太湖蓝藻水华胰蛋白酶抑制剂的含量测定

采用紫外分光光度法对太湖蓝藻提取液中的胰蛋白酶抑制剂进行了含量测定,测定的线性范围在4～40μg/mL.此法简单方便,精密度和回收率均较理想.     

乌司他丁对剖宫产患者凝血及血小板聚集功能的影响

目的 观察乌司他丁对剖宫产患者术中凝血及血小板聚集功能的影响.方法 选择60例无血液疾病及凝血功能障碍、肝肾功能异常或服用相应药物的择期剖宫产患者,ASA Ⅰ或Ⅱ级,随机均分为乌司他丁组和生理盐水组.分别于胎儿娩出后给药前(T0)、给药后1 h(T1)、2 h(T2)、4 h(T3)采血测定凝血酶原时间(PT)、部分凝血活酶时间(APFT)、凝血酶时间(TT)、纤维蛋白原(FIB)、国际标准化比率(INR)及血小板1 min,5 min聚集率及最大聚集率(PAG1、PAG5、PAGM).结果 与T0时比较,乌司他丁组T1时PT、APTT延长(P＜0.05);T2时TT延长(P＜0.05).与生理盐水组比较,乌司他丁组T1时APTF、T2时TT延长(P＜0.05).两组PAG1、PAG5、PAGM组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 围术期静脉滴注乌司他丁5 000 U/kg可改善剖宫产患者术中的高凝血状态,有助于预防术后深静脉血栓形成.     

大豆胰蛋白酶抑制剂对大鼠胰岛分离纯化的影响

目的探讨大豆胰蛋白酶抑制剂（STI）在大鼠胰岛分离纯化中对胰岛产量及功能的影响。方法按胶原酶中是否加入STI将大鼠分为实验组和对照组，实验组在胶原酶消化液中按2．0mg／ml加入STI，对照组不添加STI。2组均运用胶原酶原位灌注大鼠胰腺的方法来分离胰岛，使用Ficoll-400用非连续梯度离心法纯化胰岛，将纯化前、后获得的胰岛进行计数，并对纯化后的胰岛进行形态、功能检查。同时进行大鼠同种异体胰岛移植观察其体内功能。结果实验组和对照组在消化后纯化前所得胰岛数量无明显差别[（624±38．2）IEQVS（586±37．7）IEQ，P〉0．053；在纯化后实验组与对照组所得胰岛数量[（408±28．3）IEQVS（189±27．1）IEQ，P〈0．05]和纯度[（93±2．4）％VS（75±2．1）％，P〈0．05；差异有统计学意义。实验组与对照组最终所得胰岛的体外功能差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05），体内功能实验结果差异亦无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论使用在胶原酶中加入STI的消化液原位灌注大鼠胰腺，可以明显提高大鼠胰岛的最终产量和纯度，但对胰岛的功能无明显影响。     

乌司他丁对肝移植术患者凝血功能的影响

目的 评价乌司他丁对肝移植术患者凝血功能的影响.方法 拟行原位肝移植术的终末期肝病患者20例,年龄36～59岁,ASA Ⅲ或Ⅳ级,随机分为2组:对照组(C组)和乌司他丁组(U组).U组切皮后静脉输注乌司他丁2万U/min,持续1 h,乌司他丁输注量120万U(加入400 ml生理盐水中),每隔4 h重复输注;C组给予等容量生理盐水.分别于麻醉后切皮前、无肝前期30 min、无肝期30 min、新肝期30 min和术毕时采集中心静脉血样,测定Sonoclot凝血功能指标、常规凝血功能指标及血浆Ca2+浓度,记录术中出血量、输血量及术后24 h引流量.结果 与麻醉后切皮前比较,两组凝血酶时间、凝血酶原时间、活化部分凝血活酶时间、激活凝固时间延长,纤维蛋白原浓度、Ca2+浓度、纤维蛋白凝集率和血小板功能降低,C组D-二聚体浓度升高(P<0.05);与C组比较,U组D-二聚体浓度降低,血小板功能增强,术后24 h引流量降低(P<0.05),其余指标差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 术中静脉输注乌司他丁可改善肝移植术患者凝血功能,减少术后出血.     

高浓度乌司他丁抑制脂多糖诱导巨噬细胞的炎性活化效应

目的 在不同浓度的乌司他丁体外干预下,观察脂多糖(LPS)诱导巨噬细胞活化效应与分泌炎性因子变化趋势.方法 在体外细胞培养环境中,以1.0 mg/L LPS活化小鼠巨噬细胞株RAW264.7细胞与肺泡巨噬细胞,并且在活化前加不同浓度乌司他丁(100 ～ 10000 U/ml)进行干预;检测指标如下:巨噬细胞释放一氧化氮水平采用Griess法测定,巨噬细胞分泌与表达的炎性细胞因子肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)-α、白细胞介素(IL)-1β和IL-6分别采用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)法与实时定量逆转录-聚合酶链反应(qRT-PCR)检测.结果 在乌司他丁浓度为1000、5000和10 000 U/ml时,抑制LPS刺激RAW264.7巨噬细胞与肺泡巨噬细胞分泌的一氧化氮(NO)、TNF-α、IL-1β和IL-6等炎性因子的表达差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),同时抑制活化巨噬细胞中的TNF-α、IL-1β和IL-6 mRNA的表达,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);而100 U/ml浓度的乌司他丁对LPS刺激巨噬细胞的活化与炎性细胞因子分泌差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 高浓度乌司他丁在体外可抑制LPS诱导的巨噬细胞炎症反应.     

磷酸二酯酶5抑制剂的疗效和安全性

Rashid A．进行了一项综述研究，回顾磷酸二酯酶5（PDEs）抑制剂的疗效和安全性。PDE5抑制剂可降低环磷鸟嘌呤核苷浓度，导致平滑肌松弛，血液流入阴茎组织，产生勃起。3种PDE5抑制剂（西地那非、伐地那非、他达托非）有不同的剂量可供选择。与安慰剂相比，PDEs抑制剂显著提高国际勃起功能指数，已证实对那些特殊的临床人群，比如前列腺癌、糖尿病、心血管患者有效。     

磷酸二酯酶抑制剂：有效性和新用途

van Driel MF等人对磷酸二酯酶5(PDE5)抑制剂进行了一项综述性研究。目前有3种不同的PDE5抑制剂被用于治疗男性勃起功能障碍(ED),包括西地那非、伐地那非和他达拉非。     

乌司他丁对髋关节置换患者围术期凝血功能和深静脉血栓形成的影响

目的 比较乌司他丁(Uti)与低分子量肝素(Lmwh)对髋关节置换患者围术期凝血功能和深静脉血栓(DVT)形成的影响.方法 2010年3月至12月选择美国麻醉医师协会(ASA)Ⅰ～Ⅱ级择期行髋关节置换术患者150例,年龄65～85岁,平均72.5岁.随机分成生理盐水(NS)对照组(C组)、Uti组(U组)和Lmwh组(L组),每组50例.U组在术前1 d、术中、术后第1、2、3天缓慢静脉注射Uti 1万U/kg;C组只给予等量NS;L组术前1 d、术后第1、2、3天腹壁皮下注射Lmwh3200 U/d,但手术日及术中不给药.分别于术前(T0)、术毕(T1)、术后1 d(T2)、2 d(T3)、3 d(T4)5个时间点抽取静脉血标本,以凝血弹性描记仪(TEG)检测各组患者的凝血功能;术后3 d以彩色超声(CDFI)检查患者DVT的形成.结果 (1)C组患者处于相对高凝状态,其中术后1 d达最高峰,至术后3 d则有恢复趋势;在T1、T2、T3各观察时间点中:与C组相比,U组、L组中的凝血反应时间、凝血形成时间值均延长、凝血形成速率、凝血最终强度、凝血综合指数均减小(P＜0.01).经Uti及Lmwh处理,患者呈相对非高凝状态;(2)L组患者术中出血量、术后1 d引流量大于U组、C组;(3)术后3 d,C组、U组DVT发病数分别为20例(发病率为40%)及1例(发病率为2%),L组患者无DVT发生.结论 Uti、Lmwh均能有效改善髋关节置换患者围术期高凝状态,降低术后DVT的发病率.但Lmwh一定程度上增加术中与术后手术部位出血量.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the effects of ulinastatin (Uti) and low-molecular-weight heparin (Lmwh)on coagulation function and deep vein thrombosis(DVT) in patients undergoing hip joint replacement. Methods From March to December 2010 150 ASA Ⅰ - Ⅱ patients with average age of 72.5(65-85) years undergoing hip joint replacement were randomly divided into 3 groups (n = 50 each): normal saline (NS)control group (Group C), Uti group(Group U) and Lmwh group (Group L). Group U received intravenous infusion of ulinastatin(10000 U/kg) at preoperative, perioperative and after operation 1,2 and 3 d, respectively. Group C received the same volume of NS instead of Uti. Group L were injected Lmwh subcutaneously (3200 U/d) at preoperative, after operation 1, 2 and 3 d. Blood samples were taken before operation (T0), at the end of surgery(T1), 1 d(T2) ,2 d(T3) and 3 d(T4) after operation for determination the values of R, K, α angle, MA and CI, using thrombeelastography, and the DVT were also examined through color Doppler ultrasonography at 3 d after operation. Results Compared with T0, R, K were shorter, α angle, MA and CI were larger in group C, the values at T2 were up to the peak then declined at T4.Compared with group C, the value of R, K were larger, the value of α angle, MA and CI were shorter in group U and group L. The DVT checked by ultrasonography were found in 20 cases in group C, 1 case in group U, and zero case in group L. The differences were no statistically significant between group U and group L. Conclusion Intravenous infusion of Uti during the period of operation can correct the hypercoagulability of blood and decrease the incidence of DVT after operation.     

胰蛋白酶抑制剂对人肝癌细胞SK－HEP-1迁移和侵袭的影响

目的 观察尿胰蛋白酶抑制剂(UTI)对人肝癌细胞株SK-HEP-1迁移和侵袭等肿瘤生物学特性的影响.方法 噻唑蓝(MTT)比色法检测UTI对SK-HEP-1细胞增殖的影响;Transwell法检测不同浓度UTI对细胞迁移和侵袭能力的作用;逆转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)和Western blot检测不同浓度UTI作用后,尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活物(UPA)的mRNA和蛋白表达.结果 UTI组对SK-HEP-1细胞的增殖无影响(P＞0.05);与对照组比较,不同浓度的UTI组均能抑制人肝癌细胞SK-HEP-1的体外迁移和侵袭能力,且呈剂量效应关系,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);不同浓度的UTI组中SK-HEP-1细胞UPA的mRNA和蛋白表达均明显下降,且呈剂量依赖性,与对照组比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 UTI能抑制人肝癌细胞SK-HEP-1迁移与侵袭,其机制可能与UTI抑制SK-HEP-1细胞UPA表达有关.     

泽泻提取物对大鼠尿结石形成和间α胰蛋白酶抑制物表达的影响

目的　观察中药泽泻的有效部位提取物对实验性大鼠尿草酸钙结石形成和间α胰蛋白酶抑制物 (IαI)表达的影响。方法　采用乙二醇和氯化铵诱导形成大鼠肾草酸钙结石模型 ,将健康成年雄性Wistar大白鼠随机分成对照组 (A组 )、成石组 (B组 )、泽泻组 (C组 )。用免疫组织化学和计算机图像分析技术检测IαI在肾组织的表达情况 ,并测定血、尿生化和草酸钙晶体在肾组织的分布。结果　泽泻组大鼠肾组织草酸钙晶体分布、血生化等指标均明显低于结石模型组 ;泽泻组大鼠肾组织IαI的灰度值为 2 18.3 2± 7.5 8、肾钙含量 (7.3 2± 1.5 9)mg/g、2 4h尿钙分泌量 (5 .3 4±1.10 ) μmol/2 4h ,模型组大鼠IαI的灰度值为 2 0 3 .40± 14 .69、肾钙含量 (12 .63± 2 .2 9)mg/g、2 4h尿钙分泌量 (8.5 3± 1.73 ) μmol/2 4h ,两组间差异均有显著性 (P <0 .0 5 )。 结论　泽泻的乙酸乙酯浸膏的乙酸乙酯洗脱液提取物可能通过抑制肾组织内草酸钙晶体的形成和减少肾IαI的表达 ,从而能抑制尿结石的形成。     

乌司他丁对老年肾移植围术期细胞因子的影响

目的：观察乌司他丁对老年肾移植患者围手术期细胞因子释放的影响,探讨其促进移植。肾功能早期恢复的机制。方法：选择30例慢性肾炎肾功能衰竭的老年患者（年龄≥60岁）,随机分为对照组（C组）和乌司他丁组（U组）,每组15例。U组于手术开始后至循环开放前静滴50万IU乌司他丁,术后5d继续每天静注30万IU两组分别在术前（T0）、术毕即时（T1）、术后第1天（T2）、术后第3天（T3）、术后第5天（T4）、术后第7天（T5）等时点测定血清超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、丙二醛（MDA）、肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）、白介素（IL）-6、IL-8及IL-10的浓度。同时术后第1～30天每天查血肌酐,记录肌酐恢复正常所需天数,记录各组发生延迟肾功能恢复和急性排斥反应的例数。结果：乌司他丁治疗组于T1、T2、T3、T4、T5的SOD、IL-10值高于对照组（P〈0．05）,而MDA、TNF-α、IL-6、IL-8值低于对照组（P〈0．05）。血肌酐恢复正常水平时间,两组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论：乌司他丁能够减轻移植。肾的缺血-再灌注损伤和排斥反应引起的组织损伤,促进移植肾功能早期恢复。     

Thrombin Activity in CSF after SAH is Correlated with the Degree of SAH, the Persistence of Subarachnoid Clot and the Development of Vasospasm

Summary  We previously reported that the coagulation system in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is strongly activated in the early stage of a subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH). We evaluated the relationship among thrombin activity, degree of SAH, amount of clearance of SAH, and vasospasm. The CSF levels of fibrinopeptide A (FPA) were measured by radio-immunoassay in 36 SAH patients, who were diagnosed by computerized tomography (CT) within 12 hours and on whom surgery was performed within 48 hours. Clearance of SAH (%) was evaluated as the size of the clot in the basal cistern visualized between the initial and postoperative CT. The mean level of FPA in the patients of Group 3 (Fisher's CT classification) (182.2 ng/ml) was significantly higher than those in the patients of Group 2 (36.2 ng/ml). There was a significant difference in the mean level of FPA between patients with (47.6 ng/ml) and without infarction (408.3 ng/ml). In 18 of the 27 patients of Group 3 for whom the clearance of the SAH was determined, the patients showing a lower clearance rate (<50%) of SAH demonstrated a significantly higher rate of infarction and a significantly higher level of FPA (466.6 ng/ml) than did the patients with a higher clearance rate (>50%) of SAH (79.2 ng/ml). These results suggest that, the thrombin activity in CSF is correlated with the degree of SAH, the persistence of subarachnoid clot and the development of vasospasm.     

Impact of Continuous Hemofiltration on Cytokines and Cytokine Inhibitors in Oliguric Patients Suffering from Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome

The impact of continuous hemofiltration (CHF) using a polyacrylonitrile membrane on the kinetics of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), interleukin-1 beta (IL-lβ), and their inhibitors (soluble TNF receptors [sTNFrl, sTNFrII], interleukin-1 receptor antagonist [IL-1Ra]) was assessed in nine oliguric patients suffering from systemic inflammatory response syndrome. Blood and plasma flow (Q_b, Q_p), sieving coefficient (SC), plasma and ultrafiltrate clearances (K_p, K_uf), and plasma extraction rates (ER_p) were calculated at different time points using standard formulas. No significant improvement of hemodynamics or gas exchange was noted following HF but a significant increase in serum bicarbonate occurred after 24 h (P < 0.05). TNFα was detected in plasma from all patients (153 ± 2.3 pg/mL [mean ± SEM]). None of the patients had detectable IL-1β levels. High levels of the TNF receptors (sTNFrl 20.338 ± 2.431 pg/mL; sTNFrII 17.839 ± 2.630 pg/mL) and IL-1Ra (19.775 ± 3.943 pg/mL) were found in all patients. Upon initiation of hemofiltration (HF), the mean individual sTNFrl/TNFα. ratio amounted to 269 ± 84.6 and the sTNFrII/TNFα ratio to 249 ± 91.8. Mean ultrafiltrate volume (V_uf) was 11.8 ± 0.4 L/day. Appreciable sieving of IL-1Ra (SC 0.45 ± 0.10), but not of the other cytokines, was noted (SC TNFα, sTNFrI, sTNFrII < 0.09). Despite minimal K_uf of TNFα, sTNFrI, and STNFrII (K_uf < 0.8 mL/min), appreciable K_p was noted, suggesting that membrane adsorption occurs (K_p ≈ 8 mL/min). There was a nonsignificant increase of the ratios between both TNF receptors and TNFα across the filter (sTNFrI/TNFα ratio [pre] 231 ± 37.9 versus [post] 312 ± 75.3); sTNFrII/TNFα ratio [pre] 211 ± 42.1 versus [post] 291 ± 79.3). Appreciable K_p of IL-1Ra was noted (K_p 17.3 ± 1.61 mL/min), which was only in part due to K_uf(4.0 ± 0.86 mL/min). There was a significant decrease of IL-1Ra levels across the membrane, both overall ([pre] 20.223 ± 2.282 versus [post] 16.637 ± 2.039 pg/mL; P < 0.01) and at different time points (P < 0.01). Only for IL-1Ra was significant extraction from plasma noted (ER_p 26 ± 6.0%). Plasma levels of TNFα, sTNFrI, sTNFrII, and IL-1Ra were not altered by 24 h of CHF. In conclusion, both cytokines and cytokine inhibitors can be removed from the circulation, either by convective transport or by membrane adsorption. Using low-volume HF (V_uf 12 L/day), no impact on cytokine plasma levels nor the patients hemodynamics or gas exchange was noted. The appreciable SC of IL-1Ra (0.45), however, suggests that HF with high(er) UF volumes (>50 L/day) may be able to achieve reductions in plasma levels of some peptide (anti)mediators. However, whether this aspecific elimination of both mediators and antimediators may alter the clinical course in critically ill patients remains to be investigated.     

Trypsin stimulates the phosphorylation of p42,44 mitogen-activated protein kinases via the proteinase-activated receptor-2 and protein kinase C epsilon in human cultured prostate stromal cells

BACKGROUND: The pathogenesis of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is not well understood. It involves the proliferation of prostate stromal cells. The proteinase-activated receptor subtype 2 (PAR-2) receptor is expressed by human prostate tissue and can be stimulated by serine proteases. Prostate epithelial cells secrete serine proteases such as trypsin, prostate specific antigen (PSA), and human glandular kallikrein (hK2). The p42,44 mitogen activated protein kinase (MAP kinase) pathway regulates cell proliferation. Trypsin can stimulate this pathway via the PAR-2 receptor and protein kinase C (PKC) in other tissues. Serine proteases secreted by prostate epithelial cells may interact with PAR-2 receptors expressed by prostate stromal cells causing them to proliferate. The aim of the present study was to establish whether functional PAR-2 receptors are expressed by human prostate stromal cells (HPSCs) and to determine whether PAR-2 stimulation can activate p42,44 MAP kinase via a pathway involving PKC. METHODS: HPSCs were cultured from patients undergoing trans urethral resection of the prostate (TURP). HPSCs were stimulated with PAR agonists. Immunoblotting of HPSC lysate with anti-p42,44 MAP kinase and -PKC isoforms. Data were analyzed with densitometry. RESULTS: Trypsin and the PAR-2 synthetic peptide SLIGKV caused significant increases in MAP kinase phosphorylation and calcium mobilization in HPSCs. The MAP kinase response was attenuated by pertussis toxin (PTX), phorbol 12,13 dibutyrate, Go6983, and Ro 318220. The PKC isoforms alpha, delta, epsilon, and zeta were detected in HPSCs. Trypsin caused the translocation of PKC(epsilon) from the cytosol to the membrane in HPSCs and was able to stimulate cellular proliferation. CONCLUSIONS: The PAR-2 selective serine protease trypsin activates p42,44 MAP kinase phosphorylation via PKC(epsilon). This may be an important mechanism of BPH pathophysiology.     

The Effects of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors on Potassium Homeostasis in Dialysis Patients With and Without Residual Renal Function

Hyperkalemia is exacerbated by angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE‐I). Distal potassium (K⁺) secretion is negligible in anuric patients. ACE‐I therapy may reduce renal, peritoneal, and colonic K⁺ losses. We examined the effect of ACE‐I therapy on serum, urinary, and dialysate K⁺ in a cross‐section of peritoneal and hemodialysis patients. Serum, 24‐h urine K⁺, and peritoneal dialysate excretion K⁺ levels were measured and the results were compared in the various dialysis and treatment groups. Eighty‐one hemodialysis (HD) and 32 peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients were included. Serum K⁺ in HD patients with no residual renal function (RRF) was higher in those receiving ACE‐I therapy (P = 0.02). Serum K⁺ levels in HD patients receiving ACE‐I treatments with RRF was similar to that in oligoanuric HD patients not receiving an ACE‐I. Urinary K⁺ excretion was significantly reduced in those on ACE‐I therapy versus those not on an ACE‐I (P < 0.05). Mean serum K⁺ was lower in PD versus HD patients (P < 0.05). PD patients with no RRF on ACE‐I therapy had higher serum K⁺ concentrations (P = 0.002) and dialysate K⁺ excretion was lower (P = 0.05), in comparison with PD patients not on an ACE‐I. PD patients with RRF on ACE‐I therapy had higher serum K⁺ concentrations compared with those not on ACE‐I therapy (P = 0.03). Both urinary and dialysate K⁺ excretion were reduced (P = 0.001 and P = 0.002, respectively). ACE‐I therapy increases serum K⁺ concentration in dialysis patients. PD patients have relatively lower serum K⁺ levels compared with HD patients. In PD patients, ACE‐I therapy reduces dialysate K⁺. These changes may result from reduced peritoneal movement of K⁺.     

选择性5-羟色胺再摄取抑制剂治疗早泄的有效性和安全性系统评价

目的:评价选择性5-羟色胺再摄取抑制剂(SSRIs)治疗早泄的有效性和安全性。方法:采用Cochrane系统评价方法,电子检索MEDLINE(1950年1月至2008年3月)、EMBASE(1980年1月至2008年3月)、Cochrane图书馆(2008年第1期)和中国期刊全文数据库(1979年1月至2008年3月),并手工检索已发表和未发表试验,筛选和纳入SSRIs治疗早泄的随机对照试验(RCT)和随机交叉试验(RT)。由2名评价者独立评价纳入文献的方法学质量,对同质文献采用RevMan5.0软件进行Meta分析。结果:共纳入文献22篇,共包括研究病例4291例。Meta分析显示:舍曲林、氟西汀、帕罗西汀、西酞普兰、达伯西汀、三氟戊肟胺对阴道内射精潜伏时间(IELT)改变值的加权均数差WMD(95%CI)分别为2.63(1.80,3.46)、2.21(1.50,2.92)、4.31(2.71,5.91)、3.82(3.39,4.25)、1.57(1.31,1.84)、0.01(-0.71,0.73);前5者对患者性生活满意率的相对危险度RR(95%CI)分别为1.65(1.12,2.43)、2.93(0.50,17.31)、3.08(2.27,4.17)、2.48(1.99,3.09)、2.93(2.36,3.65);对配偶性生活满意率的RR(95%CI)分别为1.47(0.98,2.21)、2.88(0.38,21.77)、4.81(3.15,7.36)、5.38(3.75,7.72)、2.91(1.09,7.78)。结论:现有证据显示,现有SSRIs除三氟戊肟胺外均能不同程度地延长IELT,帕罗西汀、西酞普兰、达伯西汀能同时提高患者及配偶的性生活满意度,由于存在较多不良反应,应用时需注意。由于纳入文献存在选择偏倚、发表偏倚的中度可能性,可能在一定程度上影响结果的证据强度,故应谨慎看待上述结论,期待高质量的RCT提供更可靠的证据。     

灵芝菌丝体碱提水溶性多糖工艺条件及对羟自由基的清除作用

通过单因素实验对影响碱提灵芝茵丝体多糖的各种因素进行了研究，确定提取条件为：提取温度65℃，提取时间4h，碱料(体积：质量)比4：1，碱液浓度0．5mol／L．在此条件下提取并对所得水溶性多糖的抗氧化作用进行了初步研究，表明其对羟自由基有较好的清除能力，在一定范围内清除率与糖的质量浓度呈正相关．     

苹果纤维对面粉持水性能力及蛋糕品质的影响

将苹果渣和苹果纤维添加至焙烤蛋糕的面粉中,测定了蛋糕粉湿面筋含量和浆料粘度的变化。探讨了对蛋糕的比容及老化的影响,结果表明:苹果渣和苹果纤维会引起面粉持水性的改变。苹果纤维同面粉混合后的总持水性,常温下为两者的线性之和;纤维的添加能导致湿面筋含量的下降,下降幅度同纤维的含量有关。表观粘度系湿面筋的形成能力与纤维持水性两者的综合效应。该结果有助于进一步研究纤维同小麦面筋之间的相互作用并为蛋糕品质的改善提供了实验依据。     

Microbial and Endotoxin Contamination in Water and Dialysate in the Central United States

The purified water supplies and randomly selected dialysates of 51 chronic and acute dialysis centers in the central United States were surveyed to assess the relative risks to dialysis patients from microbial and endotoxin contamination. A culture medium more sensitive than those generally employed in routine quality assurance assays was used for recovery of bacteria from water. With this medium, 35.3% of the water samples and 19% of the dialysate samples were out of compliance with the Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation (AAMI) standards: 200 and 2,000 colony forming units (CFU)/ml, respectively. There was no correlation observed between the type of water purification system or the frequency of disinfection of the system and the bacterial and endotoxin contamination levels. There was also no correlation found between the bacterial and fungal CFU per ml and the endotoxin concentration per ml (EU/ml). It is recommended that more sensitive culturing methods be used to provide adequate bacterial monitoring of dialysate center water supplies. Dialysis centers should monitor endotoxin in dialysate on a regular schedule and immediately after any endotoxemic-like patient reactions. Yeast and fungi were observed in 10% and 64% of the water systems, respectively. Dialysate was contaminated by yeast and fungi in 30% and 70% of the centers, respectively. The concentrations of these microbes in both fluids were much lower than bacteria. However, they were observed often enough to warrant further investigation of their impact on the well-being of dialysis patients.