隐甲藻(Crypthecodium cohnii)悬浮培养生产DHA

研究了培养温度、初始 pH、碳源及氮源等对隐甲藻 (CrypthecodiniumcohniiATCC3 0 5 5 6)悬浮培养生产DHA影响 .通过正交试验得到的优化培养基组成为 (g/L) :葡萄糖 2 0 ,甘油 2 0 ,蛋白胨 5 ,KNO3 5 ,NaCl6,MgSO41 .6,KH2 PO41 .0 ,VH 0 .0 0 6,VB12 0 .0 0 1 ,另外添加 1mL/L橄榄油 ,6mL/L丙酮酸 .优化培养条件为 :5 %接种量 ,初始 pH 7.0 .黑暗条件培养 ,装液量为 5 0 0mL三角瓶装 5 0mL培养基 ,3 0℃培养 3 2h后转到 2 0℃培养直至收获 .在优化培养基配方和培养条件下 ,隐甲藻悬浮培养 64h后 ,生物量和DHA产量分别为 1 0 .78g/L和 1 .2 1 g/L .     

产胆固醇氧化酶重组大肠杆菌的发酵培养基和诱导条件的优化

在摇瓶中对产胆固醇氧化酶重组大肠杆菌的发酵培养基和诱导条件进行了优化,优化培养基为甘油10 g/L,胰蛋白胨10 g/L,酵母粉5 g/L,KH2PO4 2 g/L,K2HPO4 4 g/L,Na2HPO4·12H2O 7 g/L,(NH4)2SO4 1.2 g/L,NH4Cl 0.2 g/L,MgSO4·7H2O 1 g/L;优化的诱导条件为:对数生长中期诱导,IPTG浓度为0.3 mmol/L.在优化的培养基和优化的诱导条件下,单位菌体产酶量达745.86 U/g,菌体产酶水平达1 625.97 U/L,为优化前的700 U/L的2.3倍.     

一株碱性低温脂肪酶产生菌发酵条件的优化

通过单因素实验,对SYBC Wu-3菌摇床发酵产脂肪酶的培养基组成和培养条件进行优化,得出较佳的产酶培养基组成配方为:蛋白胨5 g/L,酵母膏 6 g/L,NaH2PO4 3 g/L; 油脂250 mL/L,乳化剂OP 25 mL/L.最优发酵条件为250 mL的摇瓶装液量50 mL,培养温度30 ℃,发酵时间72 h.经过优化后发酵液脂肪酶酶活力最高可达到10.68 U/mL,较优化前提高了2.8倍.     

红曲霉发酵产胞外多糖工艺的优化

研究了碳源、氮源和无机盐对红曲霉Y 7产多糖的影响 ,优化并确定了产胞外多糖的培养基组成 :麦芽糖 6 0 g/L ,蛋白胨 2 .5g/L ,磷酸二氢钾 4 g/L ,硫酸镁 0 .5 g/L ,氯化钙 0 .6 g/L .研究了油脂对胞外多糖的影响 ,并确定棕榈油的添加量为 0 .2 g/dL .在 5 0 0mL的三角瓶装培养基 75mL ,接种量 15 % ,种子液种龄 2 4h ,培养温度 33℃ ,摇床转速 2 2 0r/min ,培养 96h .在上述条件下生物量干重为 1.4 2 g/dL ,发酵液胞外多糖产量可达 3.2 4 g/L ,比初始条件高出 2 .5倍 .     

沼泽红假单胞菌的培养和生产番茄红素的优化控制

围绕沼泽红假单胞菌的高效培养和生产番茄红素的优化控制条件进行研究,结果表明,乙酸钠、双乙酸钠、柠檬酸三钠或丙酸钠均可以作为唯一有机碳源支持沼泽红假单胞菌的生长,培养5 d后细胞浓度均可达到6×109/mL以上;如果采用乙酸钠作为碳源,添加0.1 g/L山梨酸钾和10 g/L氯化钠可以促进沼泽红假单胞菌的生长,培养5 d细胞浓度高达8×109/mL以上.进一步研究发现以丙酸钠为惟一有机碳源时,培养出的沼泽红假单胞菌细胞番茄红素质量分数最高达6.66 g/kg,比生长于乙酸钠的提高了77.8%.     

管碟法测定Nisin效价

对管碟法测定Nisin效价的条件进行了研究,考察了几个参数的影响,得出了Nisin测定的最佳条件:90mm培养皿中培养基加量为15mL,Na2HPO4·12H2O质量浓度1g/dL,菌悬液浓度109CFU/mL,琼脂质量浓度1g/dL,培养基pH值7.0,牛津杯中样品加液量100μL.在此条件下,Nisin效价在5～100IU/mL,其对数值与抑菌圈直径有较好的线性关系.     

重组大肠杆菌BL21（DE3）-pET28a（＋）-bgl诱导表达β-葡聚糖酶的条件优化

研究自行构建的产β-葡聚糖酶的工程菌E.coli BL21(DE3)-pET28a(+)-bgl在LB培养基中的生长特性,考察种子液的菌龄、培养基起始pH、接种量及诱导起始时发酵液菌浓度等对β-葡聚糖酶产生水平的影响;通过正交试验确定诱导剂IPTG及乳糖添加量、诱导温度及诱导剂作用时间.结果表明:培养基起始pH 7.0,对数生长中期的种子液(OD600为0.35)以接种量(体积分数)10%接入摇瓶发酵培养,37 ℃,200 r/min培养约3 h,菌液OD值达到1.0左右,添加终浓度分别为0.033 6 mmol/L的IPTG及10 mmol/L乳糖,24℃诱导6 h,发酵液清液中酶活达到最高(336.33 U/mL),菌体生长量为1.12 g/L,发酵液中总酶活达到459.32 U/mL,是原始菌株在相同条件下所产酶活的6.62倍.采用优化培养条件及诱导剂作用条件,重组菌在TB培养基中酶活水平进一步提高,诱导剂作用10 h,发酵清液中酶活为1 090.31 U/mL,总酶活1 570.83 U/mL,是原始菌在该条件下酶活的19.73倍,显示出重组菌具有广阔的工业化应用前景.     

黑曲霉VVTP84生产果糖转移酶

从产果糖转移酶的 11株菌株中筛选出一株黑曲霉VVTP84菌 .该菌株在含蔗糖的培养基中 ,最佳摇瓶发酵时间为 30h ,pH值为 7.0 ;当蔗糖质量浓度在 2 5 0g/L以内时 ,产酶与蔗糖质量浓度呈正相关 ;MgSO4 ·7H2 O和KH2 PO4 的添加量分别以控制在 1.5 g/L和 1.0 g/L为宜     

聚γ-谷氨酸高产突变株的选育及摇瓶发酵条件

对地衣芽孢杆菌(Bacilluslicheniformis)进行亚硝基胍和60Co诱变,获得一株γ PGA的高产菌株C9.γ PGA质量浓度由9.44g/L提高到19.76g/L,提高了109%.突变株传代10次,质量浓度保持基本稳定.通过正交试验和单因素试验对发酵培养基及发酵条件进行了优化.当发酵培养基中含柠檬酸12g/L、甘油80g/L、L 谷氨酸23g/L、氯化铵7g/L,pH7.0,装液量为50mL/250mL三角瓶,接种体积分数为5%时,37℃摇瓶发酵72h,γ PGA达到23.32g/L.     

圆弧青霉PG37碱性脂肪酶的发酵工艺条件

研究了圆弧青霉PG3 7碱性脂肪酶的发酵工艺条件 ,优化了PG3 7的摇瓶最适产酶条件 .其中 ,发酵培养基的组成为 (g/dL) :豆饼粉 3 .0 ,玉米浆 3 .0 ,磷酸氢二钾 1 .0 ,硫酸镁 0 .1 ,大豆磷脂0 .5,柠檬酸钠 0 .0 5,花生油 0 .2 ;发酵培养基起始 pH 7.5,发酵温度 (2 9± 1 )℃ ,摇床转速 2 50r/min ,发酵周期 96h ,发酵期间于 3 6,54,72h分别流加 0 .4 g/dL花生油 .在此条件下 ,PG3 7的脂肪酶产率为 2 0 60 μmol/ (min·mL) .PG3 7在 2 5L的实验室小罐中的产酶水平为 1 90 0 μmol/ (min·mL) .     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.