猪苓多糖超声提取工艺条件优化

采用超声提取方法研究了猪苓茵核多糖提取的优化工艺条件.结果表明,在超声功率为100W时,其最佳提取条件为60℃,料液比为1 g:30 mL,pH值为7.0,提取时间为40 min,P.umbellatus LBZ多糖的量为20.3 mg/g.与常规的沸水浴提取法比较,超声提取能显著提高猪苓多糖含量、缩短提取时间、减小料液比和降低提取温度.     

美味牛肝菌深层发酵条件的优化及成分分析

对美味牛肝菌(Boletus edulis)深层发酵条件及菌丝体主要营养成分进行了分析研究,结果表明,最适培养基配方为:葡萄糖30.0 g,玉米粉20.0 g,酵母膏7.0 g,KH2PO4 2.0 g,MgSO4·7H2O 1.0 g,VB1 0.01 mg,CaCO3 2.0 g;最优发酵条件的初始pH值5.2-5.8,振荡速度180 r／min,培养温度27℃,100 mL三角瓶装液量60 mL.并对美味牛肝菌深层培养菌丝体中蛋白质成分、灰分、脂肪、粗纤维、矿物质及多糖等进行了测定和分析.     

酒精浓醪发酵联产乳酸化饲料新工艺

以玉米为原料,耐高温耐高酒精度的活性干酵母为发酵剂进行浓醪酒精发酵实验,对糖化发酵工艺过程中酒精度、总糖、还原糖、酸度以及CO2失重等指标的过程变化进行了研究.并利用一株嗜酸乳酸杆菌,以酒糟为基质进行酒糟混合料的乳酸发酵实验.结果表明玉米原料经酒精浓醪发酵60 h后,玉米发酵醪中酒精体积分数达12.8%,残总糖质量分数为3.46%,残还原糖质量分数为0.19%,淀粉利用率89.88%以上.酒糟混合料接种乳酸菌,33 ℃条件下发酵15 d,发酵后酒糟混合料水分质量分数为53%,粗蛋白质量分数18.62%,粗脂肪质量分数3.32%,粗纤维质量分数3.95%,17种氨基酸质量分数达18.3%;乳酸质量分数1.93%,每克酒糟发酵料含乳酸菌菌数为4.2×107个,达到所设计乳酸菌菌数的要求.     

担子菌纲8种真菌的营养成分

分析 8种担子菌纲真菌的蛋白质、脂肪、多糖、微量元素、矿物质、维生素质量分数和蛋白质的氨基酸组成 .结果表明 :8种真菌均含有较丰富的蛋白质 ,除金耳、猪苓外 ,其余的蛋白质质量分数均在 2 0 %以上 ,最高的达 3 8.84 % .脂肪的质量分数低 ,且变化不大 ,在 1 .4 4 %～ 3 .82 %之间 .氨基酸质量分数为 7.0 3 %～ 3 5.1 1 % ,均含有 8种人体必需氨基酸 ,且必需氨基酸占总氨基酸含量的 2 9.1 8%～ 50 .0 7% .真菌的多糖质量分数在 0 .4 8%～ 0 .87%之间 .8种真菌含有一定的微量元素和矿物质 ,其中灵芝、金针菇、竹荪、香菇和金耳分别含有较高的锗、锌、铬、钙和铁 .8种真菌含有大量的VB1、VB2 、VB6 、VB12 和VE .     

雪莲水溶性多糖提取工艺的研究

雪莲多糖是一种水溶性的功能性天然多糖,作者比较了料液比、温度、提取时间等因素对新疆雪莲组织培养物中雪莲多糖提取率的影响。结果表明,雪莲水溶性多糖的最佳提取工艺条件为料液比为1 g∶12 mL,温度85℃,时间2 h.粗多糖最大得率为7.08%。此粗多糖总糖质量分数为15.37%,从糖含量的角度,新疆雪莲组织培养物提取的粗多糖是野生雪莲提取的粗多糖的优良替代物品。     

猪血蛋白的酶法改性、性能鉴定及其应用

2709碱性蛋白质酶用硫酸铵分步盐析,再经超滤、凝胶过滤色谱柱脱盐浓缩后,冷冻干燥制成精制酶。将从猪血中离心分离得到的血球溶血,按照不同水解度(DH)(12%、14%、16%、和18%)进行酶法水解。由脱色后的蛋白质水解物和先前分离得到的血清混合后,经喷雾干燥制成改性蛋白粉。分别测定了不同水解度改性蛋白质的含氮化合物、糖、脂肪、灰分、水分、氨基酸和微量元素。用凝胶过滤色谱测定了多肽分子量分布并测定了改性蛋白质的功能性质,例如:乳化能力、起泡能力、溶解度、白度等;探讨了DH与它们的关系。最后,就添加改性蛋白质对面包质量的影响作了研究。     

油茶肉质果和肉质叶开发价值及食用安全性分析

研究了油茶肉质果和肉质叶营养成分及食用安全性。成熟的肉质果（叶）各成分质量分数分别为：水分91．36％（91．58％）、蛋白质7．81％（6．56％）、脂肪3．7％（2．90％）、还原糖30．41％（21．83％）、总糖37．23％（29．28％）、茶皂素2．44％（1．46％）、灰分3．45％。（4．55％）、酸度0．35％（0．46％）。测定的矿物元素中，肉质叶、果的钙含量分别为411．3mg、359mg；锰的含量分别为31．35mg和33．06mg；含有16种氨基酸；所测的6种维生素中，维生素C和叶酸含量较高。毒性试验结果显示，样品为无毒野生果。微核试验和致畸试验结果表明：小鼠微核率与对照组比较，差异不显著（P〉0．05）。小鼠精子致畸率与阳性对照组比较无显著差异（P〉0．05）。样品对金黄色葡萄球菌抑制效果明显。该野生果基本无毒、无致突变物质，证明油茶肉质果、肉质叶是一种食用安全的野生果和食品资源。     

饲料中添加赖氨酸及蛋氨酸对罗非鱼生长的影响

以平均初始体质量5g的罗非鱼为试验对象,在赖氨酸(Lys)及蛋氨酸(Met)均呈缺乏状态的基础饲料中,分别补充结合态Lys(PBL),晶体Lys(UCL)和包膜Lys(CL)等3种形式的Lys,晶体Met(UCM)、包膜Met(CM)和羟基蛋氨酸钙(MHA-Ca)等3种形式的Met,共配制8组等氮等能饲料,每个组设3个重复,每个重复30尾,实验水温24～30 ℃,持续56 d.结果表明,对照组增质量率317.99%,单独补充质量分数0.15% PBL、0.15% UCL、0.15% CL 3种形式外源Lys的增质量率分别是326.93%,337.02%、329.42%,对罗非鱼的生长无显著影响,但同时补充质量分数0.15% CL及0.1% CM,罗非鱼增质量率为353.22%,显著提高了罗非鱼的生长水平;而同时补充质量分数0.15% UCL及0.1% UCM、0.15% PBL及0.1% UCM、0.15% PBL及0.1%MHA-Ca的增质量率分别为304.15%、308.78%、337.19%,对罗非鱼的生长无显著影响.补充外源氨基酸对罗非鱼肝脏水分有降低趋势,对其它常规组成及肌肉氨基酸组成无明显影响.结果提示,包膜赖氨酸及包膜蛋氨酸在适宜的补充方式下,对罗非鱼的促生长效果要优于其它形式的赖氨酸及蛋氨酸,可有效平衡罗非鱼饲料配方的赖氨酸及蛋氨酸水平的不足.     

微波辅助提取玉米须多糖及其组成的研究

采用料液质量比、微波功率、微波时间、水浴浸提温度、水浴浸提时间的单因素试验和正交试验来优化微波提取玉米须中水溶性多糖(CSPS)的条件.试验表明,前4种因素对多糖提取率的影响较大.微波辅助提取玉米须水溶性多糖的最佳工艺参数为:料液质量比为1 g∶50 g,在微波功率为560 W(最大700 W)的条件下提取3 min,再经100℃水浴浸提30 min.与未经微波辐照的提取方法相比较,微波辅助提取的方法时间短、产率高(最高可达2.43倍),是玉米须水溶性多糖提取的一种优选方法.然后,玉米须多糖用硫酸水解得到单糖,衍生后经GC检测,初步鉴定玉米须多糖是由葡萄糖、木糖及鼠李糖3种单糖组成.     

山楂、决明子颗粒剂中大黄酚的测定

采用高效液相色谱法测定了山楂、决明子颗粒剂中大黄酚的含量.以VP ODS(4.6mm×150mm)为色谱柱,流动相甲醇∶质量分数0.1%磷酸溶液(体积比)为90∶10,检测波长254nm,柱温为室温;大黄酚平均保留时间为7.27min,平均加样回收率为99.33%,RSD为1.87%(n=4),线形范围2.9～29.0μg/mL(r=0.9999,n=6),样品大黄酚的质量分数为0.0557%.该方法准确,灵敏度高,可作为该制剂的质量控制标准.     

Effects of several Chinese herbal aqueous extracts on human sperm motility in vitro

The effects of six kinds of aqueous extracts of Chinese herbal medicine (Astragalus membranaceus, Acanthopanacis senticosi, Panax genseng and Ophiopogon japonicus, P. genseng and Aconitum carmichaeli, Salviae miltiorrhiae, Polyporus umbellatus polysaccharide) on sperm motility characteristics of 30 infertile male volunteers were studied in vitro with a computer-assisted sperm analysis at 15, 60 and 180 min after incubated with the drugs. The results showed that per cent viability, number of progressive motile spermatozoa, curvilinear velocity, average path velocity and amplitude of lateral head displacement were significantly enhanced by A. membranaceus (P < 0.05 or < 0.01), per cent viability, average path velocity and amplitude of lateral head displacement were significantly enhanced by A. senticosi (P < 0.05), but all the above were not affected by P. genseng and O. japonicus, P. genseng and A. carmichaeli, S. miltiorrhiae and P. umbellatus polysaccharide. It is suggested that A. membranaceus and A. senticosi can enhance the motility of human spermatozoa in vitro.     

Prognostic factors in severe accidental hypothermia: experience from the Mt. Hood tragedy

The May 1986 Mt. Hood climbing disaster presented Portland area hospitals the opportunity to initiate a trial of extracorporeal rewarming using cardiopulmonary bypass in ten severely hypothermic patients (two survivors). The data from this experience as well as others previously reported can yield prognostic indicators of survival in cases of accidental hypothermia. These are demonstrated to include: the presence of underlying medical illness, duration of cold exposure, initial core temperature, mental status, the presence of spontaneous respirations, presenting cardiac rate and rhythm, and arterial oxygen tension. Profound hyperkalemia and markedly elevated serum ammonia levels indicate cell lysis; significant hypofibrinogenemia suggests intravascular thrombosis and each laboratory marker predicts a dire outcome. The treatment of choice for severe accidental hypothermia is felt to be rapid core rewarming on cardiopulmonary bypass.     

Effect of Nonbiological Hepatic Assist on the Mitochondrial Function of the Liver: Basic Consideration

Abstract: The significance of nonbiological hepatic assist (i.e., blood purification) in obstructive jaundice was considered using mitochondria (Mt) fractionated from hepatocytes. An obstructive jaundiced model was created using rats with ligated bile ducts. One, 2, and 3 weeks later, the respiratory function of the hepatic Mt were comparatively evaluated between Mt directly fractionated from liver tissue and Mt fractionated from hepatocytes obtained by Seglen's method for elimination of respiratory inhibitory factors around Mt. Of Mt from liver tissue, ATP synthesis decreased to 75% of the control at 1 and 2 weeks, and to 58% 3 weeks after ligation. In contrast, ATP synthesis was 97, 88, and 87% of the control at 1, 2, and 3 weeks in Mt from hepatocytes. Blood purification could remove respiratory inhibitory factors within or externally in liver cells and restore the mitochondrial function of the liver in obstructive jaundice.     

预防膀胱肿瘤术后复发的临床研究

目的 探讨不同方法预防膀胱肿瘤术后复发的效果,降低膀胱肿瘤复发率。方法对１９８２～１９９７年间采用膀胱灌注ＢＣＧ、丝裂霉素Ｃ（ＭＭＣ）、噻替呱、口服中药猪苓煎剂、后装腔内放疗５ 不同方法预防膀胱肿瘤复发,评价其效果。结果 随访２～１５年,其复发率分别为ＢＣＧ组３５．１％,猪苓３４．９％,ＭＭＣ组４１．７％,噻替呱组５２．６％,空白对照组６４．７％。后装放疗组处理高危性膀胱癌２５例,随访１２～４２个     

Experimental study on functional and morphological restoration following hepatic ischemia

Restoration of damaged hepatocytes after ischemia was studied functionally and morphometrically in a rat model with partial hepatic vascular occlusion. In 30 min occlusion group (n = 35), ATP (mols/mg of protein) dropped down to nearly zero, but returned to the pre-ischemic level within 6 hours after reperfusion. The number of mitochondria (Mt)/unit area of cytoplasm (N/beta m2) increased to 1.41 times of the pre-ischemic value. Simultaneously, the area of single Mt decreased to 2/3 of the pre-ischemic value. Cellular necrosis and subsequent fibrosis were slight, not different from those of the controls. In 60 min occlusion group (n = 35), it took 14 days for ATP to return to the pre-ischemic level. An increase in the number of Mt and reduction in the Mt area, were slight compared with 30 min occlusion group. In contrast, necrosis and subsequent fibrosis markedly developed with a concomitant increase in lysosomes. In conclusion, it was suggested that, in 30 min of ischemia, active division of Mt, which is a compensatory mechanism of Mt reduced the degree in ischemic damage of hepatocytes, in contrast, in 60 min ischemia, division of mitochondria was limited, causing delayed recovery of ATP and severe necrotic change of hepatocytes.     

Calculation of membrane tension in selected sections of the pelvic floor

Introduction and hypothesis

A mathematical model to estimate membrane tensions (Mt) at the urogenital hiatus and midpelvis in patients with and without prolapse is proposed. For that purpose the complex structures of the pelvic floor were simplified and, based on assumptions concerning geometry and loading conditions, Laplace’s law was used to calculate Mt. The pelvic cavity is represented by an ellipsoid in which the midpelvic and hiatal sections are described by an ellipse. The downwards forces within the pelvis (F_in) are in equilibrium with the support forces within its walls (F_w). F_in is the abdominal pressure (P_ABD) multiplied by the area A of the ellipse. The force inside the tissues (F_w) is distributed along the circumference of the ellipse C. The Mt can be approximated as Mt?=?(P_ABD.A)/C (N/m). Mt-α accounts for the angle α which describes tissue orientation with respect to the anatomical section and is calculated as Mt-α?=?Mt/sin(α).

Methods

We conducted a retrospective study on archived magnetic resonance imaging scans (n?=?20) and ultrasound images in patients with (n?=?50) or without prolapse (n?=?50) and measured actual geometrical variables. P_ABD was measured in patients with and without prolapse (n?=?20).

Results

Mt at the urogenital hiatus at rest is 0.35 N/cm. They significantly increase with the Valsalva manoeuvre, by a factor of 2.3 (without prolapse) to 3.6 (with prolapse).

Conclusions

Calculated Mt are much lower than what is reported for the abdominal cavity. Prolapse patients have significantly larger Mt, which during the Valsalva manoeuvre increase more than in healthy subjects.     

天台山道教功夫训练与正骨手法

正骨手法在骨伤科疾病的诊治中占有重要地位，而功法又是手法的基础，如果没有一套好的功法训练，手法就成了无水之源、无本之木。因此，功法训练对于提高手法质量是至关重要的，应引起骨伤科医生的重视。下面结合天台山道教功夫训练法介绍临床实用的练功方法。     

Association of the Primary Tumor Location with the Site of Tumor Recurrence after Curative Resection of Thoracic Esophageal Carcinoma

The site of surgical failure in cases of thoracic esophageal cancer (TEC) may be affected by the vertical location of the cancer in this longitudinal organ, suggesting the need to select the mode of adjuvant therapy based on location. We classified 501 TECs (92% squamous cell carcinomas) that underwent curative surgery without preoperative treatment as 13% upper thoracic (Ut), 51% middle thoracic (Mt), and 36% lower thoracic (Lt) lesions. Recurrent disease was discovered in 180 (36%) of the patients during a postoperative survey, most frequently in the cervical nodes (19%), liver (18%), abdominal paraaortic nodes (17%), and upper mediastinal nodes (17%). Although postoperative survival rates were similar (5-year survival: Ut 51%, Mt 55%, Lt 54%), the tumor recurrence site was significantly affected by the TEC vertical location, with recurrence in the cervical and upper mediastinal nodes being most frequent for Ut and Mt cases and in the liver and abdominal paraaortic nodes for Lt cases. Insufficient surgical lymph node clearance could be assessed by the recurrence index (RI), defined as the frequency of metastasis at recurrence divided by that at surgery. The RI was significantly lower for the upper abdominal nodes (4%, 8/184) than the lower mediastinal nodes (15%, 19/123) or the upper mediastinal nodes (19%, 30/154). These findings indicated that regional tumor recurrence, corresponding to the surgical field, was more frequent in the Ut and Mt cases (53% and 51%) than the Lt cases (18%); and distant recurrence was more frequent in the Lt cases (62%) than in Ut or Mt cases (25% and 36%). Thus the vertical location of the thoracic esophageal cancer can be said to affected strongly the site of tumor recurrence after curative surgery. Regional radiotherapy might be expected to have an adjuvant effect on Ut/Mt tumors and systemic chemotherapy on Lt tumors.     

Tolerance to severe hypoxia: lessons from Mt. Everest

Human tolerance to chronic severe hypoxia has been elucidated by two recent high altitude studies: the 1981 American Medical Research Expedition to Everest, and Operation Everest II, a 40-day low pressure chamber-simulated ascent of Everest. The severe oxygen deprivation of extreme altitudes can only be tolerated because of an enormous increase in ventilation which defends the alveolar Po₂ against the reduced inspired value. Nevertheless the arterial Po₂ on the Everest summit is less than 30 mmHg. The hyperventilation results in a very low arterial Pco₂ which causes severe respiratory alkalosis. This has the advantage of increasing the oxygen affnity of hemoglobin and accelerating the oxygen loading by the pulmonary capillary under diffusion-limited conditions. Cardiac function is astonishingly well maintained up to extreme altitudes. The relationship between cardiac output and work rate is the same as at sea level, and there is evidence that myocardial contractility is well preserved in spite of the extreme hypoxemia. However, there is impairment of central nervous system function at high altitude which persists following return to sea level. Significant abnormalities of motor coordination persisted for more than 12 months in most members of the Everest expedition. There is evidence that the climbers who ventilate most at high altitude have the most central nervous system impairment, presumably because of the more severe cerebral vasoconstriction.     

Effect of high altitude on the visual evoked responses in humans on Mt. Everest

Cerebral visual evoked potentials (VEPs) were collected over a 1-year period from the summer of 1983 through the summer of 1984 from 16 members of the American Ultima Thule Everest Expedition at sea level and at altitudes of 7,100 ft, 16,800 ft, and 21,300 ft. VEPs in response to 100 unilateral LED flashes were processed by a modified Nicolet CA-1000 computer of average transients with an analysis time of 250 ms and were recorded by an X-Y plotter. Readings of oxygen saturation, tetrapolar impedance pulmonary plethysmography, and clinical signs and symptoms of acute mountain sickness (AMS) were recorded. The latency of the major waves of the VEPs increased on initial arrival at higher altitude and returned toward base line over time with acclimatization. There were more acute latency changes in individuals who suffered from symptoms of AMS, which reversed with amelioration of symptoms.