气相色谱法测定田七痛经胶囊中冰片和茴香醚含量

目的建立直接测定田七痛经胶囊中冰片和茴香醚含量的气相色谱法。方法采用毛细管气相色谱法,色谱柱为聚乙二醇（PEG）-20M毛细管色谱柱（30m×0．32mm,0．25μm）,柱温150℃,检测器温度200℃,进样口温度200℃,载气为氮气。结果冰片和茴香醚质量浓度分别在0．05085—0．4068mg／mL（r=0．9998）和0．01106～0．06636mg／mL（r=0．9997）范围内与峰面积线性关系良好,平均回收率分别为98．39％和98．15％,RSD分别为0．71％和1．18％（n=6）。结论气相色谱法简便、快捷、准确,可用于田七痛经胶囊的质量控制。     

气相色谱法测定市售舒心通脉胶囊中冰片的含量

目的建立测定舒心通脉胶囊中冰片含量的气相色谱方法。方法氢火焰离子化检测器（FID）,柱温为150℃,色谱柱为10%PEG-20M填充柱（3mm×2m）,正十五烷为内标物。结果冰片在0.1～2.5mg/ml范围内,具有良好的线性关系。结论气相色谱法可用于舒心通脉胶囊中冰片的质量控制。     

气相色谱法测定五灵止痛胶囊中冰片的含量

目的研究气相色谱法测定五灵止痛胶囊中冰片的含量。方法气相色谱法。结果精密度RSD=1.18%,重现性RSD=0.45%,加样回收率在98.77%。结论气相色谱法可用于五灵止痛胶囊中冰片的质量控制。     

CGC测定五灵止痛胶囊中冰片的含量

目的 建立测定五灵止痛胶囊中冰片的含量。     

愈伤灵胶囊的质量控制

目的建立愈伤灵胶囊质量控制方法。方法采用显微鉴别法检出其中红花、当归、三七、续断、土鳖虫；采用薄层色谱法检出其中当归、冰片、三七；采用高效液相色谱法测定三七中人参皂苷Rgl的含量，色谱条件为Kromasil C18柱（4.6 mm×150 mm，5 μm），流动相为甲醇 0.05%磷酸溶液（100∶400），检测波长为203 nm，流速为1.0 mL·min 1，柱温为25 ℃，进样量10 μL。结果人参皂苷Rgl在50～500 mg·mL 1范围内线性关系良好（r＝0.999 9）；平均回收率为98.72%（RSD＝0.68%，n＝6）。结论该法专属性强，简便、准确性高、重现性好，为愈伤灵胶囊的质量评价提供了新的依据。     

毛细管气相色谱法测定珍珠明目滴眼液中冰片的含量

目的用毛细管气相色谱法对珍珠明目滴眼液中冰片的含量进行测定。方法采用OV-17毛细管色谱柱（30m×0．32mm×0．25μm）;程序升温,起始温度为90％;进样口温度220℃;FID检测器,检测器温度为220℃。结果用气相色谱法测定该滴眼液其冰片在0．0549—0．2743g·L^-1范围内呈良好的线性关系,线性方程为Y=2．0142X-0．0168,r=0．9999。平均回收率为：98．3％（n=5）,RSD=1．9％（n=5）。结论本方法简便、准确。可为同类药品中冰片的含量测定提供实验依据。     

五灵止痛胶囊质量标准研究

目的：制定五灵止痛胶囊质量标准.方法：采用薄层色谱法鉴别蒲黄、五灵脂、冰片药材,气相色谱法测定冰片药材中龙脑的含量.结果：薄层斑点清晰,重现性好,含量测定平均回收率为99.2%（n=6）,RSD=0.6%.结论：本方法简便,准确,可供本品质量控制.     

毛细管气相色谱法测定布洛芬胶囊的含量

目的：用毛细管气相色谱法测定布洛芬胶囊含量。方法：以甲醇为溶剂,样品无需衍生化处理,滤液直接进样。色谱柱为SE-30大口径毛细管色谱柱（30m×0．53mm,1．0μm）,柱温190℃,汽化室温度220℃,检测温度250℃,检测器为FID,载气为高纯N2,分流比为1：6。结果：布洛芬在0．1015～1．0150mg·ml^-1范围内呈良好线性关系（r=0．9998）,平均回收率为99．42％,RSD为1．3％。结论：该方法操作简便、快速、准确,可用于布洛芬胶囊的含量测定。     

气相色谱法测定强力救心滴丸中冰片的含量

目的:测定强力救心滴丸中冰片的含量。方法:样品经挥发油测定器提取挥发油,采用毛细管气相色谱法测定;色谱柱为EC-WAX弹性石英毛细管色谱柱(0.53mm×15m,12μm);柱温:110℃～18℃,初始温度:110℃;保持1min;终止温度:180℃;程序升温,升温速度:3℃·min~(-1);进样口温度:220℃;检测器温度:250℃;载气;氮气;流速:5mL·min~(-1)。结果:冰片在0.15～1.5μg范围内具有良好线性关系,高、中、低平均加样回收率为97.97％,RSD=1.3％(n=6)。结论:该法可用于强力救心滴丸中冰片的含量测定。     

气相色谱法测定复方冰片搽剂中冰片、薄荷脑和樟脑的含量

目的：建立复方冰片搽剂中冰片、薄荷脑和樟脑的含量测定方法。方法：采用气相色谱法，色谱柱：10％PEG-30M石英毛细管色谱柱；柱温：150℃；进样口温度250℃；程序升温；FID检测器。结果：冰片、樟脑和薄荷脑平均回收率分别为：99．6％（RSD为0．8％）、99．8％（RSD为0．9％）、98．5％（RSD为1．0％）。结论：本法简便准确灵敏，可用于本品的质量控制。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.