归分析PD术后迟发性大出血的危险因素。 结果发生迟发性大出血17例（7.7%），包括腹腔出血13例，消化道出血4例，总体死亡率35.3%（6/17），出血时间为术后12（5~23）d。术前总胆红素≥171 μmol/L（OR=1.011，95% CI：1.000~1.020，P=0.043）、术后腹腔感染（OR=4.012，95% CI：1.302~12.357，P=0.016）、术后B级以上胰瘘（P<0.05）是PD术后迟发性大出血的独立危险因素。 结论术前降低胆红素水平、积极治疗术后胰瘘和控制腹腔感染是预防PD术后迟发性大出血发生的关键，应根据患者实际情况选择个体化的干预策略。     

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??Analysis of risk factors for prognosis of postoperative hemorrhage after pancreaticoduodenectomy: a report of 60 cases ZHU Qi-cong??WU Peng-fei??LU Zi-peng??et al. Pancreas Center??the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University??Nanjing 210029??China
Corresponding authors??JIANG Kui-rong??E-mail??jiangkuirong@njmu.edu.cn??MIAO Yi??E-mail??miaoyi@njmu.edu.cn
Abstract Objective To analyze common risk factors and treatment strategy for prognosis of postoperative hemorrhage after pancreaticoduodenectomy. Methods The clinical data of 60 patients who underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy in the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University from January 1??2012 to December 31??2015 were analyzed retrospectively. The risk factors for prognosis of postoperative hemorrhage were analyzed. Results Among them, 8 patients died after surgery??others were alive. Early bleeding appeared in 10 patients and delayed hemorrhage occurred in 50 patients. Bleeding site included 23 gastrointestinal hemorrhage patients and 37 abdominal hemorrhage patients. Mild bleeding occurred in 37 patients and severe bleeding in 23 patients. Among them, 3 patients were grade A??40 patients grade B??17 patients grade C. Postoperative complications included postoperative pancreatic fistula in 28 patients??intra-abdominal infection in 5 patients and biliary fistula in 3 patients. Treatment strategies contained 41 patients with bleeding were treated conservatively, 9 patients received endoscopy or angioembolization while 10 patients underwent reoperation. Intra-abdominal infection and bleeding degree were important risk factors of clinical outcomes of hemorrhage after pancreaticoduodenectomy. ROC curve analysis showed that the 5th day of after surgery was a clear demarcation point of clinical prognosis. Conclusion Intra-abdominal infection, bleeding degree and grade are important risk factors of hemorrhage after pancreaticoduodenectomy. The 5th day after surgery may be a clear demarcation point of clinical prognosis, which has certain significance for the bleeding grade.     

Results of Non-operative Therapy for Delayed Hemorrhage after Pancreaticoduodenectomy

Introduction

Hemorrhage after pancreaticoduodenectomy is a life-threatening complication, which occurs in 4% to 16% of cases, even in experienced centers. Many diagnostic and therapeutic options exist but no one has yet established management guidelines. This study aimed to determine the role of conservative management in delayed hemorrhage.

Patients and methods

From January 2005 to August 2008, 87 patients underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy at our center. We reviewed, retrospectively, the medical charts of all patients who had experienced postoperative hemorrhage.

Results and discussion

Early hemorrhage occurred in one patient, who underwent successful reoperation. Nine patients presented with delayed hemorrhage (10.3%), including three with sentinel bleeding. Mean onset was 20 days post-surgery. We used the same initial management for each patient: all had an urgent contrast computed tomography scan. In every case, the bleeding site was arterial. Conservative treatment (embolization or covered stent) was successful in every case. We reoperated on two patients for gastrointestinal perforation, at 9 days and 2 months after embolization, respectively. We transferred seven patients to an intensive care unit, with an average stay of 8 days. Mean hospital stay was 43 days (33–60). All patients survived.

Conclusion

Conservative management, combining endovascular procedures and aggressive resuscitation, is appropriate for most cases of delayed hemorrhage after pancreaticoduodenectomy.     

Clinical features and management of pseudoaneurysmal bleeding after pancreatoduodenectomy

A ruptured pseudoaneurysm is the most serious and life-threatening cause of postpancreatoduodenectomy (PD) hemorrhages. We have evaluated the clinical course and management of pseudoaneurysms after PD. Of 586 patients who underwent PD for periampullary tumors in Asan Medical Center between March 2003 and March 2011, 27 experienced pseudoaneurysmal bleeding. Bleeding developed at a median of 21 days (range, 8 to 45 days) after surgery, including 9 patients who developed bleeding more than 4 weeks after surgery. Before development of bleeding, 26 patients showed pancreatic fistula. Bleeding was developed from the gastroduodenal artery stump in 12 patients, the common hepatic artery in eight, the proper hepatic artery in five, and the left hepatic artery in two. Of the angiographic group, 21 patients underwent with microcoil embolization, four underwent stent insertion, and one experienced technical failure. Only one patient required emergent laparotomy without angiography. Of 25 patients with angiographic procedures, all patients achieved hemostasis. The mortality rate was 22.2 per cent (6 patients). Delayed hemorrhage after PD is closely associated with pancreatic fistula and carried a significantly higher mortality rate. The patients with pancreatic fistula should be carefully monitored, even more than 4 weeks after surgery. Selective microcoil embolization or stent graft is effective for pseudoaneurysmal bleeding.     

Angiography is Indicated for Every Sentinel Bleed after Pancreaticoduodenectomy

Background  Delayed massive bleeding is one of the leading causes of mortality after pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) and is often preceded by sentinel bleed. Immediate and accurate diagnosis of sentinel bleed is essential to save patients from a delayed massive hemorrhage. Angiography is probably the procedure of choice for patients with sentinel bleed after PD, as it will localize the bleeding point and provide interventional embolization. The purpose of this study is to test the efficiency of angiography as the initial management for patients with sentinel bleed after pancreaticoduodenectomy. Methods  The study group consisted of 283 patients who underwent PD from July 2002 to June 2007. Angiography and arterial embolization were performed for every sentinel bleed and detected pseudoaneurysm. Patients (n = 311) from a previous study (July 1996–June 2002) were used as a historical control group. Results  Sentinel bleed was detected in 20 patients in study group. Of these, angiography-detected pseudoaneurysm was evident in seven (35%); all were successfully embolized. Delayed massive hemorrhage occurred in three of 13 patients with sentinel bleed but negative angiography. All three were operated on; one died of uncontrolled bleeding. The number of hemodynamically unstable patients before transfusion, units of transfused packed cells, and bleeding related mortalities were significantly less in study group than the control group. Conclusions  Institution of angiography for every detected sentinel bleed after PD enabled us to embolize seven pseudoaneurysms before massive hemorrhage. Most importantly, bleeding-related mortality was significantly less than in the absence of angiography.     

Omental Flap in Pancreaticoduodenectomy for Protection of Splanchnic Vessels

Intraabdominal bleeding, the most life-threatening complication following pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD), most often is associated with failure of a pancreaticojejunostomy anastomosis or with intraabdominal infection. We investigated whether placement of an omental flap around the splanchnic vessels in PD could reduce the occurrence of intraabdominal bleeding and other postoperative complications. One hundred consecutive patients who underwent PD at the authors’ institution between January 2000 and October 2004 were enrolled in this prospective study. After dissection of the hepatoduodenal ligament, the major splanchnic arteries and the portal vein were covered by the omental flap. Preoperative condition, incidence of pancreatic fistula, intra-abdominal bleeding, other complications, treatment mortality, and hospital stay were analyzed for interrelationships. The frequency of pancreatic fistula (20%) differed little from those in previous reports. However, intraabdominal bleeding was observed in only 1 (1.0%) patient, who was considered to have too thin a flap. No intraabdominal abscess was encountered. No mortality or complications occurred in relation to the omental flap. Thus, wrapping an omental flap around dissected splanchnic vessels in PD reduced postoperative intraabdominal bleeding and infection, but failed to prevent pancreatic fistulas.     

Postoperative acute pancreatitis as a major determinant of postoperative delayed gastric emptying after pancreaticoduodenectomy

The aim of this study was to prospectively analyze the possible association of delayed gastric emptying and postoperative pancreatic complications after pancreaticoduodenectomy. Although hospital mortality after pancreaticoduodenectomy is minimal, morbidity is still high; delayed gastric emptying is one of the most frequent complications. Thirty-nine consecutive patients undergoing pancreaticoduodenectomy were included in this study: 14 females and 25 males (median age 65 years; range, 7–82). Delayed gastric emptying was defined as the need for a nasogastric tube or recurrent vomiting that prevented normal feeding on the 10th postoperative day. Blood analysis was performed on postoperative days 4, 6, and 10; Gastrografin examination on day 6; CT scan on days 2 and 5; and drain amylases were measured on day 5. Pancreatitis was defined as pancreatitis changes in CT scan interpreted by an experienced radiologist without knowing other data. Pancreatic fistula was defined according to the recent international recommendations. We had no mortality. Twelve patients (31%) developed delayed gastric emptying. Surgical (9/12 vs. 5/27; P=0.001) but not medical complications occurred more often in the delayed gastric emptying group. Of the single complications, postoperative CT-detected pancreatitis (6/12 vs. 4/27; P=0.03) and postoperative pancreatic fistula (5/12 vs. 1/27; P=0.0007) were significantly associated with delayed gastric emptying compared with the patients without delayed gastric emptying. This pancreatitis was already detected in CT scan on day 2 in most patients (6/10, 60%). In delayed gastric emptying patients, the only parameters in blood analysis that differed significantly from patients without this complication were serum amylase activity (mean±SEM, 715±205 vs. 152±70 IU/L; P=0.02), blood leukocyte count (16±2 vs. 9±0.6 × 10⁹/L; P=0.007) and serum C-reactive protein (CRP) concentration (144±28 vs. 51±14 mg/L, P=0.01). Postoperative pancreatic (subclinical) fistula was also associated with postoperative pancreatitis (6/10 vs. 0/29; P=0.003). Preoperative coronary artery disease (OR=16; 95% CI, 1.0-241; P=0.05) and soft pancreatic texture at operation (OR=9; 95% CI, 1.4-52; P=0.02) were significant risk factors for the development of postoperative pancreatitis. The diagnosis of delayed gastric emptying after pancreaticoduodenectomy often follows postoperative pancreatitis. Delayed gastric emptying is also associated with postoperative pancreatic fistula, for which this pancreatitis seems to be a risk factor. Preoperative coronary artery disease and soft texture of the pancreas are significant risk factors for postoperative CT-detected pancreatitis. Supported by the Medical Research Fund of Tampere University Hospital, Pirkanmaa Hospital District, Finland (S.R.).     

经导管选择性动脉栓塞治疗创伤性假性动脉瘤

目的探讨经导管选择性动脉栓塞治疗损伤性假性动脉瘤的疗效。方法 16例损伤性出血患者,其中肾脏出血5例,肝脏出血3例,剖宫产后出血4例,切口妊娠流产1例,宫颈癌放疗后出血1例,骨外伤术后出血2例。采用经股动脉穿刺选择性插管进行靶动脉造影及栓塞治疗。采用明胶海绵和（或）弹簧钢圈栓塞瘤腔及供血动脉。结果全部患者动脉造影均见假性动脉瘤,其中2例伴有动静脉瘘。栓塞成功率100%,栓塞后即刻造影示假性动脉瘤消失,止血成功率93.75%。术后均未发生严重并发症,随防6个月均无复发。结论经导管选择性动脉栓塞治疗损伤性假性动脉瘤性出血安全有效、创伤小、并发症少,是可靠的治疗方法 。     

Management of postoperative arterial hemorrhage after pancreato-biliary surgery according to the site of bleeding: re-laparotomy or interventional radiology

Background/Purpose  Intra-abdominal arterial hemorrhage is still one of the most serious complications after pancreato-biliary surgery. We retrospectively analyzed our experiences with 15 patients in order to establish a therapeutic strategy for postoperative arterial hemorrhage following pancreato-biliary surgery. Methods  Between August 1981 and November 2007, 15 patients developed massive intra-abdominal arterial bleeding after pancreato-biliary surgery. The initial surgery of these 15 patients were pylorus-preserving pancreatoduodenectomy (PPPD) (7 patients), hemihepatectomy and caudate lobectomy with extrahepatic bile duct resection or PPPD (4 patients), Whipple’s pancreatoduodenectomy (PD) (3 patients), and total pancreatectomy (1 patient). Twelve patients were managed by transcatheter arterial embolization and three patients underwent re-laparotomy. Results  Patients were divided into two groups according to the site of bleeding: SMA group, superior mesenteric artery (4 patients); HA group, stump of gastroduodenal artery, right hepatic artery, common hepatic artery, or proper hepatic artery (11 patients). In the SMA group, re-laparotomy and coil embolization for pseudoaneurysm were performed in three and one patients, respectively, but none of the patients survived. In the HA group, all 11 patients were managed by transcatheter arterial embolization. None of four patients who had major hepatectomy with extrahepatic bile duct resection survived. Six of seven patients (85.7%) who had pancreatectomy survived, although hepatic infarction occurred in four. Conclusions  Management of postoperative arterial hemorrhage after pancreato-biliary surgery should be done according to the site of bleeding and the initial operative procedure. Careful consideration is required for indication of interventional radiology for bleeding from SMA after pancreatectomy and hepatic artery after major hepatectomy with bilioenteric anastomosis.     

Pancreaticoduodenectomy: Role of interventional radiologists in managing patients and complications

Although the mortality rate after pancreaticoduodenectomy has decreased, the morbidity rate remains high. Major morbidity is often managed with the aid of interventional radiologists. The objective of this study was to evaluate the cooperative roles of interventional radiologists and pancreatic surgeons in complex pancreatic surgery, specifically pancreaticoduodenectomy. Our pancreaticoduodenectomy database was reviewed for all patients undergoing pancreaticoduodenectomy between January 1, 1995 and December 31, 2000. The interventional radiologic procedures for each patient were evaluated. A total of 1061 patients underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy. The overall mortality and morbidity rates were 2.3% and 35%, respectively. Five hundred ninety patients (56%) had no interventional radiologic procedures, whereas 471 patients (44%) had interventional radiologic procedures. Of those, 342 (32%) had preoperative biliary drainage (PBD) and 129 (12%) required postoperative interventional radiologic procedures. Percutaneous aspiration/catheter drainage was required in 84 patients for intra-abdominal abscess, biloma, or lymphocele, with 24 requiring two or more abscess drains. Thirty-nine patients underwent postoperative PBD for bile leaks due to anastomotic disruption, undrained biliary segments, or T-tube/ bile stent dislodgment. Eighteen patients had hemobilia/gastrointestinal bleeding treated by angiography with embolization. The reoperation rate for the entire cohort of 1061 patients was 4.1% (n = 43). Nineteen of the 129 patients (15%) requiring postoperative radiologic intervention required reoperation. Although 4 of 18 patients who required embolization for bleeding subsequently required surgical intervention for the same reason, only 4 of 84 patients undergoing abscess drainage later required operation for anastomotic disruption or unsuccessful percutaneous drainage. As would be expected, the patients who required postoperative radiologic intervention (n = 129) had a higher incidence of postoperative complications including pancreatic fistula (20% vs. 6%, P <0.01), bile leakage (22% vs. 1%, P< 0.01), and wound infection (16% vs. 8%, P < 0.01). With the complications in these 129 patients, the postoperative mortality rate was only 6.2% compared to 1.7% in patients who did not require radiologic intervention (n = 932, P< 0.01). The median postoperative length of stay was 15 days in those patients requiring postoperative radiologic intervention, 10 days in those not requiring intervention (P< 0.01; postoperative interventional radiology vs. no postoperative interventional radiology), and 29.5 days for patients needing reoperation. Interventional radiologists play a critical role in the management of some patients undergoing pancreaticoduodenectomy. Although complications such as anastomotic leaks, abscess formation, and bleeding can result in increased mortality and a longer hospital stay, the skills of the interventional radiology team provide expert management of some life-threatening complications, thus avoiding reoperation, speeding recovery times, and minimizing morbidity. Presented at the Forty-Third Annual Meeting of The Society for Surgery of the Alimentary Tract, San Francisco, California, May 19–22, 2002 (poster presentation).     

介入诊疗急性动脉性消化道大出血

目的探讨急性动脉性消化道大出血介入诊疗的临床应用价值。方法对39例急性动脉性消化道大出血患者行DSA检查,对38例出血征象阳性的患者中37例采用明胶海绵颗粒配合微弹簧圈进行介入栓塞治疗。结果 39例动脉造影中38例出血征象阳性,主要表现为对比剂外溢。接受栓塞治疗的37例中,止血成功36例(其中3例行第2次栓塞),均未发生与介入栓塞相关的严重并发症。最终2例患者转剖腹探查手术。结论介入技术是急性动脉性消化道大出血安全、有效的诊疗手段,能快速明确出血动脉及部位,并迅速有效控制出血。     

胰十二指肠切除术后胰瘘合并迟发性腹腔出血的诊治体会

【摘要】 目的 探讨胰十二指肠切除术(PD)后胰瘘合并迟发性腹腔出血的诊治体会。方法〓总结3例胰十二指肠切除术后胰瘘合并腹腔出血患者的诊治过程及体会。结果〓3例胰十二指肠切除术后胰瘘合并迟发性腹腔出血患者中,1例经过DSA介入治疗后痊愈,1例经过DSA介入治疗合并腹腔感染,腹腔清创后行全胰切除,1例经过二次DSA介入栓塞治疗后,再次出血行手术缝扎止血痊愈后出院。结论〓介入联合手术治疗是 PD术后胰瘘合并迟发性腹腔出血的重要手段。     

重症急性胰腺炎并发腹腔内大出血的病因分析及诊治体会

目的总结重症急性胰腺炎(SAP)并发腹腔内大出血的病因、诊断和治疗经验。方法回顾性分析1999年1月～2003年1月间37例SAP并发腹腔内大出血患者的临床资料,根据出血原因分型为腐蚀性出血、感染性出血、术中及术后出血、凝血功能异常出血,统计分析各型例数、发生出血时间、诊治方法及效果。结果各治疗方法死亡率分别为经皮出血动脉栓塞术(TAE)10%(2/19),手术30%(7/23),非手术50%(2/4);各型病例数分别为5、20、10、2例,病死率分别为0(0/5)、30%(6/20)、40%(4/10)、50%(1/2)。结论SAP并发腹腔内大出血多为腐蚀性和(或)感染性动脉瘤破裂出血,主要出血血管为脾动脉和胃十二指肠动脉;CT和选择性动脉造影是诊断SAP合并大出血的首选方法;TAE对紧急止血效果最好,无效时应积极手术止血。     

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??The clinical application of “embeddedness-like” pancreaticojunostomy on the pancreaticoduodenectomy??An analysis of 150 cases LÜ Yang, ZHANG Lei, LI Jian-ang, et al. Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
Corresponding author: XU Xue-feng,E-mail:xuefengxu87@aliyun.com
Abstract Objective To investigate the effect of “embeddedness-like” pancreaticojunostomy on the incidence of major complications (pancreatic fistula, biliary fistula and delayed gastric emptying) after pancreatoduodenectomy (PD). Methods The data of 150 cases of PD admitted from August 2013 to December 2015 in Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University were analyzed. All surgeries were performed "embeddedness-like" pancreaticojunostomy. The general information, disease status, and the occurrence rate of postoperative complications (including postoperative pancreatic fistula, biliary leakage, delayed gastric emptying, bleeding and death) within 30 days after the surgery were observed. Results Among 150 cases, there were 30 cases had postoperative pancreatic fistula (POPF) (20%), the proportion of Grade A, B and C was 14.7% (n=22), 5.3% (n=8) and 0, respectively. A total of 2% (n=3) of the cases had the biliary fistula and 3.3% (n=5) appeared delayed gastric emptying (DGE). Furthermore, no postoperative bleeding and operative deaths occurred. Conclusion The application of the “embeddedness-like” pancreaticojunostomy is safe and effective in pancreaticoduodenectomy, and could validly reduce the incidence of POPF and bleeding.