Prospective Evaluation of Optical Coherence Tomography in Lower Limb Arteries Compared with Intravascular Ultrasound

PurposeTo compare in a prospective noninferiority study optical coherence tomography (OCT) and intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) in popliteal and infrapopliteal vessels.Materials and MethodsOCT and IVUS images of 112 popliteal and infrapopliteal arterial segments were prospectively obtained from 16 patients with peripheral arterial occlusive disease. Three observers evaluated the corresponding OCT and IVUS images for image quality, artifact frequency, discriminability of vessel wall layers, and plaque composition. Measurements of the lumen, vessel, and plaque areas were compared for both modalities.ResultsThe intrareader and interreader reproducibility of plaque tissue discrimination (0.88 vs 0.75), overall image quality, and vessel wall layer discriminability were significantly higher for OCT (all P < .001). Artifact frequency was higher in OCT, constraining the imaging of the tibioperoneal trunk. The results of measurements of the lumen and vessel area were comparable for both modalities (correlation > 0.9, P < .001). Plaque area measurements differed (correlation 0.8, P < .01) because OCT underestimated it. The OCT procedure caused vessel spasms in two patients.ConclusionsOCT imaging of infrapopliteal arteries is feasible and safe and provides high image quality. It enables an accurate assessment of vessel lumen, wall, and plaque. Compared with IVUS, OCT images provide excellent image quality and superior visualization of vessel wall layers and different plaque components. The penetration depth of OCT restricts its use to suitable vessel regions.     

US-Guided Placement and Tip Position Confirmation for Lower-Extremity Central Venous Access in Neonates and Infants with Comparison versus Conventional Insertion

PurposeTo describe experience with the use of ultrasound (US)–guided placement and tip position confirmation for direct saphenous and single-incision tunneled femoral noncuffed central venous catheters (CVCs) placed in neonates and infants at the bedside.Materials and MethodsA retrospective review of the interventional radiology (IR) database and electronic medical records was performed for 68 neonates and infants who received a CVC at the bedside and for 70 age- and weight-matched patients with CVCs placed in the IR suite between 2007 and 2012. Technical success, complications, and outcomes of CVCs placed at the bedside were compared with those in an age- and weight-matched sample of children with CVCs placed in the IR suite.ResultsA total of 150 primary insertions were performed, with a technical success rate of 100%. Total catheter lives for CVCs placed at the bedside and in the IR suite were 2,030 catheter-days (mean, 27.1 d) and 2,043 catheter-days (mean, 27.2 d), respectively. No significant difference was appreciated between intraprocedural complications, mechanical complications (bedside, 1.53 per 100 catheter-days; IR, 1.76 per 100 catheter-days), or infectious complications (bedside, 0.39 per 100 catheter-days; IR, 0.34 per 100 catheter-days) between groups.ConclusionsUS-guided placement and tip position confirmation of lower-extremity CVCs at bedside for critically ill neonates and infants is a safe and feasible method for central venous access, with similar complications and catheter outcomes in comparison with CVCs placed by using fluoroscopic guidance in the IR suite.     

Internal Jugular Veins Outflow in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis: A Catheter Venography Study

PurposeTo investigate an examiner-independent catheter venography protocol that could be used to reliably diagnose venous outflow abnormalities in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency and to determine whether venous angioplasty is effective in the treatment of these abnormalities.Materials and MethodsA total of 313 patients with MS and 12 patients with end-stage renal disease underwent echo-color Doppler sonography and catheter venography of the internal jugular veins (IJVs) to evaluate contrast medium clearance time. In patients with venous outflow anomalies, balloon angioplasty of the IJVs was performed.ResultsA contrast medium clearance time cutoff value of 4 seconds or less provided the maximal combination of sensitivity and specificity for the right IJV (sensitivity, 73.4%; specificity, 100%) and left IJV (sensitivity, 91.4%; specificity, 100%). IJVs with a clearance time between 4.1 and 6 seconds had moderate delayed flow (MDF), and IJVs with a clearance time longer than 6 seconds had severe delayed flow (SDF); 89% of patients showed MDF/SDF through at least one IJV, 79% showed MDF/SDF through both IJVs, and only 5% showed normal flow in both IJVs. Balloon angioplasty was immediately able to improve flow in at least one IJV in 69% of patients, but venous flow was normalized in both veins in only 37% of patients; SDF persisted after angioplasty in 32% of patients.ConclusionsThere is a high prevalence of abnormal delayed flow through IJVs in patients with MS. Venous angioplasty was effective in only a minority of patients with SDF.     

Endovascular Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Repair Using Transvenous Intravascular US Catheter Guidance in Patients with Chronic Renal Failure

PurposeTo describe the transvenous application of intracardiac echocardiography (ICE) for guidance during endovascular aortic repair (EVAR).Materials and MethodsEight patients with an infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) and chronic renal failure were determined suitable for EVAR. The procedure was performed by deploying the transcaval and transiliac vein guidance of an ICE catheter to reduce the dosage of iodinated contrast medium. Multiple guidance parameters were assessed. The present study describes the EVAR procedure and postprocedure transabdominal ultrasound (US) follow-up results at 3–4 months.ResultsThe eight procedures were completed by using transvenous ICE guidance. No contrast medium was used in five patients, and 3–20 mL of isoosmolar contrast medium was administered in the other three. No endoleaks were detected by ICE immediately after stent deployment. One patient who had a single functioning kidney developed renal failure that was attributed to manipulation-related cholesterol embolization. That patient became dependent on dialysis and died 3.5 months after the procedure. No endoleaks were detected at 3–4-month US follow-up in the other seven patients.ConclusionsTransvenous ICE guidance is a promising method to reduce the dosage of iodinated contrast medium in patients with renal dysfunction undergoing EVAR. A prospective trial comparing this modality versus digital subtraction angiography guidance with iodinated contrast medium in terms of safety, accuracy, and long-term efficacy is recommended.     

Technical Details and Clinical Outcomes of Transpopliteal Venous Stent Placement for Postthrombotic Chronic Total Occlusion of the Iliofemoral Vein

PurposeTo evaluate the technical aspects and early clinical results of stent placement for managing postthrombotic chronic total occlusion (CTO) of the iliofemoral vein through ipsilateral popliteal access.Materials and MethodsA retrospective analysis of 110 patients (44 men; mean age, 51 y; 118 limbs; 102 left limbs) with postthrombotic CTO of the iliofemoral vein treated with stent placement in a single institution from January 2007–December 2011 was conducted. All occlusions were initially accessed via ipsilateral popliteal veins under the guidance of venography or ultrasonography. Technical aspects, quality of life, stent patency, and Villalta scores were recorded at follow-up evaluation. Risk factors of in-stent restenosis and early in-stent thrombosis were evaluated using Cox proportional hazards regression model.ResultsPercutaneous recanalization was successful in 112 of 118 limbs (95%). The mean duration of the procedure was 43 minutes (range, 10–120 min). The quality of life and Villalta scores were significantly improved (P < .01). The 3-year primary, assisted primary, and secondary cumulative stent patency rates were 70%, 90%, and 94%. During a median follow-up period of 25 months (range, 1–52 mo), the relief rates of severe leg pain (visual analog scale > 5) and severe leg swelling (grade 3) were 72% (49 of 68) and 70% (64 of 91), respectively, and the healing of ulcers was successful in 78% (36 of 46) of the cases. After stent placement, the limbs with visible remaining collateral circulation had a higher rate of early in-stent thrombosis (22.5% vs 6.1%; P = .007). The patients with long stents extending below the inguinal ligament had a higher rate of in-stent restenosis (hazard ratio = 1.77–6.5; P = .0146).ConclusionsTranspopliteal venous stent placement is an effective, safe, and feasible method of managing postthrombotic CTO of the iliofemoral vein. The stent extending below the inguinal ligament is the major risk factor of in-stent restenosis. The visible remaining collateral circulation after stent placement may indicate persistent hemodynamically significant stenosis.     

A Single-Incision Technique for Placement of Implantable Venous Access Ports via the Axillary Vein

PurposeTo evaluate the technical feasibility and safety of a single-incision technique for placement of implantable venous access ports via the axillary vein.Materials and MethodsPorts were placed in 216 patients between May and October 2012 using a single-incision technique via the axillary vein. Patients included 112 men and 104 women with a mean age of 58.2 years. After making a single vertical incision without subcutaneous tunneling, ports were placed via the left axillary vein in 172 patients and via the right axillary vein in 44 patients. Axillary vein punctures were directed medially at the incision site under ultrasound guidance. We retrospectively reviewed success rates, technical difficulties, procedure times, and immediate and delayed complications of the procedure.ResultsAll single-incision port placements were technically successful. Technical difficulties occurring during the procedure included advancement of the wire or catheter into an unintended vein (n = 33), kinking at the cuff-catheter junction (n = 13), bleeding via the puncture tract (n = 5), bending of the peel-away sheath (n = 3), and puncture of the axillary artery (n = 3). All technical problems were overcome with additional manipulation. The only immediate complication was puncture site hematoma in two patients. The mean follow-up period was 165.7 days, and there were no reports of port malfunction. Axillary vein thrombosis was observed in one patient.ConclusionsThe single-incision technique for placing ports via the axillary vein was a feasible and safe procedure with high technical success and low risk of complications.     

Recanalization of Chronic Total Occlusions of the Superior Mesenteric Artery in Patients with Chronic Mesenteric Ischemia: Technical and Clinical Outcomes

PurposeTo evaluate the safety and outcomes of endovascular recanalization of chronic total occlusions (CTOs) of the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) in patients with chronic mesenteric ischemia (CMI).Materials and MethodsA single-institution retrospective review was performed of 47 consecutive patients (18 male, 29 female) who underwent endovascular stent placement for CTOs of the SMA between February 2006 and November 2012. All patients had symptoms of CMI. Procedural and follow-up data were collected for assessment of technical success, safety, and outcome.ResultsTechnical success was achieved in 41 of 47 patients (87%). Forty-two of the 47 procedures were performed from a femoral approach. Fifteen patients underwent concurrent revascularization of the celiac artery. All patients who underwent successful recanalization reported symptomatic improvement. Kaplan–Meier analysis revealed primary freedom from symptomatic recurrence of 95% at 12 months and 78% at 24 months. Symptomatic recurrence was observed in seven patients, all of whom underwent successful assisted or secondary endovascular procedures. Secondary freedom from symptomatic recurrence rates were 100% at 12 months and 88% 24 months. There were three (7%) minor access-related complications and no major complications.ConclusionsEndovascular stent-assisted recanalization of chronic SMA occlusions is safe and effective, with an acceptable rate of technical success and excellent midterm clinical outcomes.     

Endovascular Venous Thrombolysis in Children Younger than 24 Months

PurposeTo evaluate the technical feasibility and safety of percutaneous endovascular thrombolysis for extremity deep venous thrombosis (DVT) in children < 24 months old.Materials and MethodsA retrospective chart review of a clinical and imaging database was performed for pediatric patients who underwent endovascular therapy for DVT between January 2010 and July 2013. Indications, techniques, technical and clinical success, and complications were reviewed. Techniques for thrombolysis included catheter-directed therapy (CDT) using alteplase infusion via a multi–side hole catheter, mechanical thrombectomy, and angioplasty. Short-term outcomes were assessed using surgical and imaging follow-up examinations for patency of the targeted vessel. Patients included 11 children (mean age, 9 mo; range, 3 wk–23 mo) who consecutively underwent endovascular thrombolysis for upper extremity (n = 6) or lower extremity (n = 5) DVT. The most common indication was preservation of venous access for future cardiac surgery or medical therapy.ResultsThe most common risk factor was the presence of a central venous catheter (10 of 11 patients). All patients with upper extremity DVT had congenital heart disease. CDT and angioplasty were performed in all patients. Venous patency was established in all patients. A grade III (95%–100%) thrombolysis response was achieved in seven patients, and a grade II (50%–95%) thrombolysis response was achieved in four patients. A major complication of pulmonary embolism occurred in one patient with upper extremity thrombolysis and was managed by intravenous systemic alteplase and heparin. No recurrence of thrombosis was found on average follow-up of 11.8 months (range, 1–41 mo).ConclusionsPercutaneous endovascular thrombolysis for extremity DVT is safe and technically feasible in children < 24 months old.     

Institution of a Hospital-Based Central Venous Access Policy for Peripheral Vein Preservation in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease: A 12-Year Experience

PurposeTo describe the implementation of nursing-based venous access team (VAT) and standardized interventional radiology (IR) protocols in accordance with Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative (K/DOQI) guidelines to provide central venous access while preserving peripheral veins in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD).Materials and MethodsReview of peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC) and small-bore central catheter (SBCC) referral and placement data from VAT and IR databases was conducted over a 12-year period. SBCC referral was automatic for patients with creatinine levels ≥ 3 mg/dL or a renal transplant regardless of creatinine level unless dialysis was not planned. All SBCC insertions, regardless of referral source, were identified and reviewed, and SBCC placements prompted by K/DOQI PICC contraindication were identified. Catheter types, indications, access sites, technical success, and complications were ascertained.ResultsA total of 35,781 requests for PICC placement were made to the VAT; 1,889 (5%) were referred to IR for SBCC placement per institutional policy, and 2,200 SBCCs were attempted or newly placed during this period, 1,879 (85%) based on K/DOQI contraindications. Primary indication for SBCC placement was antibiotic therapy (59%). Access sites included right internal jugular vein (IJV) (70%), left IJV (24%), right external jugular vein (EJV) (3%), left EJV (2%), right common femoral vein (CFV) (0.3%), and left CFV (0.2%). Technical success rate of SBCC insertion was 99%. Six minor (0.3%) and three major (0.1%) complications occurred.ConclusionsAutomatic referral for SBCC placement in patients with CKD via VAT and IR protocols may eliminate PICC placement and thereby protect peripheral veins needed for hemodialysis. SBCC placement has high technical success and low complication rates.     

Endovascular Treatment of Symptomatic Vestibular Aqueduct Dehiscence as a Result of Jugular Bulb Abnormalities

A new endovascular treatment consisting of stent-assisted coil implantation is described for jugular bulb abnormalities causing symptomatic vestibular aqueduct dehiscence. Three patients presenting with vertigo associated with pulsatile tinnitus or hearing loss were treated. This technique cured the vertigo and pulsatile tinnitus in all patients and preserved normal cerebral venous drainage with no side effects.     

Hepatic Blood Volume Imaging with the Use of Flat-Detector CT Perfusion in the Angiography Suite: Comparison with Results of Conventional Multislice CT Perfusion

PurposeTo prospectively determine the feasibility of flat-detector (FD) computed tomography (CT) perfusion to measure hepatic blood volume (BV) in the angiography suite in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).Materials and MethodsTwenty patients with HCC were investigated with conventional multislice and FD CT perfusion. CT perfusion was carried out on a multislice CT scanner, and FD CT perfusion was performed on a C-arm angiographic system, before transarterial chemoembolization procedures. BV values of conventional and FD CT perfusion were measured within tumors and liver parenchyma. The arterial perfusion portion of CT perfusion BV was extracted from CT perfusion BV by multiplying it by a hepatic perfusion index. Relative values (RVs) for CT perfusion arterial BV and FD CT perfusion BV (FD BV) were defined by dividing BV of tumor by BV of parenchyma. Relationships between BV and RV values of these two techniques were analyzed.ResultsIn all patients, both perfusion procedures were technically successful, and all 33 HCCs larger than 10 mm were identified with both imaging methods. There were strong correlations between the absolute values of FD BV and CT perfusion arterial BV (tumor, r = 0.903; parenchyma, r = 0.920; both P < .001). Bland–Altman analysis showed a mean difference of −0.15 ± 0.24 between RVs for CT perfusion arterial BV and FD BV.ConclusionsThe feasibility of FD CT perfusion to assess BV values of liver tumor and surrounding parenchyma in the angiographic suite was demonstrated.     

Endovascular Recanalization of Native Chronic Total Occlusions in Patients with Failed Lower-Extremity Bypass Grafts

PurposeTo investigate the feasibility, safety, and outcome of endovascular recanalization of native chronic total occlusions (CTOs) in patients with failed lower-extremity bypass grafts.Materials and MethodsRetrospective review of 19 limbs in 18 patients with failed lower-extremity bypass grafts that underwent recanalization of native arterial occlusions between February 2009 and April 2013 was performed. Nine of the limbs presented with acute ischemia and 10 presented with chronic ischemia, including eight with critical limb ischemia and two with disabling claudication.ResultsThe mean patency of the failed bypass grafts (63% venous) was 27 months. All limbs had Transatlantic Inter-Society Consensus class D lesions involving the native circulation. Technical success of the endovascular recanalization procedure was achieved in all but one limb (95%). The mean ankle brachial indices before and after treatment were 0.34 and 0.73, respectively. There were no major complications or emergency amputations. Mean patient follow-up was 64 weeks, and two patients were lost to follow-up. Primary patency rates at 3, 6, and 12 months were 87%, 48%, and 16%, respectively. Successful secondary procedures were performed in seven patients, with secondary patency rates at 3, 6, and 12 months of 88%, 73%, and 44%, respectively. Limb salvage rates at 12 and 24 months were 94% and 65%, and amputation-free survival rates at 12 and 24 months were 87% and 60%, respectively.ConclusionsEndovascular recanalization of native CTOs in patients with failed lower-extremity bypass grafts is technically feasible and safe and results in acceptable limb salvage.     

Percutaneous In Utero Thoracoamniotic Shunt Creation for Fetal Thoracic Abnormalities Leading to Nonimmune Hydrops

PurposeTo describe a transabdominal, transuterine Seldinger-based percutaneous approach to create a shunt for treatment of fetal thoracic abnormalities.Materials and MethodsFive fetuses presented with nonimmune fetal hydrops secondary to fetal thoracic abnormalities causing severe mass effect. Under direct ultrasound guidance, an 18-gauge needle was used to access the malformation. Through a peel-away sheath, a customized pediatric transplant 4.5-F double J ureteral stent was advanced; the leading loop was placed in the fetal thorax, and the trailing end was left outside the fetal thorax within the amniotic cavity.ResultsSeven thoracoamniotic shunts were successfully placed in five fetuses; one shunt was immediately replaced because of displacement during the procedure, and another shunt was not functioning at follow-up requiring insertion of a second shunt. All fetuses had successful decompression of the thoracic malformation, allowing lung reexpansion and resolution of hydrops. Three of five mothers had meaningful (> 7 d) prolongation of their pregnancies. All pregnancies were maintained to > 30 weeks (range, 30 weeks 1 d–37 weeks 2 d). There were no maternal complications.ConclusionsA Seldinger-based percutaneous approach to draining fetal thoracic abnormalities is feasible and can allow for prolongation of pregnancy and antenatal lung development and ultimately result in fetal survival.     

Combined Antegrade Femoral Artery and Retrograde Popliteal Artery Recanalization for Chronic Occlusions of the Superficial Femoral Artery

PurposeTo evaluate the efficacy and safety of a dual femoral–popliteal approach in the supine position after failed antegrade recanalization attempts in chronic total occlusion (CTO) of the superficial femoral artery (SFA).Materials and MethodsFrom May 2011 to October 2012, 21 patients underwent dual femoral–popliteal recanalization for CTO of the SFA, with a mean lesion length of 87.4 mm ± 5.8. When contralateral antegrade recanalization of SFA occlusions via the common femoral artery could not be achieved, the occlusions were intrainterventionally accessed by retrograde approach via the popliteal artery, which was punctured anteriorly with gently flexed knee and crus extorsion. When the SFA had been recanalized, further angioplasty and stent placement procedures were completed via the femoral artery.ResultsA technical success rate of 100% (entailing puncture of the popliteal artery and SFA recanalization) was achieved, and no hemorrhage, hematoma, pseudoaneurysm, arteriovenous fistula, or other complications developed. During a mean follow-up of 9.8 months ± 1.5, claudication severity, rest pain, and toe ulcers improved significantly. The pulse of the distal arteries, as well as the filling of the veins, could be distinctly felt. Ankle-brachial index changed from 0.48 ± 0.17 to 0.84 ± 0.11 at 1 year after intervention (P < .001), and patency rates at 1, 6, and 12 months after interventions were 100%, 80%, and 42%, respectively.ConclusionsA dual femoral–popliteal approach in the supine position is an alternative backup option after failed attempts at the antegrade approach for patients with proximal barriers in CTO or lesions with major extending collateral vessels.     

Embolization of the Periprostatic Venous Plexus for Erectile Dysfunction Resulting from Venous Leakage

PurposeTo evaluate retrospectively the safety and efficacy of anterograde embolization of the periprostatic venous plexus (AEPV) via percutaneous access of the deep dorsal vein of the penis for erectile dysfunction (ED) resulting from veno-occlusive dysfunction (VOD).Materials and MethodsFrom September 2009 through December 2012, 18 patients with moderate to severe ED secondary to insufficiency of physiologic venous occlusion as diagnosed by color Doppler evaluation of the penis after direct pharmacologic stimulation were treated. Preliminary diagnoses were also confirmed with dynamic cavernosography. Selective AEPV was achieved using a combination of N-butyl cyanoacrylate and endovascular coils. Follow-up consisted of collecting International Index of Erectile Function questionnaire (IIEF-6) scores and repeated color Doppler evaluation.ResultsImmediate technical success was achieved in 16 of 18 patients (88.8%). Follow-up data were obtained at a mean of 13.3 months ± 7.5. In 12 of the patients with technical success, the mean IIEF-6 score improved from 10.5 ± 5.2 to 20.6 ± 8.4 after the procedure (P = .0069). At 3-month short-term follow-up, clinical success defined by an end-diastolic velocity of < 5 cm/s on color Doppler was noted in 81% (13 of 16 patients). Of these 13 patients, 7 patients had continued erectile function at the end of follow-up, and the other 6 patients reported progressive diminishment in the benefit over time. No major complications and two minor complications were encountered.ConclusionsAEPV for ED secondary to VOD is a safe alternative to surgical treatment that demonstrates promising short-term and midterm efficacy.     

Cost Effectiveness of Radioembolization Compared with Conventional Transarterial Chemoembolization for Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma

PurposeTo assess cost effectiveness of radioembolization versus conventional transarterial chemoembolization.Materials and MethodsThe cost of radioembolization versus conventional transarterial chemoembolization was determined based on Medicare reimbursements. Three patient subgroups were defined based on the Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) classification system (A, B, or C). Efficacy and safety outcomes after each procedure were obtained from the literature. A Monte Carlo case-based simulation was designed for 60 months in 250 patients in each subgroup. Survival was calculated based on average survival from the literature and the Monte Carlo model. The primary outcome was the cost effectiveness of radioembolization over transarterial chemoembolization by considering calculated survival.ResultsThe costs approached $17,000 for transarterial chemoembolization versus $31,000 or $48,000 for unilobar or bilobar radioembolization, respectively. Based on the simulation, median estimated survival was greater with transarterial chemoembolization than radioembolization in BCLC-A and BCLC-B subgroups (40 months vs 30 months and 23 months vs 16 months, respectively, P = .001). However, in the BCLC-C subgroup, survival was greater with radioembolization than transarterial chemoembolization (13 months vs 17 months, P = .001). The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of radioembolization over transarterial chemoembolization in the BCLC-C subgroup was $360 per month. The results were dependent on bilobar versus unilobar radioembolization and the total number of radioembolization procedures.ConclusionsThe model suggests radioembolization costs may be justified for patients with BCLC-C disease, whereas radioembolization may not be cost effective in patients with BCLC-A disease; however, many patients with BCLC-C disease have extensive disease precluding locoregional therapies. Secondary considerations may determine treatment choice in more borderline patients (BCLC-B disease) because there is no persistent survival benefit with radioembolization.     

Comparison of Simulation-based Treatment Planning with Imaging and Pathology Outcomes for Percutaneous CT-guided Irreversible Electroporation of the Porcine Pancreas: A Pilot Study

PurposeTo investigate the reliability of simulations for planning pancreatic irreversible electroporation (IRE) ablations compared with computed tomography (CT) and pathology outcomes in an animal model.Materials and MethodsSimulations were performed varying treatment parameters, including field strength (1.5–2.5 kV/cm), pulse number (70–90 pulses), and pulse length (70–100 µs). Pancreatic IRE was performed in six pigs under CT guidance. Two animals each were sacrificed for histology after 1 day, 14 days, and 28 days. Follow-up CT scans were performed on day 0, day 1, day 14, and day 28. Biochemical markers were collected before the procedure, 1 day after the procedure, and 14 days after the procedure.ResultsAll ablation zones could be visualized on CT scan immediately after the procedure and on day 1 follow-up CT scan, and all animals survived until the designated endpoints. Histopathology revealed necrosis and edema on day 1 and fibrosis and glandular atrophy after 28 days. Blood vessels close to the ablation zone appeared normal. Laboratory analysis indicated mild to moderate amylasemia and lipasemia with normalization after 14 days. The ablation size on CT scan measured a mean (± SD) 146% ± 18 (day 0, P < .126) and 168% ± 18 (day 1, P < .026) of the simulation and on pathology measured 119% ± 10 (day 1, not significant) of the simulation.ConclusionsResults from simulations for planning IRE ablations, CT, and pathology may differ from each other. Ablation zones on CT and pathology appear larger than simulated, suggesting that clinically used treatment planning may underestimate the ablation size in the pancreas.     

Benefits and Problems of Transarterial Therapy in Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Chronic Kidney Disease

PurposeTo evaluate the feasibility of transarterial therapy (transcatheter arterial chemoembolization and transcatheter arterial infusion) for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma and chronic kidney disease (CKD).Materials and MethodsThe study enrolled 35 patients who received transarterial therapy. The patients were classified into a CKD group (n = 10 nondialysis chronic kidney disease [NDCKD] and n = 9 end-stage renal disease [ESRD]) or a non-CKD group (n = 16). The survival rates between the two groups were compared using two different starting points: (a) from initial diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma and (b) from enrollment in the study. The tolerance of transarterial therapy in patients with CKD was evaluated by comparing the incidence of major adverse events.ResultsThe 2-year and 5-year survival rates from initial diagnosis were 83.9% and 53.8% in the CKD group and 70.1% and 40.4% in the non-CKD group (P = .478). The corresponding 3-year survival rate from enrollment in the two groups was 25.6% and 41.2%, respectively (P = .995). The 2-year and 5-year survival rates from initial diagnosis were 70.1% and 40.4% in the non-CKD group, 90.0% and 39.4% in NDCKD patients, and 76.2% and 76.2% in ESRD patients (P = .380). The corresponding 2-year survival rates from enrollment in these groups were 54.9%, 48.0%, and 48.6% (P = .943). Severe contrast-induced nephropathy (n = 3) and late-onset death caused by cholesterol crystal embolism (n = 1) were observed in the NDCKD group.ConclusionsTranscatheter arterial chemoembolization is feasible in patients with CKD by instituting periprocedural hemodialysis with similar 2-year and 5-year survival compared with patients without CKD.     

Evaluating Patency Rates of an Ultralow-Porosity Expanded Polytetrafluoroethylene Covered Stent in the Treatment of Venous Stenosis in Arteriovenous Dialysis Circuits

PurposeTo evaluate the efficacy of an ultralow-porosity expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) covered stent in the treatment of autogenous arteriovenous fistula (AVF) and prosthetic arteriovenous graft (AVG) venous outflow stenoses.Materials and MethodsClinical and angiographic outcomes of 20 consecutive patients with arteriovenous dialysis circuits treated with the endoprosthesis were reviewed following institutional review board approval. Patients were followed routinely at 2 months and 6 months after stent placement, or earlier if clinically warranted. The primary endpoint was 2- and 6-month primary treatment area patency. Secondary endpoints included primary circuit patency, primary assisted patency, and secondary patency.ResultsEleven patients with AVFs and nine patients with AVGs were treated successfully with the covered stent. Primary treatment area patency rates were 85% ± 16 at both 2 months and 6 months. Primary circuit patency rates were was 65% ± 21 and 45% ± 22, respectively; primary assisted patency rates were 90% ± 13 and 85% ± 16, respectively; and secondary patency rates were 100% and 90% ± 13, respectively. Of the three cases of lost primary treatment area patency, two developed thrombosis and one developed recurrent stenosis. No significant differences were found between patients with AVFs and AVGs.ConclusionsData from this preliminary study suggests that the ultralow-porosity ePTFE covered stent may be a clinically viable option for treatment of venous outflow stenoses in arteriovenous vascular access circuits.