辛伐他汀改善高血压左室肥厚及舒张功能的作用

目的：研究辛伐他汀对原发性高血压左室肥厚及舒张功能的改善效能。方法：选择1～2级原发性高血压患者72例，分成辛伐他汀组（38例）和对照组（34例），均以苯那普利每日10mg或缬沙坦每日80mg为基础进行血压控制，如血压控制不佳则每日加用双氢克尿噻12.5mg，辛伐他汀组另加用辛伐他汀每晚20mg，观察期为4个月。治疗前后用放免法测定血清中Ⅲ型前胶原（PCⅢ）含量，采用干式快速免疫荧光法定量测定血浆B型钠尿肽（BNP）浓度，用超声心动图检测左室质量指数（LVMI）、左室射血分数（EF）。结果：两组患者药物治疗后血压降低的同时LVMI、血清PCⅢ浓度及血浆BNP浓度均较治疗前降低（P〈0．05）；辛伐他汀组血清PCⅢ浓度和血浆BNP浓度的降低较对照组更明显（P〈0．05）。而LVMI的降低两组间差异无显著性（P〉0．05）；两组患者治疗前后EF值无显著变化（P〉0．05）．结论 辛伐他汀能逆转高血压左室肥厚．同时改善左室舒张功能。     

卡维地洛对原发性高血压患者左心室肥厚及心肌纤维化的影响

目的　观察卡维地洛对原发性高血压 (EH )患者左室肥厚 (LVH)和心肌纤维化的影响。方法　 3 4例经超声心动图检查确诊为EH伴LVH患者 ,服用卡维地洛治疗 12周。治疗前、后分别测算左室重量指数 (LVMI) ,测定血清Ⅲ型前胶原 (PCⅢ )、透明质酸 (HA)、层黏蛋白 (LN)、Ⅳ型胶原 (CⅣ )。并与对照组 (2 8例 )比较。结果卡维地洛治疗 12周 ,LVMI明显改善 ,治疗前除血清CⅣ外 ,PCⅢ、HA、LN在EH伴LVH组均高于对照组 ,治疗 12周后 ,PCⅢ、LN下降明显 (P <0 .0 1) ,PCⅢ、LN与LVMI呈正相关 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论　卡维地洛可以减轻EH患者LVH ,同时减少心肌纤维化程度。     

伊贝沙坦对心肌硬死后心室重塑的影响

目的：观察伊贝沙坦对急性心肌梗死（AMI）后心室重塑的阻抑作用。方法：将72例AMI患者随机分为常规治疗组36例、伊贝沙坦治疗组36例，并于AMI后2周、24周分别测定室间隔厚度（IVST）、左室后壁厚度（LVPWT）、左室舒张末内经（LVDd）、左室心肌重量指数（LVMI）、左室射血分数（LVEF）、心输出量（CO）、A峰／E峰比值（A／E比值）、A峰速度（PAV）和E峰速度（PEV）。结果：2周时，伊贝沙坦组与常规治疗组比较，上海各参数均无变化（P＞0．05）。24周时，伊贝沙坦组与常规治疗组比较，IVST、LVPWT、LVDd和LVMI均显著降低（P＜0．05，或P＜0．01），LVEF、CO、PEV均显著增加（P＜0．05，或P＜0．01），A／E比值和PAV均显著降低（P＜0．05，或P＜0．001）。结论：伊贝沙坦能明显减轻心肌梗死后心肌肥厚和左室重塑，改善左室功能。     

多普勒组织成像技术对高血压患者左室舒张功能的评价

目的：探讨多普勒组织成像(DTI)技术评价高血压病(EH)患者左室舒张功能的价值，以寻求一种可靠、客观的评价高血压左室舒张功能的新方法。方法：采用放免法测定19例正常人和41例EH患者(伴心肌肥厚者19例和不伴心肌肥厚者22例)的血清I型前胶原(PC I)和Ⅱ型前胶原(PC Ⅱ)的浓度。用DTI法检测正常人及EH患者二尖瓣环舒张早期运动速度(Ea)、舒张晚期运动速度(Aa)及Ea／Aa，并用二尖瓣血流多普勒法检测舒张期血流速度E、A及E／A，比较两种方法测值与血清I、Ⅱ型前胶原的相关性。结果：1．EH患者非左室肥厚(non—LVH)组及左室肥厚(LVH)组二尖瓣口血流参数、二尖瓣环DTI参数均明显低于正常对照组(P＜0．01)；2．EH患者non—LVH组与LVH组间E、E／A无明显差别(P＞0．05)，但LVH组Ea、Ea／Aa明显低于non—LVH组(P＜0．05)；3．EH患者non—LVH组血清PC I、PC Ⅱ与E／A及Ea／Aa均呈负相关(r＝—0．58P＜0．01、r＝—0．61P＜0．01及r＝—0．62P＜0．01、r＝—0．49P＜0．05)；而LVH组血清PC I、PCⅡ与Ea／Aa亦呈负相关(r＝—0．50P＜0．05、r＝—0．55P＜0．05)，与E／A无明显相关(r＝—0．41P＞0．05、r＝0．02P＞0．05)。结论：DTI能更准确定量高血压患者二尖瓣环舒张期运动速度的改变，DTI法检测二尖瓣环运动速度之比与反应心肌纤维化程度的血清PC I、PC Ⅱ浓度相关良好，有利于舒张功能受损程度的判断，优于传统的二尖瓣口血流法。     

原发性高血压患者血浆脑钠素水平的变化

目的 观察原发性高血压血浆脑钠素水平变化及其与左心室肥厚的关系。方法 原发性高血压患者70例，其中伴左心室肥厚40例，无左心室肥厚30例；正常对照组30例。采用超声心动图测定左心室质量指数（LVMI），舒张早期速度峰值（E）／舒张晚期速度峰值（A）比值；放射免疫分析法测定血浆脑钠素水平并与LVMI、E／A比值作直线相关分析。结果 ①原发性高血压左心室肥厚组血浆脑钠素水平明显高于无左心室肥厚组和正常对照组（P〈0．01）。②血浆脑钠素水平与LVMI呈显著正相关（r=0．452，P〈0．01），与E／A比值呈显著负相关（r=-0．703，P〈0．01）。结论 血浆脑钠素水平可作为判断原发性高血压左心室肥厚与逆转的一个敏感指标。     

M型彩色多普勒超声心动图评价冠心病和高血压病的左室舒张功能

目的：研究冠心病（CAD）和原发性高血压（EH）患的左室舒张功能。方法：采用M型彩色多普勒超声心动图研究了36例正常人（I组），33例冠心病患（Ⅱ组）和74例原发性高血压患（Ⅲ组）。测定了从二法瓣到心尖的早期充盈峰速传播速率（Vp），早期充盈峰速时间（TD）和Vp/E比值，同时测定左室舒张早期、晚期跨二尖瓣血流峰速（E峰和A峰）、早晚期血流峰速比（E／A）和舒张晚期跨二尖瓣血流速度时间（AD），并测定左室结构与收缩功能。结果：3组在性别、年龄和心率方面无统计学差异。Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组与Ⅰ组比较，E、A、E／A，Vp、TD和Vp/E差异有统计学意义（P＜0．05）或P＜0．01）；Ⅱ组与Ⅰ组比较，左室内经（LVID）、左室质量指数（LVMI）、射血分数（EF）、缩短分数（SF）差异有统计学意义（P＜0．01）；Ⅱ组与Ⅲ组比较，LVID、EF、SF差异有统计学意义（P＜0．01）。结论：冠心病和原发性高血压患存在左室功能障碍，M型彩色多普勒超声心动图测定的Vp、TD和Vp/E参数是评价左室舒张功能更敏感的指标。     

原发性高血压患者左心室舒张功能与血浆B型钠尿肽及组织纤维化血清指标关系的研究

目的探讨原发性高血压患者左心室舒张功能与血浆B型钠尿肽(BNP)及组织纤维化血清指标的相互关系。方法91例原发性高血压患者均行超声心动图检查确定左心室功能状态,并排除有左心室收缩功能不全者,其中正常心功能32例,左心室舒张功能不全59例。用放免法测定血清Ⅲ型前胶原(PCⅢ)、层粘蛋白(LN)、透明质酸(HA)浓度,干式快速免疫荧光法定量测定血浆BNP浓度。结果左心室舒张功能不全者左心室质量指数(LVMI)、血浆BNP及血清PCⅢ、LN、HA水平均显著升高(P<0.01),有心力衰竭症状者升高更显著(P<0.05或0.01);血浆BNP水平与LVMI及血清PCⅢ、LN、HA水平均呈显著正相关(P<0.01)。结论血浆BNP及组织纤维化血清指标PCⅢ、LN、HA可作为评价高血压左心室舒张功能不全的客观指标。     

福辛普利和非络地平逆转原发性高血压左室肥厚的对比研究

目的：对比研究福辛普利和非络地平逆转原发性高血压（EH）左室肥厚的作用。方法：将104例EH伴左室肥厚的患者随机分为福辛普利组和非络地平组，于服药前及服药后6个月、12个月、24个月分别测定左室舒张末内径（LVDT）、舒张期室间隔厚度（IVST）、左室后壁厚度（LVPWT）、左室射血分数（LVEF）、心排量（CO）、A峰／E峰比值（A／E比值）。结果：两组治疗前后比较LVEF、CO均无变化，而A／E比值则明显降低；左室重量指数（LVMI）、LVDd、IVST、LVPDWT在福辛普利组明显下降，而在非络地平组则无变化。结论：福辛普利和非络地平均能明显改善左室舒张功能，但福辛普利能明显减轻左室肥厚。     

激活素A与肝纤维化指标的相关性探讨

目的探讨慢性乙型肝炎、肝硬化患者血清激活素A（ActivinA，ACTA）与血清肝纤维化指标-透明质酸（HA）、层粘连蛋白（LN）、Ⅲ型前胶原（PCⅢ）的关系。方法采用酶联免疫（ELISA）法检测108例慢性乙型肝炎、肝硬化患者和20例正常对照组血清ACTA水平，同时检测血清HA、LN、PCⅢ含量。其中35例做肝组织活检，进行HE染色。结果慢性乙肝轻、中、重度组及肝硬化组ACTA水平明显高于对照组（P〈0．01或P〈0．05）。AC-TA水平与血清HA、LN、PCⅢ水平呈正相关（P〈0．01或P〈0．05）。血清HA、LN、PCⅢ含量随肝组织纤维化程度加重而升高（P〈0．01或P〈0．05）。结论慢性乙型肝炎、肝硬化患者血清ACTA与肝纤维化血清标志及肝组织病理改变相一致。     

血清HA和LN及PCⅢ检测对肝纤维化的临床意义

目的：寻找临床诊断肝纤维化的敏感可靠的血清学指标。方法：采用放射免疫分析法检测279例肝病患者及86名健康者的血清透明质酸（HA），Ⅲ型前胶原（PCⅢ），层粘蛋白（LN）的水平。结果；上述三项指标多随病情进展而逐渐上升，慢性肝炎中型、重型及肝纤维化组的HA和LN较正常人和慢性肝炎轻型组有显著差异性（P〈0．01），而PCⅢ同样也有显著性（P〈0．05）。结论：血清HA和LN及PCⅢ检测对肝纤维化的临床意义有较高的价值，是目前血清学动态观察肝纤维化的进展和病变的良好指标。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.