荧光定量PCR检测查菲埃立克体

依据查菲埃立克体16SrRNA基因序列设计特异性引物和TaqMan-MGB探针,以克隆的查菲埃立克体16SrRNA基因片段作DNA模板,建立实时荧光定量PCR检测方法。与套式PCR相比较,荧光定量PCR检测的灵敏度是其30倍;用荧光定量PCR检测其他相关立克次体和细菌DNA样本,检出结果为0;对荧光定量PCR检测重复性进行分析,变异系数(CV)批内和批间误差在0·2%~2·0%之间。结果证明本研究建立的荧光定量PCR方法具有种特异性和良好的重复性,可用于检测感染样本中的微量查菲埃立克体DNA。     

荧光定量PCR用于重组杆状病毒鉴定及病毒滴度检测的研究

目的：建立一种高效﹑简便的荧光实时定量PCR方法，用于重组杆状病毒鉴定及病毒滴度的检测。方法：利用Bac-to-Bac载体系统在昆虫细胞中构建含人IL-18基因的重组杆状病毒，收获的病毒母液以10倍梯度系列稀释后，提取病毒基因组DNA。以10倍梯度稀释的重组杆状病毒穿梭质粒（bacmid）作为标准模板，进行荧光定量PCR反应扩增IL-18基因片段并绘制标准曲线，然后以上述的重组杆状病毒基因组DNA作为模板，采用同样体系进行实时PCR反应检测，同时用琼脂糖空斑法测定病毒母液的滴度。结果：成功构建了重组杆状病毒并建立了病毒滴度的实时荧光PCR检测方法。运用标准模板进行的PCR反应显示该方法的线形范围为101-108拷贝，病毒母液的DNA拷贝浓度（vg/mL）值约为空斑检测的滴度 pfu/mL值的10倍。结论：荧光定量PCR方法可灵敏快速地鉴定重组杆状病毒，并在较大的线形范围内检测重组杆状病毒滴度，较之空斑法更准确地反映了重组杆状病毒的实际数量。     

实时荧光定量PCR检测沙眼衣原体的研究

目的采用TaqMan探针建立检测沙眼衣原体的实时荧光定量PCR（real-time PCR）方法。方法根据沙眼衣原体外膜蛋白A的基因（ompA）序列设计引物和探针,以克隆的ompA部分基因片段作DNA模板,建立实时荧光定量检测方法。结果建立的荧光定量PCR检测方法的最低检出限为5 copies/反应,检测线性范围100～107线性关系良好（r2=0.997）,比巢式PCR敏感100倍;且与鹦鹉热衣原体、淋球菌、解脲脲原体、大肠杆菌等病原菌DNA以及人基因组DNA均无交叉反应,表明该方法具有良好的特异性。以巢式PCR作参比,建立的荧光定量PCR法检测沙眼衣原体的阳性符合率为100.00%,阴性符合率为95.09%,总符合率为96.81%。结论建立的检测沙眼衣原体实时荧光定量PCR具有特异性强和敏感性高的特点,可快速检测样本中微量沙眼衣原体DNA,适用于对沙眼衣原体进行大规模筛选。     

荧光定量PCR用于重组杆状病毒鉴定及病毒滴度检测的研究

目的：建立一种高效、简便的荧光实时定量PCR方法,用于重组杆状病毒鉴定及病毒滴度的检测.方法：利用Bac-to-Bac载体系统在E.coli菌株DH10 Bac中构建重组杆状病毒穿梭质粒（Bacmid）和在昆虫细胞中构建含人IL-18基因的重组杆状病毒,纯化的重组Bacmid作为PCR检测的标准模板,由昆虫细胞中收获的病毒母液用于空斑测定和病毒DNA提取.以10倍梯度稀释的重组Bacmid作为标准模板,进行荧光定量PCR扩增IL18基因片段并绘制标准曲线,然后以提取的重组杆状病毒DNA作为模板,采用同样体系进行实时PCR反应检测.同时,以琼脂糖空斑法测定病毒母液的滴度.结果：成功构建了重组杆状病毒并建立了病毒滴度的实时荧光PCR检测方法.运用标准模板进行的PCR反应显示该方法的线形范围为101～108拷贝,病毒母液的DNA拷贝浓度（vg/ml）值约为空斑检测的滴度pfu/ml值的10倍.结论：荧光定量PCR方法可灵敏快速地鉴定重组杆状病毒,并在较大的线性范围内检测重组杆状病毒滴度,较之空斑法更准确地反映了重组杆状病毒的实际数量.     

实时荧光PCR法检测HER2基因扩增方法的建立

目的探讨应用双标准曲线的实时荧光PCR法检测原癌基因人类表皮生长因子受体2（HER2）基因扩增在临床乳腺癌诊治中的可行性。方法收集500例乳腺癌术后新鲜组织标本,抽提组织DNA进行实时荧光PCR检测,采用双标准曲线法定量,通过计算目的基因浓度和内标基因浓度的比值来判断HER2基因的扩增情况。选择灵敏度和特异度均较高的荧光原位杂交方法作为对照方法。结果检测阳性标本72例,阴性样本419例。该方法检测的灵敏度为85.9%,特异度为98.79%,准确度为96.74。与荧光原位杂交法（FISH）检测结果相比,二者具有较好的一致性。结论双标准曲线的实时荧光PCR法用于检测HER2基因扩增相对准确可靠,有较好的临床应用前景。     

B7-H4实时荧光定量PCR检测方法的建立及其在人胃癌组织中的初步应用

目的建立实时荧光定量PCR检测B7-H4的方法并初步应用于人胃癌组织。方法将B7-H4和内参GAPDH的PCR扩增产物经测序鉴定正确后克隆入载体pMD19-T,构建重组质粒标准品,并纯化、定量及梯度稀释,分别建立B7-H4和GAPDH的标准曲线,应用实时荧光定量PCR检测8例人胃癌组织中的B7-H4相对于GAPDH的表达情况。结果 B7-H4的最低检测拷贝数为5.27拷贝,线性范围5.27×101~5.27×107拷贝,标准曲线方程y=–3.1395x+41.805,直线回归相关系数r=0.994904,批间变异系数范围2.39%~3.59%,扩增效率108.2%;GAPDH的最低检测拷贝数为38.6拷贝,线性范围3.86×102~3.86×107拷贝,标准曲线方程y=–3.2436x+41.083,直线回归相关系数r=0.998913,批间变异系数范围2.26%~3.86%,扩增效率103.4%。8例人胃癌组织的B7-H4相对于GAPDHmRNA表达水平在0.044~0.888之间。结论荧光定量PCR检测B7-H4的方法具备较高的敏感性和特异性,且系统有良好的重复性和线性范围。     

SYBR Green实时荧光PCR技术在肝细胞癌基因甲基化定量分析中的应用

目的 建立一种简便易行的甲基化定量检测技术,并对肝细胞癌中基因的甲基化情况进行分析,从而对该技术在临床应用中的可行性进行评估.方法 基因组DNA经亚硫酸氢钠修饰处理后,构建包含CDKN2A和ACTB两个基因片段的质粒标准品,通过SYBR Green荧光定量PCR检测并制作标准曲线,并用这一方法对41例肝细胞癌中两种基因进行甲基化定量分析.结果 通过对扩增曲线、熔解曲线、标准曲线以及电泳结果的分析表明,SYBR Green荧光定量PCR对102～108拷贝/μL范围内质粒标准品的扩增具很高特异性、灵敏度和较宽的检测范围;通过对41例肝细胞癌手术标本的检测进一步表明证实了本方法在基因甲基化定量分析中的可行性.结论 SYBR Green荧光定量法作为一种简便易行且具备高通量分析能力的定量检测方法,可以应用于肿瘤中基因甲基化的研究与临床检测.     

肝螺杆菌TaqMan MGB探针实时荧光定量PCR快速检测方法的建立及应用研究

目的 建立特异、敏感、快速检测肝螺杆菌的TaqMan MGB探针实时荧光定量PCR方法.方法 针对肝螺杆菌flaB 基因的保守区设计特异性引物和探针,建立肝螺杆菌TaqMan MGB探针实时荧光定最PCR方检测方法,验证方法的特异性、敏感性和稳定性.对2008-2011年期间采集的1081份临床样本中的肝螺杆菌进行检测,同时进行分离培养和常规PCR检测.结果 建立的TaqMan MGB探针实时荧光定量PCR方法对肝螺杆菌的检测具有高度的特异性,对幽门螺杆菌、空肠弯曲菌、泰泽氏菌、侵肺巴斯德氏菌、大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌均无交叉反应,检测的灵敏度达8.3拷贝.标准曲线显示各浓度范围内具有良好的线性关系,相关系数为0.999,斜率为-3.227,TaqManMGB探针实时荧光定量PCR效率为100％.对1081份临床样本进行检测,TaqMan MGB探针实时荧光定量PCR和常规PCR均能检出86份肝螺杆菌阳性样本,而细菌分离培养则仅检出4份阳性.结果显示,建立的TaqMan MGB探针实时荧光定量PCR方法比细菌分离培养方法更敏感,能够直接从临床样本中检出肝螺杆菌DNA,检测时间仅为2h.结论 研究建立的TaqMan MGB探针实时荧光定量PCR方法具有可靠、特异、敏感的特点,适用于肝螺杆菌的快速检测.     

实时荧光定量PCR检测淋巴细胞中NKG2D、穿孔素和颗粒酶B基因的表达

目的:建立可用于测定淋巴细胞免疫功能的SYBRGreen I实时荧光定量PCR技术。方法:根据NCBI基因库中4种基因(NKG2D、穿孔素、颗粒酶B和内参照GAPDH)的序列,设计合成相应的引物,扩增上述基因。建立SYBRGreen I实时荧光定量PCR方法,检测肿瘤患者外周血淋巴细胞和诱导培养的患者CIK细胞(cytokine induced killer,CIK)中NKG2D、穿孔素和颗粒酶B mRNA的含量。结果:应用设计的引物扩增NKG2D、穿孔素和颗粒酶B基因后,经琼脂糖凝胶电泳和溶解曲线分析表明具有特异性。SYBR Green I实时荧光定量PCR检测结果表明,肿瘤患者的淋巴细胞中颗粒酶B基因的表达降低,而经细胞因子和单克隆抗体诱导培养的肿瘤患者CIK细胞与其淋巴细胞相比,细胞中穿孔素和颗粒酶B基因的表达明显增加(P0.01)。结论:该SYBRGreen I实时荧光定量PCR方法可用于检测淋巴细胞中NKG2D、穿孔素和颗粒酶B的mRNA的表达、作为研究淋巴细胞免疫功能的有力手段。     

实时荧光定量PCR检测转基因小鼠外源基因拷贝数方法的建立和应用

目的建立实时荧光定量PCR方法检测CaMKⅡα-Cre转基因小鼠外源基因拷贝数的方法。方法以CaMKⅡα-Cre转基因首建鼠及其仔代阳性鼠为研究对象,利用绝对定量的实时荧光定量PCR法检测转基因小鼠的拷贝数,并筛选出纯合子小鼠再经遗传育种方法以确定为纯合子小鼠。结果绝对定量标准曲线公式为:△Ct=-2.402log5N(拷贝数)+8.654,相关系数为0.9999,扩增效率为95.4%。三只CaMKⅡα-Cre首建鼠的拷贝数分别为19、7、5;三个转基因小鼠品系均成功获得纯合子小鼠。结论成功建立了检测转基因小鼠外源基因拷贝数的实时荧光定量PCR方法,该方法可用于检测各种转基因小鼠中外源基因的拷贝数。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

The universal muscular chain reaction,muscle spasm,Torsions, ruptures and extravasations. Chameleons of pathology and some manifestations of simple muscular disorders

Most bodily functions require the coordinated actions of complementary and supplementary paired muscle groups. Where this essential muscular cooperation is lacking, hollow organs may burst and others become literally screwed up, giving rise to many similar spastic diseases such as Torticollis, Twisted ovarian cyst, Torsion of the Testis, Volvulus of the intestines, Varicose Veins, Megacolon, Aortamegaly, Scoliosis, Erb's Palsy, Peyronie's Disease, Main-en-Griffe, Undescended Foot (Pes Cavus), Talipes, Strabismus. Spasm is “panenepidemic” and unclassified examples of Torsion Dystonia and Dyskinesia really are as common as debt and taxes.     

Class II HLA in Georgia Caucasus Tbilisi Georgians and their Mediterranean ancestry: The Usko Mediterranean languages

Georgia (or Sakartvelo in its own language) is a South Caucasus Mts. country with its easternmost part is enigmatically named Iberia, like the Iberian Peninsula, which may refer to rivers “Kura” and “Ebro” or their valleys respectively. Most of their inhabitants speak Georgian which is included within Dene-Caucasian group and Usko-Mediterranean subgroup of languages. The latter includes Basque, Berber, ancient Iberian-Tartessian, Etruscan, Hittite, Minoan Lineal A and others. In the present paper, HLA class II -DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles has been studied and extended haplotypes calculated. Most frequent haplotypes are also of Mediterranean origin (i. e.: (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*13:01-DQB1*06:03, or (A*24-B*35)-DRB1*01:01-DQB1*05:01) and DA genetic distances show that closest world populations to Georgians are Mediterraneans. Georgians also show common extended haplotypes ((A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*13)-DRB1*07:01-DQB1*02:01 and (A*03-B*35)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01) with Svan people, a secluded population in North Georgia mountains. We can conclude that Georgians belong to a very old Mediterranean substratum according to both linguistics (Usko Mediterranean languages) and HLA genetics.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.