高交联玉米淀粉的非晶化特性

研究了以三氯氧磷为交联剂的高交联玉米淀粉的制备方法,报道了高交联玉米淀粉颗粒随反应取代度增加而逐渐非晶化的现象.采用偏光显微镜和广角X-射线衍射对其由多晶态向非晶态的渐变过程进行了研究,提出高交联玉米淀粉中存在不同于原淀粉多晶颗粒态的只含无定形结构的非晶颗粒态。对非晶颗粒态高交联玉米淀粉颗粒的粒度分布的进一步研究结果还表明,此时的淀粉颗粒发生了轻度的膨胀。     

高温水分散体系交联玉米淀粉的非晶化现象研究

研究了用三偏磷酸钠为交联剂制备高交联玉米淀粉的方法,采用偏光显微镜和广角X-射线衍射对交联玉米淀粉由多晶态向非晶态的渐变过程进行了详细报道,发现了随着温度的升高交联玉米淀粉逐渐非晶化现象,提出在高温条件下交联玉米淀粉存在着只含无定型结构的非晶颗粒态,并用扫描电镜对非晶颗粒态玉米淀粉的结构进行了详细研究.     

高交联木薯淀粉的非糊化特性

以三氯氧磷为交联剂制备非糊化的高交联木薯淀粉,并测定了反应的取代度和布拉班德粘度曲线,研究了在沸水中受热后非糊化淀粉的颗粒形貌及粒度分布等特性．提出高交联非糊化木薯淀粉存在着不同于原淀粉颗粒的在沸水中只发生轻度有限溶胀的非糊化颗粒态     

非晶颗粒态木薯淀粉微生物降解特性

采用光学显微分析方法,以原木薯淀粉为参照,对非晶颗粒态木薯淀粉在微生物作用下的降解过程进行了观察和研究. 结果发现,在微生物作用下,从淀粉颗粒的爆裂孔开始,沿着淀粉颗粒爆裂孔逐步深入,直至最后将淀粉颗粒完全降解,而原淀粉颗粒具有致密的结晶结构,淀粉颗粒表面没有明显的孔洞,因此在同样条件下,生物降解性能要远远低于非晶颗粒态淀粉.     

三偏磷酸钠交联玉米淀粉颗粒膨胀历程及结构特征

利用淀粉与三偏磷酸钠的交联反应,通过控制交联反应程度,成功地控制了交联淀粉颗粒膨胀程度并使其停留在不同的溶胀阶段,详细研究了处在不同溶胀阶段交联淀粉颗粒的结构特征和变化趋势,揭示了三偏磷酸钠交联玉米淀粉颗粒的膨胀历程及结构特征,即随着淀粉颗粒交联程度的降低,颗粒的膨胀历程由中心脐点处爆裂膨胀方式转化为颗粒整体向外的均匀膨胀方式.     

红豆淀粉的性质

对红豆淀粉的颗粒形貌、X-光衍射图样、相对分子质量分布及糊粘度等理化性质进行了研究,并与马铃薯淀粉和玉米淀粉进行了比较,为红豆淀粉的应用提供了一定的理论基础.     

微细化马铃薯淀粉的理化性质

采用Brabender粘度计及化学分析技术等测试手段 ,探讨了马铃薯淀粉颗粒在机械球磨微细粉碎后理化性质变化的规律 .结果表明 ,微细化改变了马铃薯淀粉的糊化性质 ,使其糊化变易 .随球磨时间的延长 ,马铃薯淀粉的糊化温度不断降低 ;当球磨 5 0h后 ,常温基本能糊化 ,同时糊粘度大大降低 ,热粘度和冷粘度稳定性提高 .微细化还导致马铃薯淀粉与水的结合能力增强 ,溶解度、膨胀度和吸湿性提高 .     

三种交联酯化冷水可溶淀粉性质的比较

通过不同工艺路线制备了相应的交联酯化冷水可溶淀粉，分别称为a、b、c淀粉，对它们的性质作了对比研究，结果发现，不同的工艺路线制备出的淀粉性质存在差异。a淀粉交联度最高，酯化取代度最低，在冷水中容易分散，形成的糊的粘度热稳定性好，但透明度差，容易凝沉；c淀粉交联度最低，酯化取代度最高，在冷水中不易分散，形成的糊的粘度热稳定性差，但透明度好，不易凝沉；b淀粉性质居于两者之间。     

百合淀粉凝胶回生过程中的流变学特性

以玉米淀粉和马铃薯淀粉为参照,考察了百合淀粉回生过程中的流变学特性及糖对其回生过程中流变学特性的影响.结果表明百合淀粉回生过程中的流变学特性与马铃薯淀粉极为相似,与玉米淀粉有显著差异;添加蔗糖可以抑制百合淀粉胶存放过程中初始贮能模量的增加,即添加蔗糖可抑制其回生速率.     

深度氧化淀粉的制备及助洗性能

研究了用次氯酸钠氧化玉米淀粉制备高羧基含量的氧化淀粉并探索其在洗涤剂助洗方面的应用 .结果表明 :制备高羧基含量的氧化淀粉的最佳工艺条件为氧化剂用量 2 0 %、反应 pH为9.0、反应时间为 3.0h、反应温度为 4 5℃ ;氧化淀粉对模拟固体污垢MnO2 具有较理想的悬浮分散性及分散稳定性并具有一定的金属离子的封锁能力 .     

威利坦消除四肢骨折后早期肿胀疗效的对照研究

目的对照研究威利坦(venostan)在消除四肢骨折后早期肢体肿胀中的临床疗效。方法自2011年1月至2011年10月,将200例四肢骨折后肢体肿胀患者随机分为实验组和对照组,每组100例。实验组给予威利坦片剂口服结合冷疗、肢体抬高等常规物理疗法,对照组仅给予冷疗、肢体抬高等常规物理疗法,两组均禁用其他消肿药物。于入院时、入院后第3、4、5、7、10、14天测量肿胀肢体周径并作记录,观察消肿程度、消肿时间、临床疗效及不良反应。结果实验组起效更快,第3天即开始起效,对照组第5天才能起效。受伤后7 d内,两组间消肿情况有统计学差异(P<0.05),但10 d后无统计学差异(P>0.05);两组间消肿的有效率无统计学差异(P>0.05)。结论威利坦片剂能在创伤后早期(7 d内)较快消除肢体肿胀,有助于手术早期进行和肢体康复。     

The relationship between intracranial pressure and the degree of brain swelling in patients subjected to infratentorial surgery

Summary Background. In patients with supratentorial tumours, intracranial pressure is a strong predictor of intra-operative brain swelling and thresholds for ICP associated with brain swelling have been defined. Whether these ICP thresholds can be applied during infratentorial surgery is uncertain. We studied the relationship between subdural ICP and the degree of brain swelling after opening of the dura mater in patients subjected to infratentorial surgery. Thresholds for ICP associated with brain swelling were defined. Methods. One hundred and nine adult patients subjected to infratentorial surgery were studied. Subdural ICP was measured immediately before opening of the dura and the degree of brain swelling was estimated by the neurosurgeon according to a four-point scale. Findings. At ICP less than 7 mmHg brain swelling did not occur. In the range from 7 to 13 mmHg 21 of 39 patients (54%) had moderate swelling, but not pronounced swelling. At ICP greater than 13 mmHg some degree of swelling occurred in all patients, and at ICP exceeding 24 mmHg pronounced cerebral swelling was found in all patients. Using logistic regression analysis specific thresholds for ICP associated with brain swelling were defined as follows: at an ICP equal to or greater than 13 mmHg, brain swelling occurred with 95% probability; and at an ICP less than 6 mmHg brain swelling occurred with 5% probability. Conclusions. Subdural ICP measured before opening of the dura mater can predict the risk of brain swelling during infratentorial surgery. Thresholds for ICP associated with brain swelling are close to thresholds defined in patients undergoing supratentorial surgery. Correspondence: Mads Rasmussen, Department of Neuroanaesthesia, ?rhus University Hospital, N?rrebrogade 44, 8000 ?rhus C, Denmark.     

甘露醇在大中型皮瓣术后的应用

目的观察甘露醇对大中型皮瓣术后早期肿胀的疗效。方法30例大中型皮瓣术后给予20％甘露醇治疗一周（A组），选择术后给予七叶皂甙钠治疗者30例作为对照（B组），并设立空白对照30例（C组），每日两次记录皮瓣所在肢体的肿胀状况。对比三组患者肿胀的变化情况及消肿时间。结果A组轻度肿胀8例，中度肿胀18例，重度肿胀4例。显效20例，有效9例，无效1例，总有效率达96.7％。未见有严重药物毒副作用发生。肿胀程度较c组明显减轻（P〈0．05）。A组平均消肿时间少于B组（P〈0．05）。结论采用甘露醇治疗皮瓣术后早期肿胀，具有简便易行、快速消肿、安全经济等优点，值得临床推广应用。     

硬脂酸淀粉酯的性质

对硬脂酸淀粉酯的流变学性质和乳化稳定性进行了研究.结果表明:硬脂酸淀粉酯的粘度明显低于原淀粉,其粘度随温度的升高和剪切速率的增加而下降,取代度的增加对硬脂酸淀粉酯的粘度没有显著影响;硬脂酸淀粉酯的乳化稳定性随取代度、硬脂酸淀粉酯用量以及油水比的增加而增加,随温度的升高而降低.     

Effect of preoperative dexamethasone on edema of oral and extra-oral structures following trans-oral decompression and posterior fusion

We investigated the anti-edema effect of intravenous dexamethasone in a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study in 40 ASA physical status I and II patients scheduled for trans-oral decompression and posterior fusion. Patients were divided into two groups to receive either placebo or 10 mg dexamethasone one hour prior to induction of anesthesia. After anesthesia induction, oral structures were graded as swelling grade 0 at direct laryngoscopy. Duration of trans-oral surgery, duration of posterior fusion, and total duration of surgery were recorded. After completion of surgery, direct laryngoscopy was repeated, and swelling was graded from 1 to 4. Patients who had a swelling grade of 1 or 2 were extubated while grades of 3 and 4 were transferred to a neurosurgical intensive care unit, and re-assessments were performed 12 hours apart. Patients with swelling grades of 1 and 2 were extubated on each assessment. On statistical analysis of the results, the study found that in comparison to placebo, patients in the dexamethasone group were extubated earlier (P < 0.006, Chi Square for trend). Total duration of surgery and duration of posterior fusion were significantly greater (P < 0.05) in patients who had swelling grade >2 than in patients who had swelling grade < or =2 at completion of surgery (192.50 +/- 16.26, 356.07 +/- 17.06 minutes versus. 158.27 +/- 9.07, 311.41 +/- 14.06 minutes).     

Is prevertebral soft tissue swelling a useful sign in injury of the cervical spine?

A group of 58 patients with suspected injuries of the cervical spine were reviewed retrospectively. Prevertebral soft tissue swelling occurred in 20 (49 per cent) of 41 patients with definite bone injury. Soft tissue swelling occurred significantly more frequently with injuries to the anterior portion of the cervical spine than to the posterior vertebral elements. No significant correlation was found between soft tissue swelling and level of injury and age of the patient. Out of 17 patients with cervical injuries, 4 (24 per cent) who were subsequently considered not to have sustained bony injury demonstrated apparent soft tissue swelling. The absence of soft tissue swelling should not be considered as evidence for no bony injury. Its presence does not necessarily indicate bony injury.     

芋头淀粉糊的粘度性质

研究了芋头淀粉糊在不同质量分数、pH值以及不同蔗糖、食盐、明矾、硼砂添加量的条件下,Micro Visco-Amylo-Graph粘度曲线的变化情况,与马铃薯、木薯、玉米淀粉糊的粘度性质进行比较,为进一步了解芋头淀粉的特性及应用开发提供了一定的理论依据.     

Diffuse brain swelling in severely head-injured children. A report from the NIH Traumatic Coma Data Bank.

In this study, data were prospectively collected from 753 patients (111 children and 642 adults) with severe head injury and examined for evidence of diffuse brain swelling and its association with outcome. Diffuse brain swelling occurred approximately twice as often in children (aged 16 years or younger) as in adults. A high mortality rate (53%) was found in these children, which was three times that of the children without diffuse brain swelling (16%). Adults with diffuse brain swelling had a mortality rate (46%) similar to that of children, but only slightly higher than that for adults without diffuse brain swelling (39%). When the diagnosis of diffuse brain swelling was expanded to include patients with diffuse brain swelling plus small parenchymal hemorrhages (less than 15 cu cm), these mortality rates were virtually unchanged.