微波热风干燥挤压方便米饭的脱水和复水数学模型的建立

文中采用微波干燥,热风干燥及微波热风组合干燥方法,对挤压方便米饭进行脱水干燥.研究了微波功率在210～560 W,热风温度在70～90℃干燥条件下,挤压方便米饭的干燥动力学、复水动力学及色泽的变化情况,并建立了相应的预测模型.结果表明,微波功率、热风温度及其组合方式对最终产品的品质有很大的影响,干燥速率、复水速率及总颜色变化值随着微波功率、热风温度的提高而显著增加.与单独采用热风或微波干燥法相比,组合干燥法可大大缩短干燥时间,最佳组合干燥条件为:微波功率300 W,热风温度80 ℃.     

豆腐衣制备新工艺

研究了豆腐衣制备的传统工艺，并确定了豆腐衣的品质指标。研究开发出豆腐衣生产新工艺：大豆脱皮后制粉，以食用酸进行等电聚沉，沉淀物回调ｐＨ值至７．５～８．０，胶磨加热后制成豆腐衣；酸浸最佳工艺参数是：１１５加水量，５０℃浸提１０ｍｉｎ；成形最佳工艺参数是：金属表面温度１１０℃，２０％料液比，成形时间２．５ｍｉｎ．营养成分分析结果表明：新工艺使大豆蛋白利用率由传统工艺的５０．８％提高至９８．７％，脂肪利用率由５４．１％提高至９９．１％，碳水化合物利用率由２４．４％提高至６１．０％．     

蒸煮挤压过程中淀粉的变化

研究了挤压过程中，挤压温度、螺杆转速、进料速度、原料水分含量对淀粉的糊化、降解及对挤出物的溶解指数和膨化度的影响。     

第二步乳化工艺参数对W／O／W型复乳稳定性和胰岛素包埋率的影响

研究了用两步乳化法制备W/O/W型复乳时,第二步乳化的乳化工艺参数对复乳的稳定性和药物包埋率的影响规律.以胰岛素为模型药物,用两步乳化法制备W/O/W型复乳,用离心后的乳层保留率评价复乳的稳定性,用高效液相法测定胰岛素在复乳中的包埋率,用激光光散射法测定复乳的粒度分布.实验结果表明,随着第二步乳化过程中乳化强度的提高,复乳滴的粒径减小,复乳的离心稳定性提高而胰岛素包埋率降低.胰岛素包埋率与复乳的粒度分布的关系分为两个区域:当乳化强度较小时,复乳滴的粒径较大,比表面积较小,胰岛素包埋率与体积平均粒径成正比;当乳化强度增大时,复乳滴粒径减小,比表面积增大,胰岛素包埋率与比表面积成反比.在本研究中使胰岛素包埋率最高的第二步乳化过程工艺参数为:VirTishear高速分散均质机分散速度2 000 r/min,分散时间3 min,此工艺下胰岛素的包埋率达到55%.     

应用均匀设计和响应面分析优化谷物早餐的挤压工艺

以小麦、燕麦和玉米粉为主要原料，以脆性和保脆性为主要指标，通过均匀设计得到挤压工艺中对品质影响较大的3个因素及其取值范围。再通过响应面分析对谷物早餐的挤压工艺进行优化，得出最佳的挤压工艺为：螺杆螺旋速度为334r／min；Ⅰ区温度为40℃；Ⅱ区温度为150℃；Ⅲ区温度为123．50℃；水分质量分数22．60％；蛋白质质量分数7．3％；脂肪质量分数8％。     

高温流化α-化在酿酒用大米预处理中的应用

作者研究了高温流化α-化工艺中大米淀粉晶粒、水分、绝干淀粉含量、糊化率、脂肪含量、总氮和可降解氮的变化。研究表明：高温流化α-化后淀粉晶粒消失，成松散片状，比表面积增大，有利于酶的作用；水分含量低于10％，可有效防止淀粉老化和微生物污染；高温流化处理后淀粉糊化率与蒸饭法持平，而脂肪与可降解氮含量均明显下降，为酿造淡爽型酿造酒和提高酿造酒非生物性稳定性创造了机会。该工艺尤其适合在我国以糙米为原料的酿造酒生产中推广应用。     

载VEGF反义寡核苷酸PLGA纳米粒的研制

目的制备血管内皮生长因子反义寡核苷酸(VEGF-ASODN)的PLGA纳米粒,并探讨其制备工艺。方法采用复乳化溶剂挥发法制备,并用正交设计法对纳米粒的处方和制备工艺进行优化。结果纳米粒形态圆整,大小均匀,平均粒径150nm,包封率可达72%,含药量0.84%,体外释放缓慢,达到21天。结论VEGF-ASODN的PLGA纳米粒制备工艺简便、重现性好。     

细胞密度调节结肠癌细胞整合素αvβ6表达——癌细胞永生化侵袭生长机制的研究

目的：探讨细胞高密度和细胞挤压状态对结肠癌细胞表面整合素αvβ6表达的影响效果，探讨结肠癌细胞永生化侵袭生长的机制。方法：用流式细胞术检测结肠癌细胞系WiDr、Sw480细胞株和人正常角质细胞系HaCaT细胞株，在高低密度培养条件下各细胞表面的αvβ6表达水平；同时将100例结肠癌标本高细胞密度易侵袭的肿瘤边缘部分及低细胞密度的肿瘤中心部分制作成200点的组织芯片，用免疫组织化学方法检测整合素叫B6在结肠癌不同部位的分布和表达差异。结果：表达αvβ6的结肠癌细胞出现细胞密度依赖的αvβ6表达增加，而缺乏αvβ6表达的癌细胞和正常角质细胞系HaCaT细胞在高低密度培养条件下αvβ6表达没有改变。组织芯片免疫组织化学检查结果显示结肠癌αvβ6阳性表达率为38％，在癌细胞密度高、细胞拥挤的肿瘤边缘部分αvβ6高表达占73．7％（28／38），且αvβ6密布于肿瘤侵袭边缘，而肿瘤中央组织以仅αvβ6低表达为主，高表达仅占28．9％（11／38）。结论：细胞高密度和细胞挤压状态诱导癌细胞αvβ6表达可能是构成结肠癌细胞永生化侵袭性生长的基础。     

人工神经网络结合遗传算法在焙炒大米过程中的应用

焙炒是一种全新的使原料淀粉糊化的方法.它用热风替代水蒸气,在高温,短时间的条件下处理原料米,具有无废水污染,容易保存等优点,为食用酒酿制过程中的一种新型技术.通过对焙炒大米的3个指标:糊化率、脂肪含量和氨基氮进行测定,利用人工神经网络技术ANN对上述性能指标和操作参数的数据进行训练学习,得到可以描述焙炒过程操作条件和性能指标之间关系的模型.在所得模型的基础上,利用遗传算法GA对大米的焙炒条件实施优化,对未参与ANN建模的数据进行评价和比较,结果发现,结合使用ANN和GA,能够比较准确地预测对应于期望指标的操作条件,预测结果与实验数据吻合.     

菜籽仁混合挤压脱除硫甙

在实验室挤压机上，通过菜籽仁和玉米粉混合挤压，筛选了脱毒添加剂种类，考察了添加剂质量分数、挤压温度、螺杆转速及原料水分对菜籽仁硫甙脱除率的影响．结果表明：菜籽仁和玉米粉混合可实现稳定挤压脱毒；与其它添加剂比较，添加剂（A＋B）对硫甙降解脱除效果更显著，硫甙脱除率可高于98%。最合理的混合挤压加工条件为：（A＋B）添加量为0．263%＋0．179%，挤压温度130℃，螺杆转速95r／min，原料水分质量分数为12．0％。     

用于脱水方便米饭的长链干燥机设计

本文研究了脱水方便米饭干燥原理及影响干燥速度的因素,提出了长链干燥机的结构方案,此干燥机的特点为链板载荷系数高、工艺条件稳定和传动功率小。     

用除氧剂防止脱水米饭产生味

脱水米饭由于它的多孔性结构和脂肪酸组成中不饱和脂肪酸比例较高，使它极易在空气中氧化生成过氧化物，从而出现味。除氧剂消耗包装袋内的氧气，制止脂肪自动氧化的进行，对防止脱水米饭产生味有明显的效果。     

Pediatric instant noodle burns: A ten-year single center retrospective study

IntroductionChildren are particularly vulnerable to scald injuries, and hot beverages/foods are often implicated in this subset of pediatric burns. Burns from instant noodles are common and thus an attractive target for burn prevention. The purpose of this study is to characterize the frequency, demographics, outcomes, and circumstances of pediatric instant noodle burns to guide future educational and prevention efforts.MethodsThis is a retrospective review of all pediatric patients (<18 years) admitted to the University of Chicago Burn Center with a diagnosis of scald injury between 2010 and 2020. Burns caused by instant noodles were identified and compared to all other scald burns over this period.ResultsAmong 790 pediatric scald burns, 245 (31.0 %) were attributed to instant noodles. Compared to other scalds, patients with instant noodle burns were older (5.4 vs. 3.8 years, p < 0.001), equally likely to be male (51 % vs. 54 %, p = 0.488), and more likely to be Black/African American (90.6 % vs. 75.2 %, p < 0.001). Patients with instant noodle burns lived in zip codes with a lower average childhood opportunity index score (9.9 vs. 14.6, p < 0.001). In terms of circumstances, children with instant noodle burns were more likely to be unsupervised at the time of injury (37 % vs 21 %, p < 0.001). Instant noodle burns were smaller (3.6 % total body surface area (TBSA) vs. 5.8 % TBSA, p < 0.001) and less likely to require operative intervention (29 % vs. 41 %, p < 0.001). Instant noodle burns had a shorter length of stay (4.2 days vs. 6.4 days, p < 0.001), but similar adjusted length of stay (1.7 days/%TBSA vs. 1.5 days/%TBSA, p = 0.18) and experienced similar complication rates (10 % vs. 15 %, p = 0.06).ConclusionInstant noodle burns comprised nearly one-third of all pediatric scald burn admissions at our institution, a higher proportion than previously reported. While less severe than other scald burns in this series, instant noodles injuries still demonstrated a need for hospitalization and operative intervention. Instant noodle burns disproportionately affected Black/African American patients, as well as from neighborhoods with lower socioeconomic status. These findings suggest that focused burn prevention efforts may be successful at reducing the incidence of these common, but serious injuries.     

延期皮肤移植术在面颈部畸形修复中的应用

目的:探讨并比较面颈部大范围自体皮移植手术中,延期手术与一次手术的成功率及愈后效果。方法:针对面颈部瘢痕、巨痣等在实施大面积自体皮移植手术时,手术分两种术式进行:一期术式即切除病变组织后立即行自体皮移植;延期术式则先行常规病变组织切除,包扎创面后48h再进行自体皮移植。术后交换敷料时间均为术后第7天,观察比较两种术式在皮片成活率、创面感染发生率、皮下血肿发生率、瘢痕增生发生率等方面的差异,以及患者治疗周期及治疗费用上的差异。结果:本组病例共49例,行一期术式者13人,行延期术式者36人,在皮片成活率(91.9%±4.5%vs99.5%±1.2%)、皮下血肿发生率(92.3%vs22.2%)、感染发生率(7.7%vs2.8%)方面,二者有显著性差异(P0.05)。两组在治疗周期上无显著性差异。治疗费用方面,延期手术组略高。随访结果显示,两组远期效果基本类似,但一期术式组的瘢痕形成及增生情况多于延期术式组。结论:面颈部实施大范围自体皮移植手术时采取延期植皮的方式,对保证手术的成功及愈后效果有重要作用。     

Instant myocardial blood flow monitor: its calibration and assessment of flow capacity of the intracoronary shunt tube

Background

We developed a new instant regional myocardial blood flow (RMBF) monitor utilizing the thermal diffusion method in which the RMBF value is presented as the value inversely proportional to the thermocouple voltage output (1/V). The purposes of this study were (1) to validate the accuracy of RMBF measurement by the instant RMBF monitor in comparison with the colored microsphere method for calibration; (2) to investigate influences of it on the RMBF; and (3) to assess changes in RMBF caused by the shunt tube insertion.

Methods

Twenty pigs were used for this study: 4 for comparison between the instant RMBF meter and the colored microsphere method, 4 for validation of reproducibility, and 6 for measurement of RMBF during shunt tube.

Results

The relation between RMBF values obtained by the colored microsphere method and 1/V values by instant RMBF monitor was colored microsphere = 140,992 (1/V) − 231 in epicardial layer (R² = 0.819) and colored microsphere = 111,381 (1/V) − 165 in endocardial layer (R² = 0.693). The correlation coefficient and R² values between RMBF values measured by both methods were 0.985 and 0.839 in epicardial layer, and 0.963 and 0.679 in endocardial layer, respectively. The RMBF at each layer did not change after the attachment of the monitor. Fifteen minutes after shunt tube insertion, RMBF measured by the colored microsphere method decreased to 31.1% (p = 0.0001) and 33.7% (p = 0.0001) in epicardium and endocardium, respectively, and no difference was observed from the value measured by the instant RMBF monitor.

Conclusions

This instant RMBF monitor can provide instantaneous and continuous information of RMBF without requiring tissue examination.     

Analysis of the scapulohumeral rhythm

The movement of the shoulder complex was once aptly described by Codman as the "scapulohumeral rhythm". To demonstrate this rhythm, 20 normal men and four patients with rotator cuff rupture were asked to elevate their arms smoothly in approximately three seconds and five seconds in front of a fluoroscope with or without load. The X-ray was irradiated perpendicularly in the scapular plane. The movements were calculated using a computer. In the normal men, the ratio of the scapular movements to humeral movements was not constant during scapular abduction. The movements of the instant center of the humerus occurred in a small area during abduction, and the result suggested that the movement of the glenohumeral joint was almost rotational. The movements of the instant center of the scapula occurred in a relatively large area during abduction. The movements of the shoulder complex with cuff rupture were quite different from those of normal men.     

Photogrammetrische Untersuchung des Kniegelenks nach Implantation von Scharnierendoprothesen

Hinge prostheses are the oldest total knee arthroplasties based on the easiest model of knee joint kinematics. The complex knee joint movement is simplified by a hinge rotating around the flexion-extension axis. Nevertheless, different studies showed that in unscathed joints an instant center pathway in the sagittal plane must be expected. The objective of the current photogrammetric investigation was the assessment of these pathways after hinge arthroplasty. Moreover, they were compared with reference pathways from healthy participants. A total of 20 patients were examined on average 12.1 years after implantation of St. Georg hinge prostheses. Apart from this, 50 test persons with unscathed knee joints were investigated. The examination unit consisted of a standardized chair with passive knee joint movement (90-0 degrees flexion) supported by an electric motor. The position of predefined skin markers was assessed by digital camera with online transmission to a PC. The instant center pathway was then evaluated applying the Reuleaux technique based on the changes of skin marker positions. Patients with hinge prostheses showed small pathways almost comparable to dots. Apart from this, courses of the pathways depended on the extent of soft tissue in the knee joint area. Small values were associated with round or oval courses,whereas increasing soft tissue led to triangular and slightly increased dimensions of the courses. Pathways of the reference participants confirmed this observation and additionally showed clearly greater dimensions of the pathways. The instant center pathway of unscathed knee joints showed a dependence of the course on the extent of soft tissue. The same observation was made in patients with hinge prostheses. Moreover,the latter were characterized by very small, almost fixed pathways. These results confirm the neglect of additional movement components in hinge prostheses.     

Kinematic changes after bicondylar resurfacing knee arthroplasty

AIM: Knee joint motion appears as a hinge movement around the flexion - extension axis. But corresponding to the rolling-sliding-mechanism and alternative models of knee joint kinematics an instant center pathway must be expected. Objective of the study was the comparison of this pathway when assessed in the sagittal plane in patients with preoperative varus or valgus deformity. METHOD: A total of 40 patients either with varus or valgus deformity (20 in each group) were examined before and 6 months after implantation of PFC(R)-SIGMA prostheses. Apart from the influence of knee joint deformity (35 degrees varus to 24 degrees valgus), a so called soft tissue ratio was investigated. Therefore the relation of thigh and femur as well as lower limb and tibia diameters was calculated and combined in one value. The examination by means of photogrammetry consisted of a standardized chair with passive knee joint movement (90 degrees to 0 degrees flexion) supported by an electric motor. The position of defined skin markers was assessed by digital camara with online transmission to PC. The instant center pathway was then evaluated applying the Reuleaux-technique based on the changes of skin marker positions. RESULTS: Results showed a dependence of the course and dimension of the instant center pathway on the extent of soft tissue ratio as well as knee joint deformity. Small values of the ratio (W = 2.9) were represented by round or oval courses of the pathway whereas increasing ratios (W = 4.0) led to triangular and slightly increased dimensions of the courses. Varus deformitywas primarily combined with an increase of the pathways dimension and in contrast, valgus deformity showed decreased pathways. In each case, dimension normalized after prostheses implantation. CONCLUSION: The instant center pathway of knee joint motion showed for both patient groups characteristic phenomen. They were clearly combined with constitutional and clinical features of each patient.     

Effects on the Metatarsophalangeal Joint After Simulated First Tarsometatarsal Joint Arthrodesis

A first tarsometatarsal (TMT) arthrodesis is a common procedure; however; the biomechanical effects on the first metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint are not well understood. Instant centers of rotation range of motion have been used as biomechanical parameters to determine function of the first MTP joint. The effects that a simulated first TMT joint arthrodesis has on the distribution of instant centers of rotation and resistance to dorsiflexion the first MTP joint were investigated. Five lower extremity limbs were mounted onto a custom-loading frame. A 3-dimensional tracking system was placed along the first ray. A tilting platform that simulates propulsion was used to calculate the instant centers of rotation. A hinged platform was used to determine the motion of the first MTP joint at 40 N of force. Both parameters were measured before and after simulated first TMT joint arthrodesis. Instant centers of rotation were mathematically calculated with a modified Reuleaux method. The standard deviation between instant centers of rotation was found to be significantly reduced (P = .05) after the simulated first TMT arthrodesis. There was an average of a 25% (P = .01) increase in dorsiflexion of the MTP joint after a simulated first TMT arthrodesis. The findings of this study suggest that first TMT arthrodesis does not have a negative effect on the first MTP joint. There was no reduction of the intrametatarsal angle and plantar flexion or shortening of the metatarsal. Thus, the change in biomechanics of the first MTP joint can only be attributed to elimination of the first TMT joint motion.     

A new instant cryoprotectant for human sperm

A new instant cryoprotectant, mainly containing culture medium, human serum albumin, and kallikrein, and its laboratory handling in the cryoprotection of semen are described. A comparative study distributed to three cryobiological centers using either egg yolk citrate medium or instant cryoprotectant showed that neither had a significantly better or worse mean percentage recovery rate. The advantage of the new instant cryoprotectant presented consists clinically in the absence of egg yolk and technically in its easy handling. Therefore, ICP is judged as an alternative to ECM in the cryopreservation of human sperm.