A cross sectional study to examine the association between dietary patterns and cognitive impairment in older Chinese people in Hong Kong

Background

Dietary patterns can be identified using a priori and a posterior approaches. Few studies have related dietary patterns with cognitive impairment in Chinese population. This study examined the risk of cognitive impairment associated with dietary patterns identified by both approaches.

Methods

Baseline data on 1,926 Chinese men and 1,744 Chinese women aged > 65 years participating in a cohort study examining the risk factors for osteoporosis in Hong Kong were analyzed. Dietary data were collected using a validated food frequency questionnaire. Adherence to a priori dietary patterns, namely the Mediterranean Diet Score (MDS) was assessed. Factor analysis (FA) identified three a posterior dietary patterns: “vegetables-fruits” pattern which was rich in vegetables, fruits, soy products and legumes, “snacks-drinks-milk products” pattern which was a mixture of healthy and unhealthy food groups including fast food, sweets and desserts, nuts, milk products and whole grains, and “meat-fish” pattern which included frequent intake of meat, fish and seafood. Cognitive function was assessed by the Community Screening Instrument for Dementia (CSI-D). Multivariate logistic regression examined the risk of cognitive impairment with adjustment for potential confounders.

Results

A total of 221 men and 656 women was classified as cognitive impaired. Neither the MDS nor the dietary patterns identified by FA were associated with risk of cognitive impairment in men. In women, higher “vegetables-fruits” pattern score was associated with reduced risk of cognitive impairment [Adjusted OR=0.73 (95% CI: 0.54–1.00) of the highest quartile of “vegetables-fruits” pattern score compared with the lowest quartile, ptrend=0.018]. Similar inverse trend was observed for “snacks-drinks-milk products” pattern score [Adjusted OR=0.65 (95% CI: 0.47–0.90) of the highest quartile of “snacks-drinks-milk products” pattern score compared with the lowest quartile, ptrend=0.003]. There was no association of “meat-fish” pattern or the MDS with risk of cognitive impairment in women.

Conclusion

Higher “vegetables-fruits” and “snacks-drinks-milk products” pattern scores were associated with reduced risk of cognitive impairment in Chinese older women in Hong Kong.     

Dietary fat intake and risk of pancreatic cancer in the Prostate,Lung, Colorectal and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial

PurposeEpidemiologic and experimental studies suggest that dietary fat intake may affect risk of pancreatic cancer, but published results are inconsistent.MethodsWe examined risk associations for specific types of dietary fat intakes and related food sources among 111,416 participants in the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial. We used Cox proportional hazards regression to examine associations between fat intake and pancreatic cancer risk.ResultsOver a mean 8.4 years of follow-up, 411 pancreatic cancer cases were identified. We observed an inverse association between saturated fat intake and pancreatic cancer risk (hazard ratio [HR], 0.64 comparing extreme quintiles; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.46–0.88), but the association became weaker and nonsignificant when individuals with fewer than 4 years of follow-up were excluded to avoid possible reverse causation (HR, 0.88; 95% CI, 0.58–1.33). Total fat intake showed a similar pattern of association, whereas intakes of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats and fats from animal or plant sources showed no associations with risk.ConclusionsThese results do not support the hypothesis of increased pancreatic cancer risk with higher fat consumption overall or by specific fat type or source. Dietary changes owing to undetected disease may explain the observed inverse association with saturated fat.     

Associations Between Dietary Patterns and Longitudinal Quality of Life Changes in Colorectal Cancer Patients: The ColoCare Study

Quality of life (QoL) is an important clinical outcome in cancer patients. We investigated associations between dietary patterns and QoL changes in colorectal cancer (CRC) patients. The study included 192 CRC patients with available EORTC QLQ-C30 data before and 12 months post-surgery and food frequency questionnaire data at 12 months post-surgery. Principal component analysis was used to identify dietary patterns. Multivariate regression models assessed associations between dietary patterns and QoL changes over time. We identified four major dietary patterns: “Western” dietary pattern characterized by high consumption of potatoes, red and processed meat, poultry, and cakes, “fruit&vegetable” pattern: high intake of vegetables, fruits, vegetable oils, and soy products, “bread&butter” pattern: high intake of bread, butter and margarine, and “high-carb” pattern: high consumption of pasta, grains, nonalcoholic beverages, sauces and condiments. Patients following a “Western” diet had lower chances to improve in physical functioning (OR = 0.45 [0.21–0.99]), constipation (OR = 0.30 [0.13–0.72]) and diarrhea (OR: 0.44 [0.20–0.98]) over time. Patients following a “fruit&vegetable” diet showed improving diarrhea scores (OR: 2.52 [1.21–5.34]. A “Western” dietary pattern after surgery is inversely associated with QoL in CRC patients, whereas a diet rich in fruits and vegetables may be beneficial for patients' QoL over time.     

Dietary Fat,Cooking Fat,and Breast Cancer Risk in a Multiethnic Population

Our objective was to examine the association between dietary fat intake, cooking fat usage, and breast cancer risk in a population-based, multiethnic, case-control study conducted in the San Francisco Bay area. Intake of total fat and types of fat were assessed with a food frequency questionnaire among 1,703 breast cancer cases diagnosed between 1995 and 1999 and 2,045 controls. In addition, preferred use of fat for cooking was assessed. Unconditional logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). High fat intake was associated with increased risk of breast cancer (highest vs. lowest quartile, adjusted OR = 1.35, 95% CI = 1.10–1.65, P _trend < 0.01). A positive association was found for oleic acid (OR = 1.55, 95% CI = 1.14–2.10, P _trend < 0.01) but not for linoleic acid or saturated fat. Risk was increased for women cooking with hydrogenated fats (OR = 1.58, 95% CI = 1.20–2.10) or vegetable/corn oil (rich in linoleic acid; OR = 1.30, 95% CI = 1.06–1.58) compared to women using olive/canola oil (rich in oleic acid). Our results suggest that a low-fat diet may play a role in breast cancer prevention. We speculate that monounsaturated trans fats may have driven the discrepant associations between types of fat and breast cancer.     

Western Dietary Pattern,But not Mediterranean Dietary Pattern,Increases the Risk of Prostate Cancer

Background and aim: Prostate cancer is the most common cancer among men. Several studies have investigated the effects of dietary patterns on prostate cancer risk, but this topic is still a matter of debate. This study aimed to examine the association between dietary patterns and prostate cancer risk.

Methods: In a case-control study, 60 newly diagnosed prostate cancer cases and 60 hospital-based controls were selected from two main hospitals of Shiraz, Iran. Data on dietary intakes, anthropometric features, and demographic characteristics were collected. To determine the dietary patterns factor analysis, and to estimate the odds ratios (ORs), multivariable logistic regression was performed.

Results: Two major dietary patterns were identified: Western dietary (WD) pattern and Mediterranean dietary (MD) pattern. After adjusting for potential confounders, men who had higher scores for WD pattern (above the median) were more likely to have prostate cancer (OR?=?5.15; 95% CI (1.44–18.47); P?=?0.01) compared with men who had lower scores. A nonsignificant inverse association was found for MD pattern (OR?=?0.62; 95% CI (0.22–1.77); P?=?0.37).

Conclusions: Our findings suggest that WD pattern may increase the risk of prostate cancer and the beneficial effects of MD pattern on prostate cancer risk need further research.     

Dietary Patterns and Risk of Pancreatic Cancer in a Large Population-Based Case-Control Study in the San Francisco Bay Area

Pancreatic cancer is highly lethal, and identifying modifiable risk factors could have substantial public health impact. In this population-based case-control study (532 cases, 1701 controls), we used principal component analysis and multivariable unconditional logistic regression models to examine whether a particular dietary pattern was associated with risk of pancreatic cancer, adjusting for other known risk factors. A prudent dietary pattern, characterized by greater intake of vegetables, fruit, fish, poultry, whole grains, and low-fat dairy, was associated with an approximate 50% reduction in pancreatic cancer risk among men [odds ratio (OR) = 0.51, 95% confidence intervals (CI) = 0.31–0.84, P trend = 0.001] and women (OR = 0.51, 95% CI = 0.29–0.90, P trend = 0.04). A Western dietary pattern, characterized by higher intake of red and processed meats, potato chips, sugary beverages, sweets, high fat dairy, eggs, and refined grains, was associated with a 2.4-fold increased risk of pancreatic cancer among men (95% CI = 1.3–4.2, P trend = 0.008) but was not associated with risk among women. Among men, those in the upper quintiles of the Western diet and lower quintiles of the prudent diet had a threefold increased risk. Consistent with what has been recommended for several other chronic diseases, consuming a diet rich in plant-based foods, whole grains, and white meat, might reduce risk of pancreatic cancer.     

Dietary patterns and changes in frailty status: the Rotterdam study

Purpose

To determine the associations between a priori and a posteriori derived dietary patterns and a general state of health, measured as the accumulation of deficits in a frailty index.

Methods

Cross-sectional and longitudinal analysis embedded in the population-based Rotterdam Study (n = 2632) aged 45 years. Diet was assessed at baseline (year 2006) using food frequency questionnaires. Dietary patterns were defined a priori using an existing index reflecting adherence to national dietary guidelines and a posteriori using principal component analysis. A frailty index was composed of 38 health deficits and measured at baseline and follow-up (4 years later). Linear regression analyses were performed using adherence to each of the dietary patterns as exposure and the frailty index as outcome (all in Z-scores).

Results

Adherence to the national dietary guidelines was associated with lower frailty at baseline (β ?0.05, 95% CI ?0.08, ?0.02). Additionally, high adherence was associated with lower frailty scores over time (β ?0.08, 95% CI ?0.12, ?0.04). The PCA revealed three dietary patterns that we named a “Traditional” pattern, high in legumes, eggs and savory snacks; a “Carnivore” pattern, high in meat and poultry; and a “Health Conscious” pattern, high in whole grain products, vegetables and fruit. In the cross-sectional analyses adherence to these patterns was not associated with frailty. However, adherence to the “Traditional” pattern was associated with less frailty over time (β ?0.09, 95% CI ?0.14, ?0.05).

Conclusion

No associations were found for adherence to a “healthy” pattern or “Carnivore” pattern. However, Even in a population that is relatively young and healthy, adherence to dietary guidelines or adherence to the Traditional pattern could help to prevent, delay or reverse frailty levels.

     

Applying multilevel model to the relationship of dietary patterns and colorectal cancer: an ongoing case–control study in Córdoba, Argentina

Purposes

Scientific literature has consistently shown the effects of certain diets on health but regional variations of dietary habits, and their relationship colorectal cancer (CRC) has been poorly studied in Argentina. Our aims were to identify dietary patterns and estimate their effect on CRC occurrence and to quantify the association between family history of CRC and CRC occurrence by applying multilevel models to estimate and interpret measures of variation.

Methods

Principal components factor analysis was performed to identify dietary patterns that were then used in a multilevel logistic regression applied to an ongoing case–control data about dietary exposure and CRC occurrence taking into account familiar clustering.

Results

Three dietary patterns were identified: “Southern Cone pattern” (red meat, wine, and starchy vegetables), “High-sugar drinks pattern”, and “Prudent pattern”. The study considered 41 cases and 95 controls. There was a significant promoting effects on CRC of “Southern Cone” (OR 1.5, 95%CI 1.0–2.2) and “High-sugar drinks” (OR 3.8, 95%CI 2.0–7.1) patterns, whereas “Prudent pattern” (OR 0.3, 95%CI 0.2–0.4) showed a significant protective effect at third tertile level. BMI, use of NSAIDs, and to have medical insurance showed significant effects. Variance of the random effect of family history of CRC was highly significant.

Conclusions

This novel approach for Argentina showed that Southern Cone and High-sugar drinks patterns were associated with a higher risk of CRC, whereas the Prudent pattern showed a protective effect. There was a significant clustering effect of family history of CRC.     

Adherence to Mediterranean-Style Dietary Pattern and Risk of Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Case-Control Study in Iran

Objective: The benefit of adherence to a Mediterranean-style dietary pattern in relation to the risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) has not been investigated among non-Mediterranean high-risk populations. The objective of the present study was to examine the association of compliance with the Mediterranean dietary pattern as measured by Mediterranean-Style Dietary Pattern Score (MSDPS) and the risk of ESCC in Iranian population.

Methods: This case-control study was conducted on 47 ESCC cases and 96 hospital controls aged 40–75 years. Participants were interviewed using validated questionnaires, and dietary patterns were characterized using the MSDPS.

Results: Generally, the mean MSDPS in this population was low (30.84 ± 8.58). MSDPS showed content validity through having expected positive associations with several lifestyle characteristics and dietary intakes. Being in the highest quartile category of MSDPS, compared to the lowest, was independently associated with 37% reduction in risk of ESCC. Two-unit and 3-unit increases in the MSDPS resulted in 41% and 47% reduction in risk of ESCC, respectively. Higher intakes of olive oil (odds ratio [OR] = 0.15, 95% CI: 0.01–0.49), fish and other seafood (OR = 0.48, 95% CI: 0.23–0.98), whole grain (OR = 0.57, 95% CI: 0.28–0.76), and fruits (OR = 0.77, 95% CI: 0.38–0.86) were significantly associated with reduced ESCC risk. In contrast, higher sweet (OR = 1.86, 95% CI: 1.04–2.12) and meat intakes (OR = 1.61, 95% CI: 1.25–2.49) were associated with higher ESCC risk.

Conclusion: Consuming a diet in concordance with the principles of the Mediterranean dietary pattern may protect against ESCC. Preventive strategies to reduce ESCC risk in high-risk countries should focus on overall dietary pattern and dietary habits to be effective.     

Dietary Patterns and Colon Cancer Risk in Whites and African Americans in the North Carolina Colon Cancer Study

We examined associations of dietary patterns with colon cancer risk in African Americans and Whites from a case-control study in North Carolina. Incident colon cancer cases, 40 to 80 yr (n = 636), and matched controls (n = 1,042) were interviewed in person to elicit information on potential colon cancer risk factors. A validated food frequency questionnaire adapted to include regional foods captured diet over the year prior to diagnosis (cases) or interview date (controls). Three meaningful intake patterns were identified in both Whites and African Americans: “Western-Southern,” “fruit-vegetable,” and “metropolitan.” Compared to the Western-Southern pattern, the fruit-vegetable and metropolitan patterns were associated with more healthful dietary behaviors (e.g., higher vegetable intake and lower red meat consumption), and demographic/lifestyle characteristics typically correlated with low colon cancer risk, for example, lower BMI, higher education, and higher NSAID use. The fruit-vegetable pattern was significantly inversely associated with colon cancer risk in Whites (OR = 0.4, 95% CI = 0.3–0.6) and the metropolitan pattern with a nonsignificant 30% risk reduction in both Whites and African Americans after adjustment for education. The Western-Southern pattern was not associated with colon cancer risk. These findings may explain some of the racial differences in colon cancer incidence and underscore the importance of examining diet-cancer associations in different population subgroups.     

Strategies to increase the delivery of smoking cessation treatments in primary care settings: A systematic review and meta-analysis

ObjectivesA systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to evaluate evidence-based strategies for increasing the delivery of smoking cessation treatments in primary care clinics.MethodsThe review included studies published before January 1, 2009. The pooled odds-ratio (OR) was calculated for intervention group versus control group for practitioner performance for “5As” (Ask, Advise, Assess, Assist and Arrange) delivery and smoking abstinence. Multi-component interventions were defined as interventions which combined two or more intervention strategies.ResultsThirty-seven trials met eligibility criteria. Evidence from multiple large-scale trials was found to support the efficacy of multi-component interventions in increasing “5As” delivery. The pooled OR for multi-component interventions compared to control was 1.79 [95% CI 1.6–2.1] for “ask”, 1.6 [95% CI 1.4–1.8] for “advice”, 9.3 [95% CI 6.8–12.8] for “assist” (quit date) and 3.5 [95% CI 2.8–4.2] for “assist” (prescribe medications). Evidence was also found to support the value of practice-level interventions in increasing 5As delivery. Adjunct counseling [OR 1.7; 95% CI 1.5–2.0] and multi-component interventions [OR 2.2; 95% CI 1.7–2.8] were found to significantly increase smoking abstinence.ConclusionMulti-component interventions improve smoking outcomes in primary care settings. Future trials should attempt to isolate which components of multi-component interventions are required to optimize cost-effectiveness.     

Dietary Patterns and the Risk of Dyslipidemia in Korean Adults: A Prospective Cohort Study Based on the Health Examinees (HEXA) Study

BackgroundIdentifying dietary patterns that contribute to dyslipidemia development can inform prevention, nutritional counseling, and other treatment recommendations.ObjectiveThis study aimed to identify major dietary patterns and examine the association between these dietary patterns and dyslipidemia incidence by sex among Koreans.DesignThe Health Examinees (HEXA) study is a community-based prospective cohort study. The baseline and follow-up surveys were conducted in 2004-2013, and 2012-2016, respectively, at 38 health examination centers and training hospitals located in eight regions in Korea. Dietary intake data were collected using a web-based, validated semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) at baseline.Participants/settingAmong 65,642 participants who completed the baseline and follow-up survey, data from 38,170 participants without dyslipidemia and other related chronic diseases at baseline were analyzed.Main outcome measuresIncidence of dyslipidemia and its components (hypercholesterolemia, hyper-low-density lipoprotein [LDL] cholesterolemia, hypo-high-density lipoprotein [HDL] cholesterolemia, and hypertriglyceridemia) after baseline but before the follow-up examination was examined.Statistical analysesFactor analysis was conducted on data from the semiquantitative FFQ to identify major dietary patterns for Korean adults. Cox proportional hazards regression analysis was performed to estimate the relative risk (RR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) according to the quintiles of three dietary pattern scores, after adjusting for potential confounders by sex.ResultsOf the three identified dietary patterns, the higher “prudent” pattern score was associated with a lower incidence of dyslipidemia (RR, 0.90; 95% CI, 0.82-0.99; P = .02) after adjusting for potential confounders in women. Higher “flour-based food and meats” pattern score was associated with a higher incidence of hypercholesterolemia (men: RR, 1.63; 95% CI, 1.21-2.20; P = .003; women: RR, 1.47; 95% CI, 1.30-1.67; P < .001), hyper-LDL cholesterolemia (men: RR, 1.45; 95% CI, 1.03-2.04, P = .06; women: RR, 1.35; 95% CI, 1.16-1.58, P < .001), and dyslipidemia (men: RR, 1.30; 95% CI, 1.09-1.54; P = .009; women: RR, 1.28; 95% CI, 1.16-1.42; P < .001) in both men and women. The “white rice” pattern score was associated with a lower incidence of hypo-HDL cholesterolemia (RR, 0.75; 95% CI, 0.58-0.96; P = .01) and dyslipidemia (RR, 0.90; 95% CI, 0.81-0.99; P = .07) in women.ConclusionsAdherence to the “prudent” and “white rice” patterns was associated with a lower dyslipidemia risk in Korean women, whereas adherence to the “flour-based food and meats” pattern was associated with increased risks of dyslipidemia and its components (hypercholesterolemia and hyper-LDL cholesterolemia) in both Korean men and women.     

Association between dietary patterns and the risk of metabolic syndrome among Lebanese adults

Purpose

The main objective of this study was to evaluate the association between dietary patterns and the metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its metabolic abnormalities among Lebanese adults, using data from a national nutrition survey.

Methods

A cross-sectional analysis involving adults aged ≥18 years (n = 323) with no prior history of chronic diseases was conducted. Participants completed a brief sociodemographic and 61-item food frequency questionnaire. Anthropometric measurements and fasting blood samples were also obtained. The International Diabetes Federation criteria were used to classify study participants with the metabolic syndrome. Dietary patterns were identified by factor analysis. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the associations of extracted patterns with MetS and its metabolic abnormalities.

Results

Out of 323 participants, 112 (34.6%) were classified as having MetS. Three dietary patterns were identified: “Fast Food/Dessert,” “Traditional Lebanese,” and “High Protein.” Compared with participants in the lowest quintile of the Fast Food/Dessert pattern, those in the highest quintile had significantly higher odds for MetS (OR, 3.13; 95% CI: 1.36–7.22) and hyperglycemia (OR, 3.81; 95% CI: 159–9.14). Subjects with the highest intake of the High Protein pattern had an increased risk for hypertension (OR, 2.98; 95% CI: 1.26–7.02). The Traditional Lebanese pattern showed no association with MetS or its components.

Conclusions

The findings of this study demonstrate a positive association of the Fast Food/Dessert pattern with MetS and hyperglycemia among Lebanese adults. These results may guide the development of improved preventive nutrition interventions in this adult population.     

Dietary intake of lycopene is associated with reduced pancreatic cancer risk

Although fruits and vegetables have been implicated in the etiology of pancreatic cancer, the role of phytochemicals in these food groups has received little attention to date. In this study, we investigated the possible association between dietary carotenoids and pancreatic cancer risk. A case-control study of 462 histologically confirmed pancreatic cancer cases and 4721 population-based controls in 8 Canadian provinces took place between 1994 and 1997. Dietary intake was assessed by a self-administered FFQ. Unconditional logistic regression was used to assess associations between specific and total carotenoid intakes and the risk of pancreatic cancer. All tests of statistical significance were 2-sided. After adjustment for age, province, BMI, smoking, educational attainment, dietary folate, and total energy intake, lycopene, provided mainly by tomatoes, was associated with a 31% reduction in pancreatic cancer risk among men [odds ratio (OR) = 0.69; 95% CI: 0.46-0.96; P = 0.026 for trend] when comparing the highest and lowest quartiles of intake. Both beta-carotene (OR = 0.57; 95% CI: 0.32-0.99; P = 0.016 for trend) and total carotenoids (OR = 0.58; 95% CI: 0.34-1.00; P = 0.02 for trend) were associated with a significantly reduced risk among those who never smoked. The results of this study suggest that a diet rich in tomatoes and tomato-based products with high lycopene content may help reduce pancreatic cancer risk.     

Dietary patterns and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder among Iranian children

ObjectiveThis study was conducted to assess the relation of major dietary patterns identified by factor analysis to attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in a group of Iranian school-age children.MethodsThis cross-sectional study was conducted in 375 school-age children in Tehran, Iran. We assessed usual dietary intakes by a semiquantitative food-frequency questionnaire. The presence of ADHD was diagnosed using the questionnaire of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition. Major dietary patterns were identified by factor analysis.ResultsThe prevalence of ADHD was 9.7% in this population. We identified four major dietary patterns: “healthy,” “Western,” “sweet,” and “fast food.” After controlling for potential confounders, children in the top quintile of the sweet dietary pattern score had greater odds for having ADHD compared with those in the lowest quintile (odds ratio 3.95, 95% confidence interval 1.16–15.31, P for trend = 0.03). Greater adherence to the fast-food dietary pattern was significantly associated with a higher risk of having ADHD (odds ratio 3.21, 95% confidence interval 1.05–10.90, P for trend = 0.03). No overall significant associations were seen between the healthy or Western dietary pattern and ADHD.ConclusionWe found significant independent associations between the sweet and fast-food dietary patterns and the prevalence of ADHD. Prospective studies are required to confirm these findings.     

Dietary Patterns and Breast Cancer Risk in Korean Women

We evaluated the association between dietary patterns and breast cancer risk according to menopausal and hormone receptor status among Korean women. In a study with 357 cases and 357 age-matched controls, dietary patterns (vegetable-seafood and meat-starch) were derived via principle component analysis based on 39 food groups from a food frequency questionnaire. The relation between dietary patterns and breast cancer risk was assessed by using multivariate logistic regression. The vegetable-seafood pattern was inversely associated with breast cancer risk [odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for high vs. low intake = 0.14 (0.08–0.25); P for trend < 0.001]. No association between the meat-starch pattern and breast cancer risk was found. The association between dietary patterns and breast cancer risk was not modified by menopausal and combined hormone receptor status. These findings indicate that a diet rich in vegetables and seafood is associated with a decreased breast cancer risk in Korean women.     

Dietary fat, cooking fat, and breast cancer risk in a multiethnic population

Our objective was to examine the association between dietary fat intake, cooking fat usage, and breast cancer risk in a population-based, multiethnic, case-control study conducted in the San Francisco Bay area. Intake of total fat and types of fat were assessed with a food frequency questionnaire among 1,703 breast cancer cases diagnosed between 1995 and 1999 and 2,045 controls. In addition, preferred use of fat for cooking was assessed. Unconditional logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). High fat intake was associated with increased risk of breast cancer (highest vs. lowest quartile, adjusted OR = 1.35, 95% CI = 1.10-1.65, P(trend) < 0.01). A positive association was found for oleic acid (OR = 1.55, 95% CI = 1.14-2.10, P(trend) < 0.01) but not for linoleic acid or saturated fat. Risk was increased for women cooking with hydrogenated fats (OR = 1.58, 95% CI = 1.20-2.10) or vegetable/corn oil (rich in linoleic acid; OR = 1.30, 95% CI = 1.06-1.58) compared to women using olive/canola oil (rich in oleic acid). Our results suggest that a low-fat diet may play a role in breast cancer prevention. We speculate that monounsaturated trans fats may have driven the discrepant associations between types of fat and breast cancer.     

#39 Ethnic differences in dietary fat consumption among women in the california teachers study (Cts) Cohort

BACKgrOUND: As evidenced by recent trends, although there has been a decrease in the consumption of foods known by the public to have a high fat content, shifts in eating patterns may actually have lead to increased fat consumption. Greater understanding of the sources of “invisible” fats, fats found in mixed dishes and fats used in food preparation is needed. This study characterizes the types and sources of dietary fat consumption, by ethnicity and age, in a recently established cohort of California women.METHODS: Self-reported, ethnic-specific dietary data collected using an early version of the Block-95 FFQ were analyzed for 18,050 women; 3,526 Americans (AA), 5,405 Latinas (L), 4,119 Asian Americans (AsA) and a random sample of 5,000 white (W) women in the CTS cohort. Mean differences in intake of specific foods were compared; odds ratios (OR) and 95 percent confidence intervals were estimated using unconditional logistic regression adjusting for age.RESULTS: AsA and AA women consumed more calories from fat per day than did W women (OR = 1.52, 95% CI: 1.34, 1.73 and OR = 1.27, 95% CI: 1.11, 1.44, for the highest vs. the lowest quintile, respectively). However, the kind of fat consumed differed substantially. AAs consumed more saturated fat and AsAs consumed more unsaturated fat. Fat consumption among Ls was more like that of Ws but differences were seen between these two groups as well. Nonwhite women used fats in cooking more often than W women. Differences also were observed in the types of fat used in cooking. Oils, salad dressing, salty snacks, and dishes containing meat (as opposed to specific meat entrees) contributed the most to total daily fat consumption.CONCLUSION: There is considerable ethnic variation in the amount and source of dietary fat.     

Dietary Pattern Classifications and the Association with General Obesity and Abdominal Obesity in Korean Women

ObjectivesThis study was done to identify dietary patterns and determine relationships between obesity and dietary patterns in Korean women.Subjects/methodsUsing 3,742 cases of baseline data from the Korean Health and Genome Study, dietary patterns were identified using factor analysis of data from a validated food frequency questionnaire. Relationships between dietary patterns and obesity were analyzed.ResultsFour dietary patterns were identified: (a) “animal food” (greater intake of meats and fish), (b) “rice-vegetable” (greater intake of steamed rice, tofu, Kimchi, vegetables, dried anchovy, and seaweeds), (c) “bread-dairy” (greater intake of bread, eggs, milk, and dairy products), and (d) “noodle” (greater intake of ramyun, noodles, and Chajangmyeon). The “animal food,” “bread-dairy,” and “noodle” dietary patterns were preferred by younger people with higher education levels (P<0.01), but the “rice-vegetable” dietary pattern was preferred by older people with lower incomes and education levels (P<0.01). In Korean women, dietary patterns were related to abdominal obesity but not obesity. The “rice-vegetable” and “noodle” dietary patterns were associated with an increased risk of abdominal obesity. However, the “bread-dairy” dietary pattern had an inverse relationship with abdominal obesity.ConclusionIn this study we identified four unique dietary patterns in Korean women that were independently associated with abdominal obesity. Abdominal obesity was positively related to the “rice-vegetable” and “noodle” dietary patterns. These finding may be useful in the development of dietary guidelines and the prevention of abdominal obesity in Korean women.     

Dietary patterns are associated with depressive symptoms among Chinese adults: a case–control study with propensity score matching

Purpose

Previous studies have indicated that consumption of particular foods or nutrients is associated with depressive symptoms, but little is known about the role of overall dietary patterns in depressive symptoms. We design this case–control study to evaluate the associations between dietary patterns and high depression symptoms in Chinese adults.

Methods

A total of 1351 participants with high depressive symptoms were matched with 1351 controls using the 1:1 ratio propensity score matching method. Dietary intake was assessed using a valid self-administered food frequency questionnaire, and high depressive symptoms were assessed with the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale, wherein cutoff point of 45 was used as a definition of high depressive symptoms.

Results

Exploratory factor analysis revealed three dietary patterns (vegetables and fruits pattern; sweets pattern; and animal foods pattern) explaining 25.1 % of the total variance. Compared with the participants in the lowest quartile, the participants in the highest quartile of vegetables and fruits pattern, which was defined as a healthy pattern, were associated with reduced odds of high depressive symptoms (OR 0.65, 95 % CI 0.52–0.83, P for trend <0.001) while the sweets pattern (OR 1.33, 95 % CI 1.06–1.66) and the animal foods pattern (OR 1.79, 95 % CI 1.43–2.24, P for trend <0.0001) were associated with increased prevalence of high depressive symptoms, respectively.

Conclusion

The present study adds to the evidence that the sweets pattern and animal foods pattern are positively associated with the prevalence of high depressive symptoms. In contrast, the dietary pattern rich in vegetables, fruits, and soya bean products, but low in animal foods, candied fruits, cakes, ice cream, sugared beverages, and alcoholic drinks is negatively associated with the prevalence of high depressive symptoms.