大鼠海马结构中兴奋性氨基酸神经元的发育

目的：研究胚胎时期大鼠海马结构中谷氨酸和门冬氨酸神经元的分布及发育规律。方法：用免疫组化ＡＢＣ方法，对Ｅ１４，Ｅ１６，Ｅ１８、Ｅ２２天大鼠胚胎海马结构中谷氨酸和门冬氨酸神经元的发育情况进行观察。结果：Ｅ１４天，在海马神经上皮内谷氨酸和门冬氨酸能前体细胞散在分布；Ｅ１６天，随着丛状层的出现，成熟的谷氨酸和门冬氨酸神经元迁入其内；Ｅ１８天，阿蒙角神经上皮增厚，阳性前体细胞增多，ＣＡ１锥体层刚出现即分布     

Calbindin-D28k在出生前人海马本部及下托神经元的表达及其变化

本实验采用免疫组织化学方法研究了１３～３８ 周人胎儿海马本部及下托含Ｃａｌｂｉｎｄｉｎ－Ｄ２８ｋ 神经元的分布和发育。结果表明：在１３～１４ 周时,许多含Ｃａｌｂｉｎｄｉｎ－Ｄ２８ｋ 锥体细胞可见于ＣＡ１ 区锥体细胞层中部及深部,随着胎龄增大,ＣＡ１ 区含Ｃａｌ－ｂｉｎｄｉｎ－Ｄ２８ｋ 锥体细胞的数量及密度逐渐下降,最终消失,并且这种下降及消失首先从含Ｃａｌｂｉｎｄｉｎ－Ｄ２８ｋ 锥体细胞区浅部开始,然后向深部推进;在１３～２８ 周期间,ＣＡ２ 和ＣＡ３ 区也有许多含Ｃａｌｂｉｎｄｉｎ－Ｄ２８ｋ 锥体细胞,但至３２ 周以及其后,ＣＡ３ 和ＣＡ２ 区则不见含Ｃａｌｂｉｎｄｉｎ－Ｄ２８ｋ 锥体细胞,仅在ＣＡ２ 与ＣＡ１ 交界区见到少量弱染的含Ｃａｌｂｉｎｄｉｎ－Ｄ２８ｋ 锥体细胞。此外,在２８～３８ 周期间,ＣＡ３ 和ＣＡ２ 区锥体细胞层周围可见许多含Ｃａｌｂｉｎｄｉｎ－Ｄ２８ｋ 的苔藓纤维,其密度随胎龄增大而增加。１４～３８ 周期间,许多含Ｃａｌｂｉｎｄｉｎ－Ｄ２８ｋ 的锥体细胞也出现于下托锥体细胞层全层及前下托锥体细胞层浅部（细胞岛区）及中部。这些区域含Ｃａｌ－ｂｉｎｄｉｎ－Ｄ２８ｋ 锥体细胞的数量及染色强度在１４～２４ 周期间逐渐增     

Calbindin—D28k在出生前人海马本部及下托神经元的表达及其 …

本实验采用免疫组织化学方法研究了１３￣３８周人胎儿海马本部及下托Ｃａｌｂｉｎｄｉｎ－Ｄ２８ｋ神经元扮布和发育。结果表明：在１３￣１４周时，许多含Ｃａｌｂｉｎｄｉｎ－Ｄ２８ｋ锥体细胞可见于ＣＡ１区锥体细胞层中部及深部，随着胎龄增大，ＣＡ１区含Ｃａｌｂｉｎｄｉｎ－Ｄ２８ｋ锥体细胞的数量及密度逐渐下降，最终消失，并且这种下降及消失首先从含Ｃａｌｂｉｎｄｉｎ－Ｄ２８ｋ锥体细胞区浅部开始，然后向深部推进；在     

胚胎时期大鼠海马结构的发育

为研究胚胎时期大鼠海马结构的发育状况,用浸泡固定、石蜡切片、混合尼氏染色方法,观察了Ｅ１４、Ｅ１６、Ｅ１８、Ｅ２２天大鼠胚胎海马结构的发育过程。结果：Ｅ１４天基本上能区分出海马原基。Ｅ１６天海马原基背侧与下托部神经上皮延续,腹侧与隔区神经上皮及脉络丛基质相连续;此时海马原基可区分出３部分,即背侧的阿蒙角神经上皮,其下的原始齿状回神经上皮,腹侧的伞部胶质上皮。Ｅ１８天海马裂形成,将阿蒙角神经上皮与齿状回生发基质区分开来;ＣＡ１区锥体层和海马伞开始出现,齿状回外臂和门也开始形成并第一次见向齿状回迁移的细胞。Ｅ２２天海马裂消失,阿蒙角分子层与齿状回分子层贴在一起;ＣＡ１区锥体层增厚,ＣＡ３区锥体层出现并穿透门区;阿蒙角神经上皮变成单层结构,中间层变薄,仍见大量逗留的锥体细胞,海马槽形成;齿状回外臂轮廓出现,颗粒细胞呈单层排列,内臂起始部开始形成;ＣＡ３区中间层周围及个部附近见大量的细胞正朝门区迁移。研究表明：出生前阿蒙角ＣＡ１、ＣＡ３区锥体层已经形成,齿状回外臂的轮廓已形成,内臂刚开始出现,其轮廓将于出生后形成。     

人胚胎海马发育的形态学研究Ⅲ．肽能神经元的发生

利用Ｇｏｌｇｉ镀银法、免疫组织化学法，对不同胎龄人肛胎海马的肽能神经元进行了研究．发现ＳＳ阳性神经元于胚胎１９周出现，ＳＰ阳性神经元、ＮＰＹ阳性神经元于１７周出现，ＧＡＢＡ阳性神经元在１６周即已显示。随胎龄增加，肽能神经元不断增多．肽能神经元广泛分布于海马的各区，但以多形层最为多见．和锥体细胞及颗粒细胞相比，肽能神经元有下列形态特点：（１）细胞形态和大小差异较大；（２）细胞突起多少不一，出现部位也无一定规律；（３）轴突投射范围小，但分枝多．Ｇｏｌｇｉ可以同时显示多种不同肽能神经元．ＧＡＢＡ阳性细胞与ＳＳ阳性细胞在发生时间和形态特点方面具有高度一致性，说明ＳＳ可与ＧＡＢＡ共存。     

人类初级视皮质含Parvalbumin神经元的出生前发育

用免疫细胞化学方法研究了１９～４０周人胎初级视皮质含Ｐａｒｖａｌｂｕｍｉｎ（ＰＶ）神经元及纤维的发育和形态。１９周，少数含ＰＶ神经元出现于皮质板深部（相当于Ⅵ层处）。２４周，含ＰＶ神经元仍仅见于Ⅵ层，但数量明显增加，多为双极细胞。２６～２９周，许多含ＰＶ神经元可见于Ⅵ及Ⅴ层，双级、多级及双簇细胞均可见。３３～４０周，Ⅴ、Ⅵ层含ＰＶ神经元数目逐渐增加，并随胎龄增大依次出现于Ⅳ、Ⅲ和Ⅱ层，多为多极及双簇细胞。这些结果提示，Ⅱ－Ⅵ层含ＰＶ神经元遵循从深至浅的发育规律。另外，２９～４０周皮质Ⅰ层一些Ｃａｊａｌ－Ｒｅｔｚｉｕｓ神经元和水平纤维亦含ＰＶ；３８～４０周皮质Ⅰ层深部还可见较多含ＰＶ的小型神经元，散在分布于Ⅰ层含ＰＶ的水平纤维之间，提示ＰＶ可能参与发育过程中Ⅰ层内各种神经成分间的相互作用。     

出生前人脑齿状回颗粒细胞的梯度发育：钙结合素免疫细胞化学研究

为了探索人类齿状回颗粒细胞的出生前发育规律，用免疫细胞化学方法研究了１３～３８周人胎齿状回钙结合素（ＣＢ）阳性颗粒细胞的分布和发育。结果发现，在发育过程中，齿状回外肢的颗粒细胞最早表达ＣＢ，而内肢的颗粒细胞最晚表达ＣＢ；ＣＢ阳性颗粒细胞的数量及染色深度按先外肢后内肢的顺序逐渐增加。然而，ＣＢ阳性颗粒细胞的这种梯度分布在３８周时已不明显。本实验结果提示，出生前人脑齿状回各部位颗粒细胞并不是均匀地发育，而是呈现梯度发育     

运动对小鼠海马结构和大脑皮质胆碱能纤维的影响

用组织化学方法结合体视学测量研究小鼠海马结构和大脑皮质胆碱能纤维的年龄变化以及长期适量运动（跑转笼）对胆碱能纤维的影响。以同年龄对照组心重／体重比率均值的２倍标准差作为运动有效标准。结果显示，老年鼠（２４月龄）海马ＣＡ１区、ＣＡ３区，齿状回分子层和运动、体感皮质第Ⅲ和Ⅴ层乙酰胆碱酯酶（ＡＣｈＥ）阳性纤维密度明显低于成年鼠（１３月龄）和青年鼠（５月龄）（Ｐ＜０．０１），后两者间除海马ＣＡ３区分子层纤维密度成年鼠稍低外Ｐ＜０．０５），其它各区无显著差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）；５月龄小鼠经过８和１９个月运动后，被检各区ＡＣｈＥ阳性纤维密度均显著高于同年龄对照组（Ｐ＜０．０１）。结果表明从青年开始的长期适量运动能够促进海马和皮质内胆碱能纤维的增生，延缓衰老时胆碱能纤维的丢失。     

成人海马结构微血管密度的形态计量学研究

用碱性磷酸酶血管染色法对成人海马结构内微血管密度进行了形态计量学研究。结果表明，海马皮质各层的微血管密度，以分子层最高，以下依次为锥体细胞层和多形细胞层，而腔隙层最低。海马皮质各区和齿状回的微血管密度，以ＣＡ２区最高，ＣＡ３和ＣＡ１区居中，ＣＡ４区次之，齿状回最低。微血管直径以海马锥体细胞层最大（８．２０±２．１μｍ），多形细胞层最小（７．１２±０．９μｍ）。ＣＡ２区的微血管直径最大（７．５９±１     

大鼠海马内谷氨酸神经元与GABA神经元之间突触联系的免疫电镜双标研究

为了探讨神经递质在癫痫发病机理中的作用，用包埋前免疫电镜双标法研究了正常太鼠海马ＣＡ１区谷氨酸（Ｇｌｕ）神经元与ＧＡＢＡ神经元之间的突触联系，先用ＤＡＢ为呈色剂显示ＧＡ－ＢＡ免疫反应，然后以钼酸铵－ＴＭＢ法显示Ｇｌｕ免疫反应，再进行免疫电镜包埋。观察发现，在海马ＣＡ１区锥体细胞层有许多Ｇｌｕ免疫反应性神经元；在锥体细胞层，多形层和辐状层可见一些ＧＡＢＡ免疫反应性神经元，胞体为锥体或多角形。在多形层     

Sustained expression of parvalbumin immunoreactivity in the hippocampal CA1 region and dentate gyrus during aging in dogs

The hippocampus contains a heterogeneous population of interneurons. Parvalbumin (PV) positive neurons constitute an abundant subpopulation of cells that express GABA. The authors observed PV immunoreactivity in the hippocampal CA1 region and dentate gyrus of variously aged dogs. In 1-year-old dogs, PV immunoreactive neurons were detected in the stratum oriens of the CA1 region, and in the polymorphic layer of the dentate gyrus. In addition, weak PV immunoreactive fibers were observed in all layers in the CA1 region and dentate gyrus. In 3-year-old dogs, PV immunoreactivity was significantly higher in the CA1 region and dentate gyrus, and this was maintained in 10-year-old dogs. This finding suggests that PV immunoreactive interneurons may show high resistance to age-dependent neurodegenerative processes.     

Development of somatostatin-like immunoreactivity in the hippocampal formation of normal and reeler mice

Using antisera directed against somatostatin-28 or somatostatin-28(1-12), the development of somatostatin-like immunoreactivity (SS-LI) was examined in the hippocampal formation of normal and reeler mice. As early as postnatal day 5, SS-labeled neurons exhibit the adult pattern of distribution in the normal hippocampal formation, these neurons being situated predominantly in the stratum oriens of the hippocampus and the hilus of the dentate gyrus. In contrast, SS-labeled neurons in the reeler hippocampal formation are dispersed throughout the various layers, reflecting the disrupted laminar organization of the hippocampus in this mutant. In both the normal and reeler hippocampal formation, SS-labeled fibers are most abundant in the stratum lacunosum moleculare. However, in the reeler, there appears to be increase in the density of SS-LI fibers, not only in the stratum lacunosum moleculare but also in the stratum oriens, stratum radiatum and pyramidal cell layer of the hippocampus.     

GABAergic neurons containing somatostatin-like immunoreactivity in the rat hippocampus and dentate gyrus

Summary The distribution of somatostatin-like immunoreactive (SS-LI) material and its colocalization with glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD)-like immunoreactivity were studied in the rat hippocampus and dentate gyrus neurons using immunohistochemistry. In the dentate gyrus and CA1 region, SS-LI perikarya were concentrated in the hilus and in the stratum oriens, respectively, whereas immunoreactive cell bodies were rarely seen in other layers. Approximately half of the SS-LI neurons of the CA3 region were situated in the stratum oriens, the other half being scattered in strata pyramidale, lucidum and radiatum. About 90% of SS-LI neurons were also GAD-like immunoreactive, whereas about 14% of GAD-like immunoreactive (GAD-LI) neurons were SS-like immunoreactive. The percentage of GAD-LI neurons which were also immunoreactive for SS varied from one layer to the other. This percentage was about 30% in the hilus of the dentate gyrus and in the stratum oriens of the CA1 and CA3 regions; it was 5–10% in the strata pyramidale, lucidum and radiatum of the CA3 region and reached only 2% in the granule cell layer and molecular layer of the dentate gyrus and in the stratum pyramidale and stratum radiatum in the CA1 region. These observations indicate that the majority of SS-LI neurons in the rat hippocampal formation are a subpopulation of GABAergic neurons.     

Parvalbumin-immunoreactive neurons in the hippocampal formation of Alzheimer''s diseased brain

The number and topographic distribution of immunocytochemically stained parvalbumin interneurons was determined in the hippocampal formation of control and Alzheimer's diseased brain. In control hippocampus, parvalbumin interneurons were aspiny and pleomorphic, with extensive dendritic arbors. In dentate gyrus, parvalbumin cells, as well as a dense plexus of fibers and puncta, were associated with the granule cell layer. A few cells also occupied the molecular layer. In strata oriens and pyramidale of CA1–CA3 subfields, parvalbumin neurons gave rise to dendrites that extended into adjacent strata. Densely stained puncta and beaded fibers occupied stratum pyramidale, with less dense staining in adjacent strata oriens and radiatum. Virtually no parvalbumin profiles were observed in stratum lacunosum-moleculare or the alveus. Numerous polymorphic parvalbumin neurons and a dense plexus of fibers and puncta characterized the deep layer of the subiculum and the lamina principalis externa of the presubiculum. In Alzheimer's diseased hippocampus, there was an approximate 60% decrease in the number of parvalbumin interneurons in the dentate gyrus/CA4 subfield (P<0.01) and subfields CA1–CA2 (P<0.01). In contrast, parvalbumin neurons did not statistically decline in subfields CA3, subiculum or presubiculum in Alzheimer's diseased brains relative to controls. Concurrent staining with Thioflavin-S histochemistry did not reveal degenerative changes within parvalbumin-stained profiles. These findings reveal that parvalbumin interneurons within specific hippocampal subfields are selectively vulnerable in Alzheimer's disease. This vulnerability may be related to their differential connectivity, e.g., those regions connectionally related to the cerebral cortex (dentate gyrus and CA1) are more vulnerable than those regions connectionally related to subcortical loci (subiculum and presubiculum).     

马桑内酯致痫大鼠海马神经元丢失及化学性质的研究

为观察癫痫发作过程海马神经元丢失细胞的主要死亡方式 ,用马桑内酯建立慢性致痫大鼠模型 ,以 Nissl染色、免疫组化、TUNEL法以及后二者相结合的技术 ,对海马神经元及其中的抑制性神经元的丢失进行了分区观察、统计、分析。结果发现 :致痫组海马各区神经元较对照组明显减少 ,不同区域减少程度不同 ,以齿状回减少最为明显 ;免疫组化结果显示 ,致痫组的抑制性神经元 GABA-IR神经元、PV-IR神经元、CB-IR神经元在海马各区有不同程度的减少 ,其中 GABA-IR神经元减少最明显。在海马各区所有丢失的神经元中 ,三种抑制性神经元所占的比例不同 ;并在海马各区均可见到 TUNEL -GABA、TUNEL-PV、TU NEL-CB双重反应阳性神经元。提示 :马桑内酯所致的癫痫发作 ,可引起海马神经元丢失 ,且不同区域丢失的程度不同 ,丢失的神经元可能以凋亡方式为主 ;海马抑制性神经元 GABA-IR、PV-IR、CB-IR神经元在癫痫发作过程中也有不同程度的丢失 ,丢失很可能也是以凋亡形式为主     

人胎海马结构小白蛋白免疫反应性神经元的分布

目的 观察人胎海马结构小白蛋白（PV）免疫反应性神经元的分布。方法 取孕龄为30周的人胎尸体,用ABC免疫细胞化学方法显示PV免疫反应性神经元。结果 海马结构的各区域内均有丰富的PV免疫反应性神经元分布,以锥体细胞怪最为密集。CA1、CA2、CA3始层PV免疫反应性神经元呈散在分布,胞体形态多样,细胞的突起伸向浅怪的始层和深层的分子层;分子层PV免疫反应性神经元较稀少。门区PV免疫反应性神经元分布密集,但细胞分层不明显,可见部分细胞的突起伸向齿状回;齿状回PV免疫反应性神经元集中分布于颗粒细胞层,其余各层在有少量散在PV免疫反应性神经元,细胞染色浅谈,无明显突起,下托复合体PV免疫反应性神经元主要分布于锥体细胞层,始层和分子层较稀少,细胞淡染,突起不明显。结论 海马结构的各区域均有丰富的PV免疫反应性神经元分布,主要分布于锥体细胞层和齿状回的颗粒层。各区域PV免疫反应性神经元发育成熟的时间可能并不同步,CA1－3和门区PV免疫反应性神经元发育成熟早于齿状回和下托复合体。     

Mapping of benzodiazepine-like immunoreactivity in the rat brain as revealed by a monoclonal antibody to benzodiazepines.

A monoclonal antibody against benzodiazepines (21-7F9) was used to study the distribution of benzodiazepine-like immunoreactivity in the rat brain. Immunodensitometry in combination with image analysis were used for quantification. The results showed a ubiquitous distribution of benzodiazepine-like immunoreactivity throughout the brain. Very high levels of benzodiazepine-like immunoreactivity were found in the Purkinje cell layer of the cerebellum, in the primary olfactory cortex, in the stratum pyramidale of the hippocampus and in the mitral cell layer of the olfactory bulb. High densities of benzodiazepine-like immunoreactivity were found in the granule cell layer of the cerebellum, the pyramidal cell layer of the olfactory tubercle, the granule layer of the dentate gyrus, the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus, the mammillary bodies, the interstitial nucleus of Cajal and superficial grey layer of superior colliculus. The substantia nigra pars compacta, the islands of Calleja and layers II, III, V and VI of the cerebral cortex had moderate levels of benzodiazepine-like immunoreactivity. Lower densities were found in the internal granular layer and the external plexiform layer of the olfactory bulb, in the molecular layer of the dentate gyrus, in layers I and IV of the cerebral cortex, in the nucleus caudate-putamen and most of the thalamic nuclei. The lowest density of immunoreactivity was found in the globus pallidus, and the strata radiatum, oriens and lacunosum-moleculare of the hippocampus. The distribution of endogenous benzodiazepine-like immunoreactivity was compared with the distribution of the GABA/benzodiazepine receptor by using both immunocytochemistry and receptor autoradiography. Our studies have shown a clear mismatch between the localization of the benzodiazepine-like immunoreactivity and the GABA/benzodiazepine receptors.     

人胎海马结构小白蛋白免疫反应神经元的分布与发育

了解人类海马结构神经元的发育。方法用免疫组织化学方法观察了１６－３８周人胎海马结构内小白蛋白免疫反应性神经元的分布和发育。结果ＰＶ－１Ｒ神经元最见于２３周海马结构内,主要位于下托和ＣＡ１区的锥体细胞层和多形层,以下托为主。