共同性斜视立体视觉的临床检测与分析

目的:研究不同检查方法检测斜视患者立体视锐度的一致性,以及不同类犁斜视立体视损害的差异.方法:对4-25岁双眼视正常组76例及共同性斜视组89例(间歇性外斜39例,恒定性外斜22例,非调节性内斜28例),采用TNO及Randot立体图于40 cm处检查近距离立体视,采用Optec3500视觉检查仪检查远距离立体视,比较3种方法测定的立体视锐度的一致性及不同类型斜视的立体视差异.结果:随机点立体图(TNO)的立体视锐度高于非随机点立体图(Randot与Optec3500)的立体视锐度(P＜0.01);恒定性外斜及内斜TNO近立体视丧失达90%以上,3种方法检查的立体视分布无显著性差异;间歇性外斜的远、近立体视均存在,但其分布有显著性差异(P＜0.05),远立体视的中心凹立体视比例明显降低.结论:立体视损害与斜视偏斜性质无关;随机点及图形立体图对斜视者的检查结果在中心凹立体视一致性好,在黄斑及周边立体视差异较大,故不能仅凭一种检查方法来判断斜视者是否存在立体视.     

儿童间歇性外斜视术后远期定量立体视觉测定与分析

目的 了解儿童间歇性外斜视手术后的远期疗效并探讨手术后远期获得中心凹立体视的影响因素.方法 对216例4～15岁的间歇性外斜视儿童进行斜视矫正手术,并于手术前、手术后1个月及手术后≥1年时行眼位、双眼视功能、近及远距离立体视锐度检查.术后远期平均随访3.68年.结果 术后≥1年,216例中有90.74％的儿童获得≤60"的近立体视锐度,74.07％的儿童获得≤60″的远立体视锐度,近、远距离中心凹立体视检出率差异无统计学意义.按手术年龄将患者分为≤6岁组、6～9岁组和≥9岁组,三组间术后远期近、远距离中心凹立体视锐度的检出率差异无统计学意义.术后远期有150例(69.44％)眼位正位,66例(30.56％)眼位欠矫,远期正位组与远期欠矫组≤60″的近立体视锐度检出率差异无统计学意义;远期正位组≤60"的远立体视锐度检出率为80.00％,远期欠矫组≤60″的远立体视锐度检出率为60.61％,两组间比较差异有统计学意义(x2=12.17,P＜0.01).Logistic多因素回归分析结果显示,术后远期远距离中心凹立体视的检出率与术前患者是否存在远立体视锐度的密切相关.术后远期保持正位与检出中心凹立体视相关.结论 儿童间歇性外斜视术后远期近、远距离立体视锐度均较术前有明显改善,且不受手术年龄影响.影响远距离中心凹立体视锐度形成的不良因素为远期眼位回退.术前存在远立体视有利于术后形成远距离中心凹立体视,故儿童间歇性外斜视的最佳手术时机应选择在远立体视丧失以前.     

间歇性外斜视患者远距离立体视的临床特点

目的探讨间歇性外斜视患者远距离立体视的临床特点及其相关影响因素，为手术时机的选择提供参考依据。方法利用Optec 3500视觉检查仪检查61例间歇性外斜视患者的远距离立体视。采用Titmus立体图检查近距离立体视。结果①术前远距离立体视丧失的比例和视锐度损伤的程度均明显高于近距离立体视。②术后远距离立体视重建的比例提高和立体视锐度改善显著。③术后患者的远距离立体祝与病程呈正相关。结论①患者术前远距离立体视大部分丧失，近距离立体视保持较好。②手术矫正可明显提高患者的远距离立体视，主要影响因素为病程。③远距离立体视锐度可作为选择手术时机的一个重要参考依据。     

间歇性外斜视与立体视觉

目的探讨间歇性外斜视与立体视觉关系。方法对１３２例间歇性外斜视有立体视觉者的临床资料进行分析。结果（１）间歇性外斜视以近立体视保存,远立体视大部分丧失为特征。（２）保存的近立体视锐度低于正常人群。（３）立体视锐度与斜视度大小间无用关性．（４）间歇性外斜视有立体视的病人双眼视力大致正常。结论间歇性外斜视术前检查立体视觉对手术时机选择有指导意义。     

儿童共同性斜视矫正术后功能治愈情况的研究和手术时机探讨

目的了解儿童共同性斜视矫正术后的功能治愈率及其影响因素,为斜视手术治疗的时机选择提供依据。方法选择在斜视矫正术后获得眼正位的113例共同性斜视儿童患者作为研究对象。使用同视机及颜少明远用和近用随机点立体图对其进行双眼视功能和远、近距离立体视锐度的检测。结果①113例中术后有111例(98．23％)获得Ⅰ级以上的双眼视功能,49例(43．36％)获得≤60″近立体视锐度,54例(47．79％)获得≤60″远立体视锐度。②外斜视组84例,术后近立体视锐度≤60″者46例(54．26％),远立体视锐度≤60″者49例(58．33％);内斜视组29例,术后近立体视锐度≤60″者3例(10．34％),远立体视锐度≤60″者5例(17．24％)。两组比较(P<0．001)。③间歇性外斜视50例,术后近立体视锐度≤60″者36例(72％);远立体视锐度≤60″者38例(76％)。两组比较(P< 0．001)。④内斜视组手术年龄与术后远、近立体视锐度秒角的相关关系:近立体视锐度r=0．472,P<0．01;远立体视锐度r=0．438,P<0．05。内斜视组病程与术后远、近立体视锐度秒角的相关关系:近立体视锐度:r=0．534,P<0．01;远立体视锐度:r=0．536,P<0．01。结论①儿童后天性共同性斜视患者在视力发育敏感期内得到正确的手术治疗,功能治愈率良好。②内斜视患者术后立体视重建率低于外斜视,间歇性外斜视的功能治愈率高于恒定性外斜视。术前有一定的双眼单视功能有利于术后获得更敏锐的立体视觉。③手术时机应取决于斜视类型,并参考术前双眼单视功能检查的结果。     

斜视手术前后双眼视觉的临床研究

目的探讨斜视对双眼视觉的影响及不同双眼视检查方法的评价。方法89例共同性斜视分为间歇性外斜、恒定性外斜及恒定性内斜3组。定量测量斜视度；检查双眼视觉状态及视网膜对应情况；测定远近立体视锐度。并观察斜视手术前及手术后1周、1月的斜视度、双眼视觉状态及远、近立体视锐度变化。结果3组术后双眼视功能较术前均有明显改善（P〈0．05），术后1周与1月双眼视功能的差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）；恒定性斜视术后立体视恢复好于间歇性外斜视，且近立体视恢复好于表视；立体视检查非随机点画片（Titmus与Optec3500）与随机点画片（TNO）检查结果的差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）；线状镜较Worth四点检测阳性率高；大于9岁患者术后双眼视觉较术前增加32％。结论斜视手术是恢复、重建双眼视觉的有效方法，不同检测方法结果不一致，需综合考虑。     

间歇性外斜视儿童的融合功能研究

目的探讨间歇性外斜视儿童融合功能的状况。设计回顾性病例系列。研究对象间歇性外斜视儿童48例。方法采用同视机检测48例间歇性外斜视儿童的三级视功能,采用颜少明随机点《立体视觉检查图》检查视近立体视锐度,并以正常相同年龄儿童20例做对照。主要指标同时视、融合范围及立体视锐度。结果48例患者中,8例无重合点,余40例中34例患者的重合点均落在外融合范围内。11例患者无Ⅱ级融合功能,余37例患者的内、外融合范围分别是（12．74±5．57）度和（4．97±2．11）度;正常对照组的内、外融合范围分别为（24．05±6．67）度和（3．52±0．96）度,两组比较差异有统计学意义（P均〈0．05）。以同视机检测,23例（47．92％）患者无立体视,而以颜氏随机点立体视觉图检测,仅2例（4．17％）近立体视丧失。结论间歇性外斜视儿童的融合功能异常,外融合范围扩大、内融合范围缩小;远立体视觉的丧失早于近立体视觉的丧失。     

不同年龄段儿童间歇性外斜视手术疗效分析

目的：探讨不同年龄段儿童间歇性外斜视手术的疗效。

方法：选择2015-03/2017-04于我院行间歇性外斜视手术的患儿300例作为研究对象,根据患儿年龄分为A组110例,年龄3～5岁; B组100例,年龄6～8岁; C组90例,年龄9～12岁。三组患儿均行间歇性外斜视手术。比较三组患儿的临床疗效、手术前后斜视度数、融合功能及立体视锐度。

结果：术后6wk,A组临床疗效总有效率为92.7%,明显高于B组(67.0%)和C组(68.9%),三组患儿临床疗效总有效率差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。术前,三组患儿斜视度数、融合功能、立体视锐度水平差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05); 术后6wk,三组患儿斜视度数下降,立体视锐度与融合功能均明显改善,且A组患儿斜视度数和立体视锐度弧秒值均明显低于B组和C组,融合功能明显高于B组和C组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。

结论：间歇性外斜视患儿的年龄与术后双眼视觉恢复、重建有密切关系,年龄越小术后视觉恢复越好。     

儿童间歇性外斜视术后近立体视功能的临床观察

目的 探讨儿童间歇性外斜视术后近立体视功能的变化.方法 回顾性分析儿童间歇性外斜视69例的临床资料,分析比较手术治疗前后近立体视的变化.结果 手术后近立体视分布有明显变化,周围立体视组有2例恢复为黄斑中心凹立体视,黄斑立体视组有12例恢复为黄斑中心凹立体视,与手术前比较有统计学差异,P＜0.05;手术后患儿的立体视锐度均有不同程度的改善,与手术前比较有明显统计学差异,P＜0.01.结论 儿童间歇性外斜视术后近立体视功能可得到一定程度的恢复.     

间歇性外斜视手术欠矫与过矫对立体视锐度影响的临床观察

目的了解间歇性外斜视手术欠矫与过矫对立体视锐度的影响。方法将47例间歇性外斜视患者以术后正位、欠矫、过矫分为三组,对其三组手术前后的近立体视锐度与同视机双眼单视功能进行观察比较。结果1、正位组立体视锐度术后比术前显著改善P<0.05;欠矫组立体视锐度手术前后比较无统计学意义P>0.05;过矫组立体视锐度术后比术前显著损害P<0.05。2、正位组与欠矫组同视机双眼单视功能术后比术前显著改善P<0.05;过矫组同视机双眼单视功能手术前后比较无统计学意义P>0.05。结论鉴于间歇性外斜视手术过矫后对近立体视锐度的显著损害,矫正手术以不过较为宜。     

两种方法测定间歇性外斜视远随机点立体视的差异

目的 比较同视机随机点立体视检测和单屏显示计算机随机点立体视检测系统对间歇性外斜视远方随机点立体视测定的异同.方法 对30名正常人和94名间歇性外斜视患者用同视机随机点立体视和单屏显示计算机随机点立体视检测系统(single monitor distance stereopsis test SMDST)检测远方随机点立体视.检查结果记录有或无.将94例间歇性外斜视患者从年龄,近方立体视和远近方斜视度分别进行分组后,对两种不同检测方法的结果给予比较.结果 30例正常人,两种检查方法检出率为100％,94例间歇性外斜视同视机随机点立体视(14/94) 14.89％,SMDST(58/94) 61.7％.两种检查方法检出率的差异明显(P＜0.001),有统计学意义.≤8岁和＞8岁两组的同视机随机点立体视没有差别(P=0.635),SMDST有差异(P=0.005).近方立体视＜200″和≥200″两组的同视机随机点立体视有差异(P=0.038),SMDST有明显差异(P=0.001).近方斜视度＜40△和≥40△两组的同视机随机点立体视有差别(P=0.049),SMDST没有差别(P=0.822).远方斜视度＜40△和≥40△两组的同视机随机点立体视有差别(P=0.001),SMDST没有差别(P=0.083).结论 评价间歇性外斜视远方立体视要考虑检测的方法,SMDST是间歇性外斜视远方立体视检出率较高的方法.间歇性外斜视年龄≤8有远方立体视的可能性要大;有＜200″近方立体视的间歇性外斜视远方立体视存在的可能性大.     

间歇性外斜视手术时机探讨

目的 通过观察不同年龄、双眼视功能状态手术前后变化,探讨间歇性外斜视的手术时机.方法 将56例间歇性外斜视患者根据手术时年龄≤5岁、5～9岁和≥9岁分为A、B、C三组,再根据术前有无融合功能及远或近立体视分组,统计分析不同年龄组手术前后眼位、双眼视功能变化,以及手术前后融合功能变化、远或近立体视功能变化.结果 术后眼位正位率A组77.8%、B组91.7%、C组85.7%,差异无统计学意义.双眼视觉功能的恢复率A组88.9%、B组87.5%、C组50.0%,差异显著有统计学意义.结论 B组术后正位率优于A组,但双眼视觉功能的恢复却A组优于B组.术前具有融合点及融合范围者,术后双眼视功能恢复率高.近立体视丧失、远立体视保存者术后远立体视锐度恢复好,术后立体视的恢复由远立体视开始.间歇性外斜视的手术时机应根据病人眼位、年龄、融合状态及立体视功能多方面综合考虑.     

Distance stereoacuity in intermittent exotropia

BACKGROUND: Studies of distance stereoacuity in intermittent exotropia suggest that normal stereoacuity corresponds to good control of the deviation and that reduced or negative stereoacuity signifies poorer control. AIM: : To evaluate distance stereoacuity in intermittent exotropia using the Frisby Davis Distance stereo test (FD2). METHODS: Children with intermittent exotropia where the near angle was less than or equal to distance were eligible for recruitment. Standardised prospective data collection included FD2 distance stereoacuity. This was a longitudinal study in which outcomes are reported for baseline, last follow-up (> or =6 months before any surgery) or preoperative and last postoperative visits for those undergoing surgery. RESULTS: 110 children with intermittent exotropia had FD2 stereoacuity tested at baseline: 70 comprehended the test. Mean (standard deviation (SD)) age was 4.6 (1.7) years (range 2-10 years). 41/70 (59%) showed positive responses: mean (SD) stereoacuity 30 (12) s of arc. The mean follow-up period before any surgery was 13 months (range 6-27 months). At follow-up, mean (SD) stereoacuity was 24 (11) s of arc. Preoperative and postoperative stereoacuity were not significantly different from those not undergoing surgery. CONCLUSION: This study was the first to report distance stereoacuity in intermittent exotropia using the FD2 stereo test: patients with intermittent exotropia can achieve normal levels of distance stereoacuity, but a considerable proportion, despite comprehending, showed a negative response. This suggests that using the FD2, distance stereoacuity in intermittent exotropia is either absent or normal rather than reduced. Possible reasons for this and its implications are discussed.     

Assessment of a new Distance Randot stereoacuity test.

PURPOSE: We sought to develop a new "Distance Randot" test, establish a normative data set for children and adults, and compare with established measures of stereoacuity. METHODS: Distance Randot, distance Frisby-Davis 2 (FD2), and near Preschool Randot stereoacuity (Stereo Optical Co., Inc., Chicago, IL) were assessed in 23 normal children (ages 4-14 years), 21 normal adults (ages 20-36 years), and 131 patients with a variety of strabismic conditions (ages 4-85 years). For each test, stereoacuity was defined as the smallest disparity in which 2 targets were correctly identified. The simultaneous prism and cover test (SPCT) and the alternate prism and cover test (APCT) were used to assess misalignment. RESULTS: For the new Distance Randot test, normative results were similar to published data obtained with established near and distance stereoacuity tests. In the patient cohort, comparing stereoacuity data obtained from Distance Randot stereoacuity test and the Near Preschool Randot stereoacuity test, most of the patients with discordant scores had poorer distance than near stereoacuity. Comparing the Distance Randot stereoacuity test and the Distance FD2, all of the patients with discordant scores had poorer Distance Randot than FD2 scores. CONCLUSIONS: Distance Randot test is more likely to detect abnormalities in distance stereopsis and may provide a useful tool in measuring distance stereoacuity in patients with and without strabismus. However, further studies are needed to define the efficacy of the Distance Randot test in monitoring progression specific conditions such as intermittent exotropia, where it may prove useful as a guide to the timing of intervention.     

远立体视测定对间歇性外斜视手术时机选择的临床观察

目的探讨间歇性外斜视最佳手术时机,以求达到矫正斜视并获得完善的双眼单视功能目的。方法采用颜氏远用和近用随机点立体图,对69例间歇性外斜视进行手术前后立体视锐度测定;用三棱镜法测量远近斜视角;用同视机法测定双眼单视功能。结果69例间歇性外斜视中术前4例通过远立体视,47例通过近立体视,二者有高度显著性差异(P<0．001);术后37例通过远立体视,与术前比较有高度显著性差异(P<0．001),而近立体视手术前后无明显差异;病程愈长,术后获得立体视者愈少,病程短则相反。结论通过测定远近立体视,合理掌握间歇性外斜视手术时机,对其预后估计及疗效评价有重要意义。     

Change of stereoacuity with aging in normal eyes

PURPOSE: Stereopsis in normal subjects aged between 7 and 76 years was compared to examine changes in stereopsis with age. METHODS: Eighty subjects with no ocular disease were divided into 8 groups by age. Near stereopsis was evaluated with the TNO, Titmus, and Randot tests; distance stereopsis with the Mentor B-VAT II video acuity tester. RESULTS: The results of all 4 tests showed decreased stereopsis with increasing age (p<0.05). Compared to the stereoacuity of 7 to 10-year-old group, both the TNO and distance stereopsis test results were significantly decreased for the 6th, 7th, and 8th decade groups, while both the Titmus and Randot test results were significantly decreased for the 8th decade group (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Overall, both near and distance stereopsis decreased with increasing age. Thus, decreased stereopsis should be taken into account when performing the stereopsis test.     

The use of binocular visual acuity in the assessment of intermittent exotropia.

BACKGROUND: It has been suggested that a decrease in distance stereoacuity in patients with intermittent exotropia is a good indicator of diminishing control. However, there has been no adequate explanation for this reported reduction in distance stereoacuity in these patients. We postulate that the decrease in stereoacuity is related to blurred visual acuity created by an increasing demand on accommodation, which these patients use in an attempt to control the exodeviation. This can best be assessed by measuring binocular visual acuity (BVA). Analysis of BVA could provide a useful clinical tool to evaluate control measures used by patients with intermittent exotropia. METHODS: A prospective study of patients with intermittent exotropia, ranging in age from 6 to 60 years, was performed. Only those patients with the presence of either basic or divergence excess (simulated or true) type exodeviation were included in the study. The data analysis included the age of these patients, age at onset of the deviation, monocular and binocular visual acuity, oculomotor and fusional status, and near and distance stereoacuity. RESULTS: Data from 36 patients show that the measurements of BVA correlated well with a corresponding loss of distance stereoacuity but not with the size of the deviation. CONCLUSION: The decrease of stereoacuity reported in patients with exotropia can be explained by increased accommodation and decreased distance BVA. This measurement can be a simple method of quantifying the fusional control of patients with intermittent exotropia.     

Distance stereoacuity norms for the mentor B-VAT II-SG video acuity tester in young children and young adults.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to provide normative distance stereoacuity data for the Mentor B-VAT II-SG video acuity tester (Mentor O & O, Norwell, Mass.). METHODS: Near and distance stereoacuity for 45 normal young children (5 to 6 years old, child group) and 67 normal young adults (16 to 20 years old, adult group) were evaluated. Distance stereoacuity was measured with the Random Dot and the Circles tests on the B-VAT unit. Near stereopsis was assessed by Titmus, Randot, and TNO tests. Additionally, a random subset of the subjects was retested 1 month later with the B-VAT unit. RESULTS: The mean and SD values of stereoacuity measured on the Circles and Random Dot tests were 49 +/- 33 and 98 +/- 49 seconds of arc in children (p < 0.0001) and 50 +/- 32 and 83 +/- 51 seconds of arc in adults (p < 0.0001), respectively. No significant differences were found between the same tests with respect to age. Of 112 subjects in both groups, 110 (98%) achieved 120 seconds of arc or finer stereoacuity threshold levels on the Circles test and 108 (96%) demonstrated 180 seconds of arc or finer scores on the Random Dot test. Although all but two of the subjects exhibited stereopsis both at near and at distance, there were low correlations among the different near and distance stereotests. Test and retest distance stereoacuity scores agreed closely. CONCLUSIONS: The B-VAT II-SG system produces reliable distance stereoacuity data. The norms we obtained may aid the clinician to detect binocular visual disturbances or may provide a basis for using distance stereoacuity as a screening method.     

间歇性外斜视患者交叉视差和非交叉视差的临床观察

目的　了解间歇性外斜视患者交叉视差和非交叉视差的临床变化。方法　对 5 5例间歇性外斜视患者 ,术前应用颜少明的《立体视觉检查图》检测其近零视差、交叉视差及非交叉视差 ,并根据检测情况分为 3组进行分析。结果　第 1组 2 5例 ,近零视差立体视锐度正常者占 4 8 0 % ,其交叉视差和非交叉视差立体感知度检测值均不在正常范围 ,交叉视差者的立体感知度检测值比非交叉视差者大 ,差异有显著意义 (t =84 3 5 ,P <0 0 0 0 1)。第 2组 2 6例 ,近零视差立体视锐度正常者占30 8% ,其交叉视差立体感知度检测值不在正常范围 ,未见有非交叉视差者。第 3组 4例 ,为仅查到不正常的近零视差立体视锐度者。 5 5例中 ,无近零视差仅和非交叉视差共存者 ,也无交叉视差和非交叉视差各自独立存在者 ,亦无交叉视差和非交叉视差两者共存者。结论　 (1)本组间歇性外斜视患者近零视差立体视锐度及交叉视差和非交叉视差立体感知度不健全 ;(2 )间歇性外斜视患者视差的损害顺序依次为非交叉视差、交叉视差、近零视差。 (3)双眼黄斑颞侧视网膜对应的是交叉视差 ,双眼黄斑鼻侧视网膜对应的是非交叉视差