超声波辅助提取苹果渣多酚工艺

研究了超声波辅助提取苹果渣中多酚的工艺,利用二次回归正交旋转组合设计考察了乙醇体积分数、料液质量体积比、提取温度、提取时间对苹果渣中多酚物质提取率的影响;试验结果表明,各因子对提取率的影响大小依次是提取温度＞料液质量体积比＞提取时间＞乙醇体积分数;最佳提取工艺条件是:乙醇体积分数50%、料液比1 g:20 mL、提取温度60℃、提取时间24min;此条件下苹果多酚的提取率为3.80 mg/g.     

金莲花黄酮微波辅助提取及其抗氧化性

采用单因素分析结合正交试验的方法,研究了金莲花黄酮微波辅助提取的工艺条件,以清除DPPH自由基法,对金莲花黄酮的抗氧化性进行了分析,并比较了金莲花黄酮、VC和BHT的抗氧化能力.实验结果表明:微波辅助提取金莲花黄酮的最佳工艺条件是体积分数60%乙醇为溶剂,每克料浸提剂体积为20 mL,微波功率600 W,温度60℃,提取时间2 min.在此工艺下,金莲花黄酮提取率为83.7%;金莲花黄酮能有效地清除DPPH自由基,具有较强的抗氧化能力,与VC>和>BHT相比,其抗氧化能力为VC金莲花黄酮BHT.另外,研究发现金莲花黄酮与VC和金莲花黄酮与BHT均具有一定的抗氧化协同效应.     

纤维素酶提取陈皮黄酮的工艺条件

研究了纤维素酶提取陈皮黄酮的工艺条件.结果表明,与传统化学法相比,纤维素酶法提取陈皮黄酮较好,黄酮提取率从2.78%提高到4.35%.对酶法提取工艺进行正交优化,得到最佳优化条件为:酶解温度为60 ℃,酶解时间1.5 h,提取pH 6.0,酶用量为0.1%.在优化条件下,纤维素酶法所得黄酮提取率可达到6.96%,为化学法黄酮提取率的2.5倍.采用薄层层析对提取黄酮进行分析,发现酶法与化学法提取黄酮成分相同.     

山药粗多糖的提取工艺

对鲜山药中水溶性粗多糖的提取工艺进行了研究,通过单因素试验和L9（34）正交试验,研究了料液比、提取温度、时间和乙醇体积分数对粗多糖得率的影响,极差分析及方差分析结果表明提取温度和料液比是影响山药粗多糖提取的主要因素,较优的工艺为料液比1 g：9 mL,温度50 ℃,时间2.5 h,乙醇体积分数75%,在此工艺条件下,鲜山药粗多糖得率为0.2449%（以鲜山药质量计）.     

乙醇法提取花椒油树脂的研究

利用正交试验法探索乙醇提取花椒油树脂的最佳工艺条件.结果表明,乙醇提取花椒油树脂最佳实验室条件为:原料粒度过60目筛,乙醇体积分数55%,提取温度60 ℃,固液质量体积比1 g∶12 mL,提取时间为60 min,在提取次数为一次的情况下,花椒油树脂干基得率可达32.50%.     

荞麦膳食纤维的研制

报道了以荞麦为原料,对荞麦壳申膳食纤维的提取及脱色工艺进行的研究.采用化学法和酶法分别制备荞麦膳食纤维,并对所得膳食纤维进行脱色.通过试验分别得到,化学法提取荞麦壳膳食纤维最佳工艺为:pH 5.0,反应温度为55℃时,NaOH质量分数为4%,水解时间60min;酶法提取荞麦壳膳食纤维最佳工艺为:pH 7.0±0.2时,蛋白酶质量分数为0.2%,反应时间60 min.两种方法比较得出,酶法提取效果较好.脱色最佳工艺为:pH 11,H2O2体积分数为4%,温度为90℃,反应时间为90 min.     

苦瓜植株各部分黄酮的提取与粗黄酮含量的测定

介绍了以苦瓜植株各部分为原料用微波法提取黄酮，通过正交试验对该方法进行了最佳条件的探讨。实验结果表明：以体积分数50％乙醇水溶液作提取溶剂，固液比1：30（g／mL），微波照射2min，浸提时间1h，提取温度80℃，苦瓜叶中黄酮提取率最高。并用该最佳条件分别提取苦瓜叶、茎、果、根的黄酮类化合物，测其质量分数分别为1．616％、0．453％、1．535％、0．875％。     

超高压超临界微射流技术在牛蒡菊糖提取中的应用

牛蒡根中富含菊糖,对牛蒡菊糖进行理化特性和组成分析,结果表明菊糖平均相对分子质量和聚合度较低.单糖组成含有果糖及少量的葡萄糖,具有菊糖类物质妁一般特征.应用超高压超临界微射流技术开发的装置提取牛蒡根中的菊糖,运用均匀设计规划试验方案,考察提取温度、提取时间、固液质量体积比、提取压力对牛蒡菊糖提取率的影响并通过均匀设计优化试验方案,得出最佳提取条件为:固液质量体积比1 g:20 mL,提取时间10 min,压力220 MPa,乙醇体积分数80%,得率可达92.7%.     

正交设计研究白芍总苷的超声提取工艺

探讨了超声提取温度、溶剂体积、超声提取时间、超声功率对白芍总苷提取率的影响,并用正交试验法进一步优选超声提取工艺条件.实验结果表明: 溶剂体积对白芍总苷的提取影响最大,超声提取时间影响最小,超声提取最佳工艺条件为:超声提取温度为60 ℃,溶剂体积为25 mL,超声作用时间为40 min, 超声功率为320 W.白芍总苷提取率为1.945%.     

响应面法优化白首乌中抗氧化成分的提取

在比较不同的提取方法后,选用乙醇为提取溶剂。通过单因素实验结合响应面法对白首乌中抗氧化成分的提取工艺进行优化研究,确定了提取工艺的最佳条件为温度:70.1℃,乙醇体积分数:75%,提取时间:1.78 h,提取次数为两次。在此条件下白首乌醇提取液的总抗氧化能力理论值为158.68 U/g,实测值为164.07U/g±3.73。     

2015年乳腺癌辅助化疗进展

【摘要】〓乳腺癌是危害我国女性健康的头号杀手,尽管近年来辅助化疗的研究进展突飞猛进,但临床中仍有不少问题未能明确,如辅助化疗的合适人群、化疗的开始时间、蒽环及紫杉类的地位和用法、强化维持治疗的作用、疗效及预后的生物标志物等。本文结合乳腺癌辅助化疗在临床上的常见问题和2015年各大乳腺癌会议阐述乳腺癌辅助化疗的最新进展。     

Alterations in T-Cell Subset Frequency in Peripheral Blood in Obesity

Background: Obesity affects the regulation of immune and inflammatory responses. This study characterizes differences in peripheral blood lymphocyte phenotype in obese humans. Methods: Frequencies of lymphocyte subsets among peripheral blood mononuclear cells were compared between 10 obese (BMI ≥35) and 10 lean subjects, as determined by antibodies directed against cluster differentiation (CD) markers. Results: Obese patients demonstrated an increased frequency of CD3+CD4+ T-cells (mean difference 12%, P=0.004), a decreased frequency of CD3+CD8+ T-cells (mean difference 9.4%, P=0.016) and an increased frequency of CD3+CD8+CD95+ T-cells (mean difference 13.3%, P=0.032). No other differences among T-cell or monocyte subsets were noted. Conclusions: Obesity is associated with alterations in frequencies of peripheral CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells and aberrations in the expression of CD95 among CD8+ T-cells. These data suggest both CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell compartments, as well as the regulation of CD95 expression on CD8+ T-cells, as targets for further study into obesity's effects on the immune system.     

西宁地区烧伤病人动脉血气分析观察

对高海拔地区的27例烧伤病人动脉血气变化进行了分析和观察。结果证明:无论是存活病人还是死亡病人伤后均存在有低氧血症问题。并且在死亡病人和烧伤合并吸入性损伤病人其低氧血症的发生早于单纯烧伤病人。提示:吸入性损伤病人应立即行气管切开术以保障氧气供给,单纯烧伤病人可常规吸氧以维持正常血 PaO_2,ARDS 均发生在合并吸入性损伤的病人,高频喷射通气技术对纠正低氧血症有一定效果。     

Controversies in Fistula in Ano

Managing a complex fistula in ano can be a daunting task for most surgeons; largely due to the two major dreaded complications—recurrence & fecal incontinence. It is important to understand the anatomy of the anal sphincters & the aetiopathological process of the disease to provide better patient care. There are quite a few controversies associated with fistula in ano & its management, which compound the difficulty in treating fistula in ano. This article attempts to clear some of those major controversies.     

β-半乳糖苷酶在体内外成骨细胞中的表达

目的 研究β—半乳糖苷酶(β—gal)在成骨细胞中的表达状况，为阐明MorquioB综合征的发病机制提供依据。方法 裸鼠各器官和骨组织标本行X-gal染色检测。抽取羊和人骨髓行骨髓基质细胞(BMSCs)培养，分为4组：I：Adv-hBMP-2转染组；Ⅱ：Adv—β—gal转染组；Ⅲ：未转染组；Ⅳ：地塞米松诱导组。分别行X-gal染色和RT-PCR检测β—gal的表达。结果 裸鼠骺板两侧、骨膜内面及松质骨的成骨细胞和破骨细胞可见多量β—gal的表达。未转染BMSCs组有少量β—gal的表达，其他3组细胞的β—gal表达增高。结论成骨细胞和破骨细胞可表达多量β—gal，该两种细胞的β—gal缺乏可能是MorquioB综合征骨骼异常的直接原因。     

Smoking-Attributable mortality in Spain in 2016

IntroductionSmoking-attributable mortality (SAM) is a valuable indicator that can be used to characterize the course and health burden of the smoking epidemic. The aim of this paper was to estimate SAM in Spain in 2016 in the population aged 35 and over, using the best available evidence.MethodsA smoking prevalence-dependent analysis based on the estimation of population-attributable fractions was performed. Smoking prevalence (never, former, and current smokers) was calculated from a combination of the Spanish Health Survey (2016) and the European Health Survey (2014); the relative risk of death among current and former smokers was taken from the follow-up of various cohorts; and mortality rates were obtained from National Center for Statistics data. SAM estimates are presented globally, and by sex, age groups, and major disease categories: cancer, cardiometabolic diseases and respiratory diseases.ResultsIn 2016, 56,124 deaths were attributed to tobacco consumption, 84% in men (47,000), and 50% in the population aged over 74 (27,795). Overall, 50% of SAM was due to cancer (28,281), 65% of which was lung cancer. One in 4 attributable deaths (13,849) occurred before the age of 65.ConclusionsOne in 7 deaths in Spain in 2016 were attributable to smoking. This estimation of SAM clearly highlights the great impact of smoking on mortality in Spain, mainly due to lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.     

MicroRNAs in hepatic pathophysiology in diabetes

MicroRNAs(miRNAs or miRs) are small approximately 22 nucleotide RNA species that are believed to regulate diverse metabolic and physiological processes.In the recent past,several reports have surfaced that demonstrate the role of miRNAs in various biological processes and numerous disease states.For a disease as complex as diabetes,the emergence of miRNAs as key regulators leading to the disease phenotype has added a novel dimension to the area of diabetes research.On the other hand,the liver,a metabolic hub,contributes in a major way towards maintaining normal glucose levels in the body as it can both stimulate and inhibit hepatic glucose output.This equilibrium is frequently disturbed in diabetes and hence,the liver assumes special significance considering the correlation between altered hepatic physiology and diabetes.While the understanding of the mechanisms behind this altered hepatic behavior is not yet completely understood,recent reports on the status and role of miRNAs in the diabetic liver have further added to the complexities of the knowledge of hepatic pathophysiology in diabetes.Here,we bring together the various miRNAs that play a role in the altered hepatic behavior during diabetes.     

Fluid-phase transcytosis in the primate epididymis in vitro and in vivo

Ligated tubules from the corpus epididymidis of men and monkeys were incubated in medium containing horseradish peroxidase (HRP) as a marker for fluid-phase endocytosis. HRP was localized by light and electron microscopy after 0, 15, 30 and 60 min of incubation. Movement between the cells was prevented by tight junctions, but bypass of this barrier was apparently achieved by an intracellular vesicular mechanism leading to a time-dependent appearance of HRP in the lumen. Uptake of HRP into basal cells and capture by the lysosomal apparatus of principal cells were also observed. HRP-filled vesicles also appeared in the basal, mid and apical cytoplasm of epithelial cells in the caput 1 h after injection of the tracer into the epididymal circulation of the monkey, suggesting that this pathway also operates in vivo.