新兵大五人格、心理韧性与一般健康的相关研究

目的 探讨新兵大五人格、心理韧性与一般健康之间的关系.方法 采用人格五因素问卷简版(NEO-FFI)、Connor-Davidso心理韧性量表(中文版)、一般健康问卷(GHQ-12)对某部205名新兵进行问卷凋杳.结果 新兵大五人格中的神经质因子与一般健康呈显著正相关(r=0.50,P<0.001),并对一般健康有显著预测作用(β=0.4,P<0.01);心理韧性中的自强维度与一般健康呈显著负相关(r=-0.51,P<0.001),并部分中介了神经质对一般健康的影响(Sobel Z=2.92,P<0.01).结论 人格特质中的神经质因子是新兵心理健康的危险因子,而自强则是心理健康的保护因子.

Abstract：

Objective To discuss the relationship among Big Five-Personality, Resilience and General Health of the new recruits in a certain troop. Methods 205 new recruits completed the questionnaires, which include NEO Five-Factor Inventory ( NEO-FFI) , Connor-Davidso Resilience Meter (Chinese version) , and General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12). Results The neuroticism trait of personality positively correlated to General Health( r = 0.50, P<0.001) and significantly predicted mental disease (β =0.4, P<0.01). The self-strengthening dimension of resilience was negatively related to general health ( r = - 0. 51 , P<0. 01 ). Furthermore, self-strengthening played partial mediating role between neuroticism and general health ( Sobel Z =2. 92, P<0. 01). Conclusion The neuroticism trait of personality is a risk factor for new recruits'mental health, while self-strengthening is a protective factor for it.     

高原集训新兵的心理应激与应对方式和自我效能感的关系

目的 探讨高原某部集训新兵的心理应激状况及其与应对方式和自我效能感的关系,并据此对高原新兵的心理健康教育提出建议.方法 采用问卷调查法,在驻青海某部新兵训练基地按照建制序列随机选取3个新训连队共256名新兵,施测军人心理应激自评问卷、简易应对方式问卷和一般自我效能感问卷.结果 新兵的心理应激反应主要表现为紧张、睡眠不好和身心疲惫;心理应激与消极应对有显著的正相关(r=0.349,P＜0.01),与积极应对和自我效能感有显著的负相关(r=-0.179,P＜0.01;r=-0.210,P＜0.01),而自我效能感则与积极应对有显著的正相关(r=0.532,P＜0.01);消极应对方式与自我效能感对心理应激反应有显著的预测作用.结论 可以通过增强高原新兵的自我效能感,并指导他们采用适当的应对方式来减轻集训期间的心理应激.

Abstract：

Objective To explored the mental stress situations and the relationship between mental stress, coping style and self-efficacy beliefs of the highland training recruits, and suggestions about mental health education of the recruits to be proposed.Methods The solider mental stress self-reported questionnaire, simplied coping style questionnaire, and generalized self-efficacy beliefs scale were administrated to 256 recruits from 3 companies have been randomly selected in a military training base of Qinghai province.Results The mental stress of the recruits included tension, sleepless, physical and mental exhaustion.The mental stress was significant positive correlation with negative coping style( r=0.349, P＜0.01 ), and significant negative correlation with active coping style( r= -0.179, P＜0.01 ), and with self-efficacy beliefs( r= -0.210, P＜0.01 ).Meantime selfefficacy beliefs was significant positive correlation with active coping style( r = 0.532, P ＜ 0.01 ).Negative coping style and self-efficacy beliefs could significantly predict mental stress.Conclusion Through these ways which improving the self-efficacy beliefs and instructing them to use suitable coping style may help the recruits reduce the mental stress.     

New Challenges for Occupational Health Services Facing Economic Reform in China

In China, which is facing economic reform and the rapid development of small-scale industries, various occupational hazards are reappearing. The problems are related to the ignorance of the managers and the workers, a lack of capital, the insufficiency of occupational health services, and the transfer of some hazardous work from large factories in the cities to small plants in the towns and villages. The change in life-style, especially in smoking habits, has aggravated occupational hazards. The problems may be solved by renewing the concept of health among the managers and workers, enforcing legislation related to occupational hazards, strengthening health personnel training, and reinforcing health education and self-help. 1989 Academic Press, Inc.     

英文摘要

There are 150000 severe mental disorder patients in Beijing, and 15000 patients among them need inpatient services. As the last player to join the battle against mental disease, comprehensive hospitals will become the main battlefield for mental health prevention and treatment. The future focus of mental health should be moved forward to community prevention and treatment, in order to fully exert the combined power of comprehensive hospitals and community health service.     

Autism and mental retardation of young children in China

To understand the prevalence and rehabilitation status of autism and mental retardation in China. Methods Screening test and clinical assessment were conducted for the diagnosis of autism and mental retardation. The assessment included investigation of the histories of medical conditions and development of these two disorders, utilization and needs for the rehabilitation service, and related intellectual and behavioral appraisal. Results Among the 7345 children investigated, the prevalence of autism disorder was 1.10 cases per 1000 children aged 2-6 years （95% CI=0.34 to 2.54）, and the prevalence of mental retardation was 10.76 cases per 1000 children （95% CI=8.40 to 13.12）. All the children suffering from autistic disorder were intellectually disabled, whereas 31.0% of the non-autism mental retardates had other disabilities. The medical conditions prior to birth and perinatal period were important potential factors for autism. Half of the autistic children and 84% of the children with non-autism mental retardation had never received any rehabilitative service. Conclusions The prevalence of autistic disorder in children aged 2-6 years in Tianjin is rather high. It is urgent to improve the status of the autistic and intelligently disabled young children in China. In order to upgrade the level of early diagnostic and improve the intervention to autism and mental retardation, public awareness and training courses should be heightened.     

Influencing factors of mental health of medical students in China

Summary： This study investigated the mental health status of medical students in China, and analyzed the influencing factors in order to provide evidence for mental health education for medical students. A stratified cluster sampling method was used to recruit medical students from Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China. The questionnaire survey on general information and Symptom Checklist 90 （SCL-90） were used for investigation and analysis. The results showed among the 1137 valid questionnaires, 278 （24.45%） participants had SCL-90 score ≥ 160. The top three mental problems of medical students were obsessive-compulsive disorder, interpersonal sensitivity and depression in terms of the factor score ≥ 2.5 and the number of participants who reflected on the diseases. The third-year medical students had the worst mental health status, and fifth-year medical students had the best mental health status. Students from rural area had more psychological problems than those from urban area; furthermore, students with high professional satisfaction, those who were the single child of the family, non-poor students, and those whose parents had high education level had better mental health status. It was concluded that the mental health of medical students is not optimistic in China. Medical students have some mental health problems of different degrees. Factors that influence the mental health of medical students include academic pressure, professional satisfaction level and family environment.     

基层民警职业压力、工作倦怠与心理健康的关系研究

目的 在基层民警群体中,探讨职业压力、工作倦怠及心理健康之间关系.方法 采用警察职业压力问卷、工作倦怠量表(MBI-GS)、一般健康问卷(GHQ-12)对300名基层民警进行问卷调查,对251份有效数据进行相关分析及回归分析.结果 职业压力与工作倦怠中的情绪衰竭和玩世不恭呈显著正相关(r=0.365～0.472),与低效能感不相关(r=-0.004);职业压力显著地负向预测心理健康(β=-0.189);工作倦怠及三个维度与心理健康呈显著负相关(r=-0.331～-0.662);职业压力和工作倦怠同时预测心理健康时,只有工作倦怠显著负向预测心理健康(β=-0.698).结论 职业压力和工作倦怠都会影响基层民警的心理健康.

Abstract：

Objective To explore the relationship between police' s occupational pressure and their job burnout and health. Methods 251 policemen completed the police occupational pressure questionnaire, Maslach Burnout Inventory-General Survey and general heath questionnaire. Results Occupational pressure was positively related to emotional exhaustion and cynicism( r = 0.365 ～ 0.472 ), and not related to diminished personal accomplishment( r = - 0.004 ). Occupational pressure had negative effect on mental health (β = - 0. 1 89 ). Job burnout and its three dimensionalities were negatively related to mental health( r= -0.331 ～ -0.662). With both occupational pressure and job burnout as predictors of mental health, only did job burnout negatively predict mental health (β = - 0. 698). Conclusion Both occupational pressure and job burnout can predicted policemen' general health.     

Drug-abusing Offenders with Co-morbid Mental Disorders: Gender Differences in Problem Severity, Treatment Participation, and Recidivism

Objective This study examined the gender differences in drug‐related problems and predictors of recidivism among a sample of 1444 offenders with co‐morbid drug abuse and mental disorders participating in California’s Proposition 36 Program.Methods Background characteristics and problem severity in multiple key life areas were assessed at intake by using Addiction Severity Index,and drug treatment participation,mental health diagnoses and arrests were based on official records.Results Women demonstrated greater problem severity than men in family relationships,health,psychological health,and sexual and physical abuse history.Men on the other hand had greater criminal history,high rates of attention disorder,and psychotic disorder.More men than women were rearrested during the year after treatment admission.Logistic regression analyses showed that for the combined sample,male,young age,cocaine use(relative to methamphetamine),drug abuse severity,methadone treatment,arrest history and fewer prior treatment history were associated with higher recidivism at 12‐month follow‐up;lower education,cocaine use,and arrest history were related to women’s recidivism,while young age,outpatient treatment,and arrest history were predictors of men’s recidivism.Conclusion Although the specific type of mental disorder did not seem to be predictive of recidivism,the high rates of mental health disorder and arrest of this population is problematic.Intervention strategies taking into consideration gender‐specific problems and needs can improve outcomes for both.     

Mental health in China: current status and prevention and control of mental disorders

Mental health is the balance between all aspects of life (e.g. social, physical, spiritual and emotional). Mental health is far more than absence of mental illness and has to do with the prevention and management of various kinds of psychoses and psychological and behavior disorders so as to improve overall level of mental health in populations.     

Effect on Rates of Surgical Site Infection Following Application of an Infection Prevention and Control Training Program in Elsha＇ab Hospital,Khartoum, Sudan

Without considering proper precautions, the health care facility can cause the spread of infections and diseases. When providing health services, it is essential to prevent transmission of infections at all times and at different levels. We want to make direct relationship between practice and infection rates. This study is to evaluate the application of training program with designing of guidelines for infection control in the operating rooms （Neuro and Cardiothoracic） among HCWs （health care workers） including surgeons, theatre nurses, surgical technologists, anesthesia assistants, cleaners and porters at Elsha＇ab hospital in Khartoum. This was an interventional cross sectional study through a questionnaire, quantitative evaluation （observation/checklist audit） and interventional training of the target group. A reduction in infection rates was achieved after training program intervention. The rate of all cardiothoracic SSIs （surgical site infections） was 16% in the first year and 14% in the second year. Over the same period, the rate of S SIs among clean procedures decreased from 14% to 11%. This reflected the outcome of implementation of comprehensive education and training in an infection control program. It is recommended to implement infection prevention and control training programs and guidelines in all surgical and sterilization set units.     

Reproductive Tract Infections——A Main Factor Influencing Women＇s Mental Status： Comparison on Depression and Anxiety between Naxi Women with and without RTIs

Objectives 1） To explore the relationship between RTIs and mental status of Naxi women; 2） to compare the differences of depression ＆ anxiety between Naxi women who have and not have RTIs; and 3） to put forward some suggestions for improving Naxi women＇s reproductive health in psychological point of view. Methods A cross-sectional survey was adopted, 280 married Naxi female volunteers who aged above 20 years old were selected by cluster random sampling from the two selected villages of Lugufu Township of Yanyuan county in Sichuan. Two self-reporting scales, CES-D and SAS were used for assessment of depression and anxiety of the subjects. Results The facts of mental status of Sichuan Naxi women brook no optimism. Among 280 Naxi reproductive age women who were investigated in current study, only 74 （26.4%） have no depression symptoms, and 116 （41.4%） have no anxiety symptoms. For the study population, the average total scores （TS） of CES-D was 20.1, and the average total index scores （TIS） of SAS was 50.2, and both of them were above a minimum value doubted to have symptoms. There were big differences of both average TS of CES-D and TIS of SAS between Naxi women who have and not have RTIs. Further analysis revealed that RTI was a main risk factor influencing women＇s mental status （OR = 16. 043 for depression, and OR = 12.954 for anxiety）. In addition, Naxi women＇s depression and anxiety were related to order births （≤2, OR=3.149, 95% CI： 1.228, 8.076）, sex debut was younger （≤17, OR=3.043, 95% CI： 1.895, 4.884）, and multiple pregnancy （≥ 3, OR=2.728, 95% CI： 1.990, 4.173）, etc. Conclusion For improving Naxi women＇s mental status, a pressing matter of the moment is for local medical persons to gain the knowledge about mental health and the diagnosis and treatment levels of psychological disorders. At the same time, pssychological counselling should become a main activity of reproductive health services.     

Challenges and prospects in research on military epidemiology

Epidemiology studies infectious diseases as primary objects, and has formed a scientific system. With the continuous expansion of the scope in epidemiological studies, the development of research methods and the mutual penetration of related disciplines, epidemiology gradually differentiates into many branches. Military epidemiology is just a branch which serves military health and prevention works with epidemic theory. Its study objects are the officers and soldiers in the armed forces, and its mission is to focus not only on peace time, but also on war time and fighting time to prevent from infectious diseases, or even to smash the enemy＇s biological war, which is basically different from the general epidemiology. In recent years, with the policy of reform and opening up, and owing to the improvement of people＇s living standard, the military has significantly improved its living conditions. Meanwhile, because strategic policy and military training has been updated technical diff~culty and intensity in the army have been increased, and disease spectrum has greatly changed. And especially as the theories and methods of modem epidemiology have been introduced into the army, the military epidemiology has been rapidly developed and improved. In short, the military epidemiology has made great achievements in prevention and treatment of common diseases and frequently occurring diseases, in order to guarantee the military members＇ physical and mental health. In the study we review the challenges and prospects for military epidemiology     

Energy Balance and Physical Activity

The prevalence of obesity is increasing in most parts of the world and becoming one of the major global public health problems.Although the components of energy balance have not been adequately estimated over time,available evidence suggests that the increase in obesity is the result of reduced physical activity.Increases in physical activity have been showen to be strongly associated with improving physical fitness and body composition,with probably a positive effect on resting metabolic rate.The Surgeon General‘s Report on physical Activity and Health advocates that 30 min of regular,moderate-intensity physical activity is associated with decreases in the risk of chronic diseases and may contribute to quality of life.However,the small changes that contribute 10 min for 3 times a day for 3 times a day for aerobic training,or one set instead of three sets of repetitions on resistance training will provide individuals training,or one set instead of three sets of repetitions on resistance training will provide individuals with health benefits.Indeed,nutrition and physical activity should be considered an integral part of fitness and good health,and should be encouraged in all age groups,particularly early in life,The question is no longer centerd around the health benefit of increasing physical activity,but rather creating self awareness and behavior changes in individuals,Hence,effective intervention programs are needed that foster long term changes in physical activity.Among various interventions,the Nutrifit program was recently conducted in Thailand and found to improve health related fitness in children,The development of more effective interventions and approaches is a major challege in this field today.     

Comparing models of mental health service systems between Australia and China: implications for the future development of Chinese mental health service

Mental illness is recognized as a significant social and public health problem in China, with approximately 16 million people affected with mental illness according to a report in 2002.^1 In addition, approximately 30 million children and young adolescents are suffering from mood and/or behavioral disorders. Drug and alcohol problems and other psychosocial disorders affecting women, elders and survivors of disasters are also important problems adding to the overall national mental health burden. Research from both China and abroad indicate that mental and behavioral problems will continue to increase in the future. The World Health Organization （WHO） has warned that the financial burden from mental disorders in China will constitute 1/4 of total burden from various diseases in 2020.^1     

Systematic review of experiences and effects of integrating post-abortion family planning services into existing health system worldwide

Objective To systematic review and analyze the practices and effects of integrating post-abortion family planning(PAFP)services into existing health system worldwide in order to inform the future interventions to deliver PAFP in China.Methods A systematic search for relevant published and unpublished literature was conducted.Based on a set of criteria,citation and full text were screened,related data were extracted.Findings of included studies were reviewed and analyzed using a textual narrative approach to synthesis.Results A total of 28 studies were included in the synthesis.The studies were published between 1995 and 2008 and covered 20 countries.Some countries were in the stage of piloting post-abortion care(PAC)/PAFP intervention,while others were either from piloting to scaling up or examined how well a pilot PAC/PAFP intervention and resulting improvements were able to be maintained over the long term in the same intervention site.Most studies examined initiatives that were implemented at public sectors from tertiary,secondary to primary health facilities,while a few were implemented at private sectors.Efforts of integrating PAFP into existing health system from health system perspectives such as funding the programs,training of trainer(TOT)training or on the job training of physicians and mid-level service provider,expansion the range of contraceptive methods available including a few free distribution of contraceptives,improving data collection including cost analysis in a few countries,service guidelines provided to health professionals,supportive supervision at program sites to ensure quality of care,and leadership from government to strengthen PAC/PAFP service by revising or developing a new national policy.Effects of those intervention programs included that 2 studies decreased abortion rates,7 studies improved modern contraceptive use,1 study improved women’s knowledge on sexual&reproductive health,and 5 studies reported women’s high satisfaction rate with receiving PAC/PAFP services.Conclusion Each study was conducted within a cultural,legal,social,and religious framework.There might be no single set of best practices that can be put forward as a model to integrate PAFP into existing health system in China.These areas should be taken into account in our future intervention including government’s optimization and complement to the regulations related to abortion,contraception and PAFP,capacity building for service provider,continuous efforts to improve the quality of PAFP service,and accessibility of multiple contraceptive methods for married as well as unmarried youth.     

Prevalence of low back pain among soldiers at an army base

Background  Low back pain (LBP) is a major medical and social problem among working populations and is associated with high medical expense, loss of productivity, and disability. The aim of this study is to investigate the prevalence of LBP among soldiers and evaluate the possible causative factors in military training. The results may provide an insight into changes needed in military training that will reduce the occurrence of LBP among soldiers.

Methods  A cross-sectional survey was conducted in a group of young soldiers in China to estimate the prevalence of LBP and evaluate possible causative factors in military training.

Results  The survey was distributed to 1659 soldiers, of whom 1624 responded. LBP was reported by 425 of the 1624 (26.2%) soldiers. The prevalence of LBP was higher in the armored force (51.3%) than in the artillery (27.5%) or infantry (11.9%). A multivariate logical regression analysis identified night training, 5 km cross-country race, and grenade-throwing training as military training risk factors for LBP.

Conclusions  The relatively high incidence of LBP among soldiers was related to night training, 5 km racing, and grenade throwing. Modifications in these training methods should enhance the health of recruits and lower the incidence of LBP.

     

Advances of Contraception in China

Family planning is an important component of reproductive health. Reduction in total fertility rate is closely related to the decrease of maternal and infant mortality rate and the advances in maternal and child health care. In the last two decades the reduction of total fertility rate from 5.6% in the 70s to 2. 5% in average at present occurs along with the decrease in maternal and infant mortality. This achievement should be attributed partly to the success in the development of contraceptive     

MENTAL RETARDATION AND ITS PREVENTION IN CHINA

While standardized psychological assessment tools are being developed in order to ensure better comparability among prevalence studies on mental retardation in different parts of the country, earlier prevalence figures of 0.78—3.83% gave a rough estimate of the magnitude of the mental retardation problem in this country. In our clinic it was found that 60.6% of severe mental retardation were caused by perinatal conditions and 2.3% by phenylketonuria and primary hypothyroidism, and in an analysis of children with school failure high lead concentration in the body was found to be a related factor. Therefore the majority of mental retardation as seen in China is preventable by primary and secondary prevention. Priority is given to family planning and antenatal care, perinatal care and risk-pregnancy monitoring, early infant care and stimulation, infant nutrition and breast-feeding, and immunization. Although neonatal screening progammes have been initiated in our Institution and some other centers, prevention of genetic conditions may not be a priority at the present stage.     

WHO Resource Book on Mental Health， Human Rights and Legislation

People with mental disorders are exposed to a wide range of human rights violations both within the health care context and the broader community. Mental health laws are an essential means of promoting and protecting their rights, but despite this, countries all over the world fail to legislate effectively, if at all, in this area.