一株曲霉果糖转移酶的发酵条件及转果糖基活性

对一株曲霉果糖转移酶菌株的产酶培养条件进行了研究。确定了最佳培养基组成：初始蔗糖质量浓度15～18g／dL，氮源为酵母膏，K2HPO4对果糖转移酶的产生具有明显的促进作用，添加0．2g／dLCMC能够使果糖转移酶活力提高到原来的1．3倍，在pH5．5，30℃条件下，果糖转移酶最高酶活力为30．42U／mL。HPLC分析结果表明，转糖基产物为总质量的55．8％。     

耐高渗酵母产赤藓糖醇的影响因素

球拟酵母OS-194是一株单产赤藓糖醇的耐高渗酵母,该菌株高产赤藓糖醇的最佳培养基配方为葡萄糖10g/dL,酵母膏0.5g/dL,尿素0.1g/dL.最适培养条件是在摇瓶转速150r/min的条件下于35℃培养4d.在上述培养条件下，该菌株赤藓糖醇的耗糖转化率高达29.6%.磷是限制OS-194菌株高产赤藓糖醇的主要因素,当培养液中的磷质量浓度低于31.5mg/L时，赤藓糖醇的产量最高;随着磷质量浓度的升高，该菌株赤藓糖醇的产量降低,而酒精的产量和生物量却有明显升高.同时,OS-194菌株还能利用果糖、蔗糖和D-甘露糖产赤藓糖醇.     

耐酸性运动发酵单胞菌的筛选和酒精发酵条件的优化

通过酸性平板筛选,在作者所在实验室保藏的运动发酵单胞菌中,得到一株能在pH4.5时进行酒精发酵的菌株,其酒精产量为66.7g/L,与原菌株在pH6.5时的相同.通过单因素实验和正交实验,对该菌在酸性条件下的酒精发酵条件进行了优化.结果表明,在发酵温度为30～35℃,pH4.5,初糖质量浓度150g/L,酵母膏质量浓度4g/L,蛋白胨质量浓度为2g/L时,该菌的酒精产量达到最大,为71.7g/L.     

高强度产甘油假丝酵母突变株的选育及其发酵性状

以一株产甘油假丝酵母为出发菌株 ,采用化学诱变 ,通过玉米浆和外加无机磷组成的磷质量浓度为 3 40mg/L的磷源选择培养基 ,得到了一株发酵时间较原菌株缩短了 8h左右 ,产甘油能力 (甘油产量约为 1 40 g/L ,甘油转化率为 5 6% )和原菌株相似的突变株 ,并研究了突变株的发酵性状 .     

产胆固醇氧化酶重组大肠杆菌的发酵培养基和诱导条件的优化

在摇瓶中对产胆固醇氧化酶重组大肠杆菌的发酵培养基和诱导条件进行了优化,优化培养基为甘油10 g/L,胰蛋白胨10 g/L,酵母粉5 g/L,KH2PO4 2 g/L,K2HPO4 4 g/L,Na2HPO4·12H2O 7 g/L,(NH4)2SO4 1.2 g/L,NH4Cl 0.2 g/L,MgSO4·7H2O 1 g/L;优化的诱导条件为:对数生长中期诱导,IPTG浓度为0.3 mmol/L.在优化的培养基和优化的诱导条件下,单位菌体产酶量达745.86 U/g,菌体产酶水平达1 625.97 U/L,为优化前的700 U/L的2.3倍.     

具有β-半乳糖苷酶转苷能力的菌株筛选及鉴定

以乳糖为惟一碳源,5-溴-4-氯-3-吲哚- β -D-半乳糖苷(X-gal)为显色剂,从土壤中筛选出10株产β- 半乳糖苷酶较高、生长较好的菌株.在30 ℃下发酵产酶,测定邻硝基苯- β- D-半乳糖苷(ONPG)水解能力.在50 mmol/L磷酸钾缓冲液(pH 7.0)中,加入400 g/L乳糖和200 g/L果糖,并分别添加10株菌所产β- 半乳糖苷酶, 至酶活为400 U/L,37 ℃下反应8 h,经高效液相色谱分析,编号为2-1样品中含有乳果糖.通过形态特征和16S rDNA 序列分析,鉴定菌株2-1为节杆菌属.     

中性纤维素酶高产菌株的诱变选育及产酶条件

通过紫外线和γ射线交替诱变,筛选得到一株高产纤维素酶的突变菌株BE40 39.与出发株相比,其产酶能力提高1.3倍,发酵性状与出发菌株也有明显的差异.突变菌株发酵试验发现,Avicel是突变菌株产酶最合适的纤维素质碳源.通过对发酵培养条件的试验,得出最佳培养条件是:Avicel质量浓度为0.1g/dL,胰蛋白胨质量浓度为0.3g/dL,最适发酵温度为30℃,最佳培养基初始pH4.2,发酵5d达到产酶高峰.     

深黄被孢霉高产花生四烯酸菌株的微波诱变育种

为获得生长活力较强、产ARA能力强的菌株,以干菌重、微生物油脂产量和花生四烯酸(ARA)产量为评价指标,采用两轮微波诱变的方法,利用单因素试验确定微波累计加热时间,并采用气相色谱分析ARA含量.试验结果表明:微波频率为高档,累计加热时间为35 s,其致死率为78.3%.经过两轮微波诱变及菌种筛选,获得一株高产菌株W35s2-153,其生物量为30.85 g/L,总油脂含量为15.5 g/L,ARA质量浓度为2.61 g/L,ARA产量比原始对照菌株提高3.18倍,并且遗传性能稳定.     

一株低温脂肪酶产生菌的筛选鉴定与产酶发酵初探

从无锡惠山采集的土样中筛选得到一株产低温脂肪酶的细菌,经形态和16S rDNA序列鉴定,命名为Serratia marcescens SYBC Y-R.利用合成培养基初步确定摇瓶发酵产脂肪酶的最适碳源为乳糖(质量浓度2.5 g/L),最适氮源为氯化铵(质量浓度1.5 g/L),钙离子明显地促进了该菌发酵产脂肪酶.     

黑曲霉AS0023果糖转移酶和转化酶的酶学特性

研究了从黑曲霉AS0 0 2 3分离和纯化的果糖转移酶 (FTS)和转化酶 (INV)的酶学特性 .FTS专一催化果糖转移反应 ,INV专一催化水解反应 ;FTS和INV的最适 pH和温度分别是 5.8和 50℃ ,4 .4和 55℃ ;用 1mmol/L的Hg2 处理 ,FTS完全失活而INV仍维持 72 %的活性 ;这两种酶的酶动力学常数明显不同 ,以蔗糖为底物时 ,FTS和INV的Km 值分别为 4 4 .3 8mmol/L和 3 5.67mmol/L ;果糖是FTS和INV的竞争性抑制剂 ,其Ki 值分别为 3 5.4 4mmol/L和 1 0 5mmol/L ,而葡萄糖只是FTS的竞争性抑制剂 .     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.