L-异亮氨酸菌种选育及发酵条件优化

以栖糖蜜棒杆菌（Corynedacterium melassecola）ATCC17965为出发菌株。根据代谢控制发酵原理。经硫酸二乙酯和60^Co诱变处理。定向选育出一株L-异亮氨酸产生菌131-5（SG^r＋LeuME^r＋Leu＋AHV^r＋Suc^g＋Eth^r）。在培养基未经优化的情况下产L-异亮氨酸14-15g／L．同时，考察了培养基及发酵每件对茼株产酸的影响，在优化的培养基和发酵条件下积累L-异亮氨酸19．2g／L．最高时可迭21．3g／L．     

利用Pseudoalteromonas elyakouii菌株发酵法生产褐藻胶寡糖培养基的改进

利用Pseudoalteromonas elyakouii菌株发酵降解相对分子质量10000左右的褐藻胶，制备褐藻胶寡糖．为了达到降低培养基成本和简化分离工艺的目的，使用（NH4）2SO4为氮源的发酵培养基来代替使用蛋白胨为氮源的发酵培养基．为了促进菌的生长和发酵产物褐藻胶寡糖的生成，在新发酵培养基中分别添加海带浸液、葡萄糖、乳糖、几种氨基酸和几种代谢中间产物（丙酮酸、柠檬酸、延胡索酸、尿素），并考察这些成分对菌生长和发酵产物褐藻胶寡糖生成的影响．研究发现：在基本培养基中和添加0．1g／L的L-谷氨酰氨、0．1g／L尿素或0．1g／L柠檬酸时可获得较高的产物浓度。     

L-氨基酰化酶产生菌的筛选及其固态发酵工艺

从13株米曲霉菌株中筛选到一株产氨基酰化酶活力较高的米曲霉（Aspergillus oryzae）W0607，以米曲霉w0607为生产菌固态发酵生产氨基酰化酶，较适的培养基组成和培养条件为；麸皮7．0g，豆饼粉3．0g，蛋白胨0．3g，水11mL，PH值6．5，发酵温度28℃，发酵周期约48h．在此条件下，米曲霉W0607的氨基酰化酶产率为400u／g左右．     

Thermobifida fusca WSH03-11突变株合成角质酶的发酵条件

以放线菌Thermobifida fusca WSH03—11——高产角质酶突变株为出发菌株，在摇瓶中考察了碳、氮源等条件以及接种量、装液量和初始pH值等环境条件对突变株细胞生长和产角质酶的影响。通过优化发酵条件，突变菌株的角质酶酶活达10．1U／mL，提高了15％。在此基础上，在5L发酵罐中进一步研究了碳源流加对突变株发酵产酶的影响，结果发现，分别在0、24、48h添加1％乙醇，角质酶酶活达到16．4U／mL，细胞干重（DCW）达到3．7g／L，而且发酵时间也由110h缩短到50h。     

重组大肠杆菌产β-胡萝卜素的发酵条件

对重组大肠杆菌产β-胡萝卜素发酵条件进行了研究．在M9培养基中添加Span-200．7g／L有利于细胞生长和β-胡萝卜素表达，初始pH值6．0、接种体积分数5％、发酵温度28℃、抗生素氨苄青霉素质量浓度80μg／mL和氯霉素质量浓度40μg／mL为最佳发酵条件，在7L发酵罐进行发酵动力学试验表明，重组菌最适发酵周期为22h，细胞干重最高可达1．55g／L，β-胡萝卜素表达量可达0．75μg／mL。     

黑曲霉VVTP84生产果糖转移酶

从产果糖转移酶的 11株菌株中筛选出一株黑曲霉VVTP84菌 .该菌株在含蔗糖的培养基中 ,最佳摇瓶发酵时间为 30h ,pH值为 7.0 ;当蔗糖质量浓度在 2 5 0g/L以内时 ,产酶与蔗糖质量浓度呈正相关 ;MgSO4 ·7H2 O和KH2 PO4 的添加量分别以控制在 1.5 g/L和 1.0 g/L为宜     

一株低温脂肪酶产生菌的筛选鉴定与产酶发酵初探

从无锡惠山采集的土样中筛选得到一株产低温脂肪酶的细菌,经形态和16S rDNA序列鉴定,命名为Serratia marcescens SYBC Y-R.利用合成培养基初步确定摇瓶发酵产脂肪酶的最适碳源为乳糖(质量浓度2.5 g/L),最适氮源为氯化铵(质量浓度1.5 g/L),钙离子明显地促进了该菌发酵产脂肪酶.     

产过氧化氢酶菌株培养条件的优化

通过对溶壁微球菌培养基优化,确定最佳发酵培养基,并对发酵工艺条件进行了初步的优化.最适碳源是麦芽糖,最适氮源是蛋白胨和酵母膏,最近无机盐是MnSO4;该菌株产酶的最佳培养基配方为:60 g麦芽糖,13 g蛋白胨,8 g酵母膏,1 g MnSO4,5 g NaCl,2 g NaH2 PO4·2H2O,2 g K2HPO4·3H2O,0.5 g MgSO4·7H2O,0.5 g CaCl2,1 000 mL水.从该菌株发酵过程曲线发现,该菌株大量产酶期在12-14 h.摇瓶发酵最适初始pH值为7.0,250 mL三角瓶装液量为25mL,接种体积分数为5%,培养温度为37℃.     

高强度产甘油假丝酵母突变株的选育及其发酵性状

以一株产甘油假丝酵母为出发菌株 ,采用化学诱变 ,通过玉米浆和外加无机磷组成的磷质量浓度为 3 40mg/L的磷源选择培养基 ,得到了一株发酵时间较原菌株缩短了 8h左右 ,产甘油能力 (甘油产量约为 1 40 g/L ,甘油转化率为 5 6% )和原菌株相似的突变株 ,并研究了突变株的发酵性状 .     

L-乳酸高产突变株--米根霉NAF-032

运用正交试验理论,对L-乳酸高产突变株NAF-032的优化摇瓶发酵条件作了初步研究,确定了优化的发酵培养基和发酵条件.优化发酵培养基为(g/L)葡萄糖140,氯化铵1,KH2PO40.3,MgSO4*7H2O0.25,ZnSO4*7H2O0.08;优化培养条件为34℃,摇床转速200r/min,装液量50mL(250mL容积三角瓶),一次性添加CaCO380g/L调节pH值.米根霉NAF-032的摇瓶发酵L-乳酸积累量可达94.28g/L.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.