国内外水产品保鲜和保活技术研究进展

水产品保鲜和保活历来就是一个难题，是制约水产业发展的主要因素之一，随着中国加入WTO，这个问题日益显得重要。本文从低温、化学物质处理、生物活性物质、气调等方面综述了国内外水产品保鲜的现状以及研究进展，并探讨了国内外水产品的各种不同的保活方法。     

局部无水酒精注射诱导家犬股骨头坏死的实验研究

[目的]观察局部无水酒精注射法建立家犬早期股骨头坏死模型的有效性.[方法]选取健康成年家犬18只,体重15 ～ 18 kg,两侧股骨头分别设立实验组和空白对照组,实验组行股骨头脱位和无水酒精注射处理,注射剂量为6 ml,术后分别于2、3、4周行X线片和CT扫描检查,并取材进行组织学观察,比较两组的空骨陷窝率,并进行统计学分析.[结果]术后2～4周,实验组股骨头均表现出不同程度的坏死,X线片显示关节面软骨下出现带状低密度影与伴行的带状高密度影,髋关节轴位CT平扫显示实验侧股骨头关节面下出现低密度区域,周围有斑块状硬化灶.无水酒精注射部位组织学显示部分骨小梁断裂、骨陷窝变空虚、髓腔内造血细胞减少、脂肪细胞变性坏死,LSD -t检验显示各时间点实验组空骨陷窝发生率明显高于空白对照组(P＜0.05),除2只家犬外(1只术后第3d死亡,1只术后因股骨头脱位予以剔除),16只家犬(89％)均出现明显的股骨头早期坏死.[结论]局部无水酒精注射法可以成功诱导家犬股骨头坏死,该方法可作为建立大动物早期股骨头坏死模型的有效方法.     

爱活尿通促进精液液化的体外实验研究

目的 通过对爱活尿通处理精液前后液化时间的比较,研究爱活尿通在体外对液化异常精液的影响.方法 50例液化时间延长的精液标本每例分成3份,1份加爱活尿通提取液为实验组,还有2份为对照组,对照组1加糜蛋自酶,对照组2不作任何处理,观察不同方法处理后精液液化的时间及处理前后精子活力.结果 爱活尿通提取液和糜蛋白酶均可使液化延长的精液明显缩短液化时间(P＜0.05),19.爱活尿通处理后的精液液化时间较糜蛋白酶处理后精液液化时间更短,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),但精子活力及活率的差异没有统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 爱活尿通提取液和糜蛋白酶均可以有效地改善精液液化时间,但爱活尿改善精液液化时间的效果优于糜蛋白酶.     

保肾冲剂治疗实验性系膜增生性肾炎的实验研究

目的 :探讨保肾冲剂对新西兰大白兔系膜增生性肾小球肾炎 (MsPGN)模型 2 4h尿蛋白、肾功能及血脂的影响 ,探讨保肾冲剂治疗MsPGN的机理。方法 :采用吴氏法〔1〕建立兔的MsPGN模型 ,再通过灌服保肾冲剂 ,观察MsPGN模型 2 4h尿蛋白、肾功能、血脂及肾脏形态学的变化。结果 :兔MsPGN模型的 2 4h尿蛋白定量较正常组明显增高、脂代谢异常、肾组织病理改变明显。保肾冲剂能明显改善兔MsPGN模型的尿蛋白及脂代谢异常、减轻肾脏病理损害。结论 :保肾冲剂对系膜增生性肾小球肾炎模型的治疗机理可能与纠正MsPGN模型脂质代谢异常有关。     

厄贝沙坦联合降糖保肾方治疗早期糖尿病肾病大鼠的实验研究

目的：探讨中西医结合对早期糖尿病肾病大鼠肾脏氧化应激与超微结构变化的影响。方法：用链脲佐菌素（STZ）诱导糖尿病肾病大鼠模型,将SD大鼠随机分成5组,每组10只：正常对照组（C组）、糖尿病肾病组（D组）、厄贝沙坦组（X组）、降糖保肾方组（Z组）和中西医结合组（L组）。5周末检测5组大鼠血糖（BG）、糖化血红蛋白（HbA1c）、总胆固醇（TC）、三酰甘油（TG）、血尿素氮（BUN）、肌酐（Scr）、肌酐清除率（Ccr）、肾重／体重（S／T）、尿白蛋白排泄率（UAER）等指标的变化以及肾皮质总超氧化物歧化酶（TSOD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）的活性、丙二醛（MDA）的水平;利用透射电子显微镜观察肾脏足细胞超微病理结构。结果：D组与C组比较,BG、HbA1c、TC、TG、S／T明显升高;BUN、Scr水平差异无统计学意义,但Ccr显著下降;抗氧化酶中,TSOD、CAT活性明显下降,MDA水平明显升高;UAER增高,足细胞足突严重融合。中药或西药单药治疗组上述指标改善,尤其中西医结合治疗组上述指标改善显著,明显优于各单药治疗组。结论：早期糖尿病肾病大鼠肾脏即存在氧化应激增加及足细胞的损害,厄贝沙坦联合中药方剂降糖保肾方对糖尿病肾脏的保护作用优于单种给药治疗,其机制部分与其对糖尿病肾组织氧化应激增加、足细胞损伤与协同抑制作用有关。     

Evaluation of the Flinders Technology Associates Cards for Storage and Temperature Challenges in Field Conditions for Foot‐and‐Mouth Disease Virus Surveillance

Foot‐and‐mouth disease virus (FMDV) samples transported to the laboratory from far and inaccessible areas for diagnosis and identification of FMDV pose a major problem in a tropical country like India, where wide fluctuation of temperature over a large geographical area is common. Inadequate storage methods lead to spoilage of FMDV samples collected from clinically positive animals in the field. Such samples are declared as non‐typeable by the typing laboratories with the consequent loss of valuable epidemiological data. In this study, an attempt was made to evaluate the robustness of Flinders Technology Associates (FTA) cards for storage and transportation of FMDV samples in different climatic conditions which will be useful for FMDV surveillance. Simulation transport studies were conducted using FTA impregnated FMDV samples during post‐monsoon (September–October 2010) and summer season (May–June 2012). FMDV genome or serotype could be identified from the FTA cards after the simulation transport studies with varying temperature (22–45°C) and relative humidity (20–100%). The stability of the viral RNA, the absence of infectivity and ease of processing the sample for molecular methods make the FTA cards an useful option for transport of FMDV genome for identification and type determination. The method can be used routinely for FMDV research as it is economical and the cards can be transported easily in envelopes by regular courier/postal systems. The absence of live virus in FTA card can be viewed as an advantage as it restricts the risk of transmission of live virus.     

The effect of heat and moisture exchanger on humidity and body temperature in a low-flow anaesthesia system

BACKGROUND: Artificial humidification of dry inspired gases seems to reduce the drop in body temperature during surgery. The aim of this study was to evaluate the humidity and temperature of anaesthetic gases with heat and moisture exchangers (HMEs). The secondary aim was to evaluate if HMEs in combination with low-flow anaesthesia could prevent a decrease in the body temperature during general anaesthesia. METHODS: Ninety patients scheduled for general surgery were randomised to receive a fresh gas flow of 1.0, 3.0 or 6.0 l min-1 with or without HMEs in a circle anaesthesia system. Relative humidity, absolute humidity, temperature of inspired gases and body temperatures were measured during 120 min of anaesthesia. RESULTS: The inspiratory absolute humidity levels with HMEs were 32.7 +/- 3.1, 32.1 +/- 1.1 and 29.2 +/- 1.9 mg H2O l(-1) and 26.6 +/- 2.3, 22.6 +/- 3.0 and 13.0 +/- 2.6 mg H2O l(-1) without HMEs after 120 min of anaesthesia with 1.0, 3.0, or 6.0 l min(-1) fresh gas flows (P < 0.05, between with and without HME). The relative humidity levels with HMEs were 93.8 +/- 3.3, 92.7 +/- 2.2 and 90.7 +/- 3.5%, and without the HMEs 95.2 +/- 4.5, 86.8 +/- 8.0 and 52.8 +/- 9.8% (P < 0.05, between with and without HMEs in the 3.0 and 6.0 l min(-1) groups). The inspiratory gas temperatures with HMEs were 32.5 +/- 2.0, 32.4 +/- 0.5 and 31.0 +/- 1.9 degrees C, and 28.4 +/- 1.5, 27.1 +/- 0.8 and 26.1 +/- 0.6 degrees C without HMEs after 120 min of anaesthesia (P < 0.05, between with and without HME). The tympanic membrane temperatures at 120 min of anaesthesia were 35.8 +/- 0.6, 35.5 +/- 0.6 and 35.4 +/- 0.8 degrees C in the groups with HMEs, and 35.8 +/- 0.6, 35.3 +/- 0.7 and 35.3 +/- 0.9 degrees C in the groups without the HMEs (NS). CONCLUSIONS: The HMEs improved the inspiratory absolute humidity, relative humidity and temperature of the anaesthetic gases during different fresh gas flows. However, the HMEs were not able to prevent a body temperature drop during low-flow anaesthesia.