老年人非酒精性脂肪肝的临床分析

目的　分析老年人非酒精性脂肪肝与肥胖、脂代谢紊乱、胰岛素抵抗的关系。方法　B超提示脂肪肝的老年人非酒精性脂肪肝组与正常对照组分别观察体重指数、腰臀比、血甘油三酯、胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、丙氨酸氨基转移酶、门冬氨酸氨基转移酶、胰岛素抵抗指数。结果　老年人非酒精性脂肪肝组体重指数、腰臀比、血甘油三脂、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、胰岛素抵抗指数明显高于正常对照组 (P <0 .0 5 )。胆固醇、丙氨酸氨基转移酶、门冬氨酸氨基转移酶与正常对照组比较无明显差异 (P >0 .0 5 )。结论　提示老年人非酒精性脂肪肝存在肥胖、脂代谢紊乱、胰岛素抵抗     

胰岛素抵抗替代预测指标对性腺功能减退症的诊断价值

目的 探讨胰岛素抵抗替代预测指标对性腺功能减退症的诊断价值，以获得筛查性腺功能减退症的简易指标。方法 选取中国宁阳县居住时间5年以上且年龄为40～65岁的男性居民4 249例，根据总睾酮水平分为性腺功能减退组（总睾酮水平<12 nmol/L）588例和性腺功能正常组（总睾酮水平≥12 nmol/L）3 661例。收集两组人群腰围、臀围、舒张压等基线资料，检测空腹血糖（FPG）、总胆固醇（TC）、甘油三酯（TG）、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-C）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL-C）及血清总睾酮。比较两组稳态模型评估胰岛素抵抗指数（HOMA-IR）以及胰岛素抵抗替代预测指标甘油三酯高密度脂蛋白胆固醇比值（TG/HDL-C）、甘油三酯葡萄糖指数（TyG）、胰岛素抵抗代谢评分（METS-IR）、甘油三酯葡萄糖体质量指数（TyG-BMI）的差异；采用Pearson相关分析血清总睾酮水平与胰岛素抵抗替代预测指标的相关性，多因素Logistic回归模型分析性腺功能减退症的危险因素，受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线评估胰岛素抵抗替代预测指标对性腺功能减退症的诊断价值。结果 性腺功能减退组腰围、臀围、舒...     

苯扎贝特联合降压治疗对高血压合并高甘油三酯血症患者胰岛素抵抗和血压的影响

用随机、对照的方法观察苯扎贝特联合降压治疗对高甘油三酯血症合并高血压患者胰岛素抵抗和血压的影响。择选58例高甘油三酯血症伴原发性高血压患者，随机分为苯扎贝特组和对照组，通过血压、血脂、空腹血糖、胰岛素浓度及胰岛素敏感性指数等的变化，来观察苯扎贝特对高甘油三酯血症合并高血压患者胰岛素抵抗和血压的影响。结果显示苯扎贝特组在治疗后舒张压降低较对照组显著；血甘油三酯、总胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平明显降低，高密度脂蛋白胆固醇显著升高，空腹血糖及胰岛素浓度在治疗后明显降低，胰岛素敏感性指数明显升高。说明苯扎贝特可能通过改善血脂代谢紊乱，对患者的胰岛素抵抗有良性影响，并且可能在降压药物的基础上，对患者舒张压有额外降低作用。     

血脂紊乱类型与胰岛素抵抗的关系

根据血脂变化 ,将 90 2名机关职员分为混合型高脂血症组、高甘油三酯血症组、高胆固醇血症组 ,单纯性低高密度脂蛋白血症组和正常血脂组 ,分析结果提示 ,混合型高脂血症、高甘油三酯血症患者存在胰岛素抵抗     

血浆胆固醇,甘油三酯水平与胰岛素抵抗的关联

目前对于胰岛素抵抗综合征（X综合征）与脂类代谢紊乱关系的认识尚存争议：某些文献中将高胆固醇血症、高甘油三酯血症均包括于此综合征之中，但一些文献则将高胆固醇血症排除在外，认为高甘油三酯及低HDL－C两者才是该综合征的特征［1－4］。我们分析新疆地区1994年糖尿病普查中做葡萄糖耐量试验（OGTT）的1028例临床资料，探讨血浆总胆固醇及甘油三酯水平是否均与胰岛素抵抗相关，现报道如下。对象和方法全部1028例均为新疆地区1994年万人糖尿病普查中早餐（馒头100g）后2小时血糖（强生公司快速血糖仪测手指血）≥6．67mmol／L者，各…     

胰岛素抵抗高血压大鼠胰岛素抵抗和血清瘦素水平对血脂的影响

用雄性Sprague-Dawley大鼠建立胰岛素抵抗高血压大鼠模型,探讨胰岛素抵抗和血清瘦素水平的变化对血脂的影响.采用高果糖饲料喂雄性Sprague-Dawley大鼠,观察其血压、胰岛素、瘦素和血脂水平的变化,用稳态模型评估胰岛素抵抗,并对上述指标进行相关性分析.结果发现,喂养8周后,与对照组相比,模型组血压、血清胰岛素和胰岛素抵抗明显升高,血清瘦素、总胆固醇和甘油三酯水平升高,高密度脂蛋白降低.模型组中,胰岛素抵抗与血压、血清瘦素和甘油三酯呈显著正相关,与高密度脂蛋白呈显著负相关;血清瘦素与血压、血清胰岛素、胰岛素抵抗和甘油三酯呈显著正相关.结果提示,高果糖饲料可诱导雄性Sprague-Dawley大鼠发生胰岛素抵抗、高血压、高瘦素血症和脂代谢紊乱,胰岛素抵抗和瘦素对脂代谢有广泛影响.     

反映胰岛素抵抗的最佳血脂指标探讨

目的 探讨反映胰岛素抵抗(IR)的最佳血脂指标。 方法 引用福田人民医院2003-11体检中无糖尿病史且空腹血糖＜5.6mmol/L的人群1002例参加本研究,根据甘油三酯(TG)按百分位数法将研究对象均等地分为3组,以稳态模式法的胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)评价IR。 结果 HOMA-IR随TG升高而增加,各组间差异有显著性意义(均P<0.01);以HOMA-IR为因变量的多元逐步回归分析显示血脂指标中仅TG进入回归方程;TG对IR诊断的敏感性和特异性优于高密度脂蛋白胆固醇、总胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇。 结论 TG是反映IR的最佳血脂指标。=http://cn.     

女性高甘油三酯血症腰的临床特征

目的探讨女性高甘油三酯血症腰（HTGW）的临床特征。方法根据血清甘油三酯（TG）和腰围（WC）、空腹血糖（FPG）〈5．6mmol／L,将395例女性患者分为HTGW（TG≥1．70mmol／L和腰围≥80cm）组和非HTGW组,FPG≥5．6mmol／L 82例为高FPG组,采用HOMA-IR指数评价胰岛素抵抗。结果①多元逐步回归分析显示腰围、TG和年龄与HOMA-IR指数独立相关;②HTGW组HOMA-IR与高FPG组比较差异无显著性;③与高FPG组比较,HTGW组体重指数、腰围、血压、TG升高,高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-C）降低,与非HTGW组比较,HTGW组上述指标变化更为明显。结论女性HTGW患者有与高FPG相似的胰岛素抵抗程度,有肥胖、血压高、血脂紊乱（TG升高、HDL-C降低）的临床特征。     

高脂饮食大鼠脂肪组织甘油三酯脂酶的表达及罗格列酮的干预

目的 观察高脂饮食胰岛素抵抗大鼠脂肪组织中脂肪甘油三酯脂酶的表达及罗格列酮的干预效果.方法 5月龄雄性Wistar大鼠共40只随机分为正常对照组、高脂对照组和高脂+罗格列酮组,在清醒状态下行高胰岛素-正葡萄糖钳夹实验评价胰岛素敏感性,RT-PCR法和Western蛋白印迹技术检测脂肪组织中脂肪甘油三酯脂酶mRNA及蛋白表达.结果 (1)喂养4周末,高脂对照组的葡萄糖输注率低于正常对照组;8周末,高脂对照组甘油三酯、胆固醇、空腹血糖、空腹胰岛素、游离脂肪酸及内脏脂肪相对含量均明显升高,葡萄糖输注率降低;(2)罗格列酮干预后甘油三酯、胆固醇、血糖、胰岛素、游离脂肪酸和内脏脂肪相对含量降低,葡萄糖输注率升高;(3)与正常对照组相比,高脂对照组大鼠脂肪组织脂肪甘油三酯脂酶mRNA和蛋白的表达均减低,罗格列酮干预没有改变其表达;(4)ATGL蛋白的表达与胰岛素、游离脂肪酸负相关,与葡萄糖输注率呈正相关.结论 高脂喂养可引起胰岛素抵抗和脂肪组织脂肪甘油三酯脂酶的表达减低,这种变化在胰岛素抵抗早期可减少游离脂肪酸的释放.     

耐力运动对糖尿病大鼠血清脂联素、总胆固醇、甘油三酯和胰岛素抵抗指数的影响

目的探讨耐力运动对糖尿病(GK)大鼠脂联素、总胆固醇、甘油三酯和胰岛素抵抗指数的影响。方法 12只GK大鼠随机分为两组:安静组及耐力运动组,每组6只,训练6 w;采用Bedford训练方案,耐力运动相当于60%VO2max;末次训练后24 h各组大鼠安静状态下处死,左心室抽取血液。采用比色法和酶联免疫吸附测试法分别测定GK大鼠脂联素、总胆固醇、甘油三酯和胰岛素水平。结果安静组脂联素水平、总胆固醇和甘油三酯水平与耐力运动组相比没有显著性差异(P>0.05);但两组间胰岛素抵抗指数相比具有极显著性差异(P<0.01)。结论耐力运动方式和强度极大地降低了胰岛素抵抗指数,对GK大鼠发病初、中期具有较好的作用,但对脂代谢影响不大,适当增加运动强度并保持耐力运动的习惯,可能对糖尿病的防治具有积极意义。     

Relationships between indices of obesity and its cardiovascular comorbidities in a Chinese population.

BACKGROUND: Current definitions of overweight/obesity and central adiposity guidelines are based on Western populations, and may not be appropriate for the Chinese population. More data among Chinese are needed to address this issue. We aimed to identify cut-offs for body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference that confer increased risk of cardiovascular disease in a Chinese population in Shanghai. METHODS AND RESULTS: A representative, cross-sectional sample of 13,817 adults aged >18 years was studied in Shanghai. In men and women, blood pressure (systolic and diastolic), total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, triacylglycerol, and glucose values were incrementally higher and mean high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol values were incrementally lower with increased BMI and waist circumference. Both the point at which sensitivity equaled specificity and the shortest distance in the receiver operating characteristic curves for hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes, or >or=2 of these risk factors generally suggested a BMI cut-off value of 24 kg/m(2) for both men and women, and a waist circumference cut-off value of 85 cm for men and 80 cm for women. CONCLUSIONS: A BMI cut-off of 24 kg/m(2) for both men and women, and a waist circumference cut-off of 85 cm for men and 80 cm for women might be appropriate for use in identifying adults at high risk of developing cardiovascular disease and serve as public health action thresholds in Shanghai residents.     

C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels in overweight and healthy adults

This study aimed to 1) compare levels of high sensitivity c-reactive protein (hs-CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) between overweight Thais and apparently healthy controls, and 2) investigate the association between serum hs-CRP, IL-6, and TNF-alpha levels and other biochemical parameters. A total of 180 health-conscious adults aged 25-60 years, who resided in Bangkok, participated in this study. No significant difference was found in age and sex between the overweight subjects and controls. Serum levels of hs-CRP, IL-6, TNF-alpha, glucose, lipid profile, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), hip circumference (HC) and waist hip ratio (WHR) were determined in these volunteers. The mean levels of white blood cells (WBC), uric acid, total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), and hs-CRP were significantly higher in the overweight subjects than those in the controls, whereas high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) values were significantly higher in the controls than the overweight subjects (p < 0.05). Hs-CRP levels were significantly positively correlated with levels of TG, BMI, WC, HC and WHR. HDL-C levels were significantly negative correlated with hs-CRP levels. In conclusion, the prevalence of elevated serum hs-CRP levels was higher in overweight subjects than controls. However, more data in larger and other population groups are needed to confirm this study.     

Insulin resistance, insulin response, and obesity as indicators of metabolic risk

CONTEXT: Insulin resistance (IR) and obesity, especially abdominal obesity, are regarded as central pathophysiological features of a cluster of cardiovascular risk factors (CVRFs), but their relative roles remain undefined. Moreover, the differential impact of IR viz. insulin response has not been evaluated. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to dissect out the impact of obesity, abdominal obesity, and IR/insulin response on CVRF. DESIGN: This was a cross-sectional study. SETTING: The study was conducted at 21 research centers in Europe. SUBJECTS: The study included a cohort of 1308 nondiabetic subjects [718 women and 590 men, age 30-60 yr, body mass index (BMI) 17-44 kg.m(-2)]. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: We measured IR (by a standardized euglycemic insulin clamp), waist girth, insulin response to an oral glucose tolerance test, and major CVRF, and analyzed their associations by multivariate models and factor analysis. RESULTS: BMI was positively related to all CVRFs. Waist circumference was related to higher blood pressure and serum triglycerides and lower high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, IR to reduced glucose tolerance, higher free fatty acids, triglyceride and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, and lower high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, and insulin response to higher heart rate, blood pressure and fasting glucose, and the same dyslipidemic profile as IR (P < or = 0.05 for all). By factor analysis, three main factors (related to IR, age, and fatness, respectively) appeared to underlie this pattern of associations. Each of BMI, waist girth, IR, and insulin response was independently associated with total CVRF load (all P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: When IR, fat mass and distribution, and insulin response are measured simultaneously in a large cohort, no one factor stands out as the sole driving force of the CVRF cluster, each being associated with one or more physiological pathways according to known cause-effect relationships.     

Effects of cilnidipine on muscle fiber composition, capillary density and muscle blood flow in fructose-fed rats.

The aim of this study was to examine the roles of muscle fiber composition, capillary density and muscle blood flow in insulin resistance (IR) and the effect of cilnidipine, a calcium channel blocker in fructose-fed rats (FFR). Six-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed either normal rat chow or fructose-rich chow for 6 weeks. For the last 2 weeks, the rats were treated by gavage with a vehicle (Control and FFR groups) or with cilnidipine (FFR+Cil group). Blood pressure (BP) and insulin sensitivity were assessed in the sixth week. Muscle fiber composition, capillary density and blood flow in the soleus muscle were evaluated. BP of FFR was significantly higher than that of the controls. Cilnidipine significantly lowered BP in FFR. Insulin sensitivity was significantly lower in FFR than in the controls. Cilnidipine significantly improved IR in FFR. The composite ratio of type I fibers in the soleus muscle was significantly lower in FFR than in the controls, but that of type II fibers was significantly higher in FFR. Treatment with cilnidipine resulted in recovery of this ratio to that of the controls. Insulin sensitivity was found to be significantly correlated with the composite ratio of either type I fibers or type II fibers. There were no intergroup differences in capillary density. Muscle blood flow in the FFR+Cil group was higher than that in the Control or FFR groups. These results suggest that muscle fiber composition is linked to IR and that cilnidipine may improve IR in FFR either by modulating muscle fiber composition or by increasing muscle blood flow.     

A Study of Insulin Resistance by HOMA-IR and its Cut-off Value to Identify Metabolic Syndrome in Urban Indian Adolescents

Objective: Insulin resistance (IR) and associated metabolic abnormalities are increasingly being reported in the adolescent population. Cut-off value of homeostasis model of assessment IR (HOMA-IR) as an indicator of metabolic syndrome (MS) in adolescents has not been established. This study aimed to investigate IR by HOMA-IR in urban Indian adolescents and to establish cut-off values of HOMA-IR for defining MS.Methods: A total of 691 apparently healthy adolescents (295 with normal body mass index (BMI), 205 overweight, and 199 obese) were included in this cross-sectional study. MS in adolescents was defined by International Diabetes Federation (IDF) and Adult Treatment Panel III (ATP III) criteria. IR was calculated using the HOMA model.Results: Mean height, waist circumference (WC), waist/hip ratio (WHR), waist/height ratio (WHtR), and blood pressure were significantly higher in boys as compared to girls. The HOMA-IR values increased progressively from normal weight to obese adolescents in both sexes. Mean HOMA-IR values increased progressively according to sexual maturity rating in both sexes. HOMA-IR value of 2.5 had a sensitivity of >70% and specificity of >60% for MS. This cut-off identified larger number of adolescents with MS in different BMI categories (19.7% in normal weight, 51.7% in overweight, and 77.0% in obese subjects) as compared to the use of IDF or ATP III criteria for diagnosing MS. Odds ratio for having IR (HOMA-IR of >2.5) was highest with WHtR (4.9, p <0.0001) and WC (4.8, p <0.0001), compared to WHR (3.3, p <0.0001).Conclusions: In Indian adolescents, HOMA-IR increased with sexual maturity and with progression from normal to obese. A HOMA-IR cut-off of 2.5 provided the maximum sensitivity and specificity in diagnosing MS in both genders as per ATP III and IDF criteria.Conflict of interest:None declared.     

Determinants and definition of abdominal obesity as related to risk of diabetes, metabolic syndrome and coronary disease in Turkish men: a prospective cohort study

We aimed to investigate determinants of abdominal obesity and its clinical impact on metabolic syndrome (MS), diabetes (DM) and coronary heart disease (CHD) in men. METHODS: Prospective evaluation of 1638 male participants (aged 48.5+/-12.3), representative of Turkey's men who have a high prevalence of MS. For components of MS, criteria of NCEP guidelines were adopted, modified for abdominal obesity. Follow-up constituted 9650 person-years. RESULTS: Insulin level (relative risk [RR] 1.40 for doubling), C-reactive protein (CRP) and heavy smoking (protective) were independent predictors of newly developing abdominal obesity. High triglyceride and low HDL-cholesterol were significantly associated already with waist girth quartile II, apolipoprotein B with quartile III. Waist girth significantly predicted future MS from quartile II on, independent of insulin resistance (IR) by homeostatic model assessment, whereby its hazard ratio (HR, 2.6) exceeded double that of HOMA. CRP independently predicted MS. Age-adjusted HR of waist girth (1.59) was significant in predicting DM. Age- and smoking-adjusted top waist quartile conferred significant risk for incident CHD (RR 1.71) but not for overall mortality. As judged by sensitivity and specificity rates for future CHD, DM and MS, abdominal obesity was most appropriately defined with a waist girth of >or=95 cm, and an action level 1 of >or=87 cm was proposed for MS in this population. CONCLUSIONS: Serum insulin, CRP levels and (inversely) heavy smoking are predictors for abdominal obesity in Turkish men. Atherogenic dyslipidemia and elevated blood pressure are associated significantly already with modest rises in waist girth adjusted for age and smoking. Abdominal obesity shows substantial independence of IR in the development of MS. Increasing waist girth was predictive of MS, more strongly than of DM. Risk for CHD imparted by abdominal obesity is essentially mediated by risk factors it induces.     

2型糖尿病合并非酒精性脂肪性肝病与胰岛素抵抗及血脂代谢紊乱的关系

目的 分析2型糖尿病合并非酒精性脂肪性肝病( NAFLD)与胰岛素抵抗及血脂代谢紊乱之间的关系,并探讨诱发这些疾病的相关危险因素.方法 选取2型糖尿病患者200例,其中合并NAFLD者99例,未合并NAFLD者101例.测量身高、体重、腰围、臀围;检测肝酶、糖脂代谢指标,计算体重指数(BMI)、腰臀比以及改良的胰岛素C肽指数(HOMA-C肽),2组进行比较.结果 NAFLD组体重、BMI、腰围、臀围、丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶、甘油三酯(TG)、总胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇均明显增高(均P＜0.01),而年龄、病程、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇低于非NAFLD组(均P＜0.05).NAFLD组高脂血症尤以高TG血症发生率明显增加(P＜0.01).NAFLD组空腹和餐后1h血糖[(2.07±0.36对1.83±0.43) mmol/L,(14.04±3.96对12.59±3.90)mmol/L]、空腹及餐后1hC肽[(2.79±1.15对2.08±1.29) ng/ml,(1.33±0.45对1.12±0.54)ng/ml]、HbA1c[(2.09±0.33对1.96±0.28)％]、HOMA-C肽指数均明显增高(P＜0.05或P＜0.01).logistic 回归分析显示TG、BMI、ALT是2型糖尿病合并NAFLD的主要危险因素(P＜0.05或P＜0.01).结论 高TG血症、肥胖以及ALT升高增加2型糖尿病合并NAFLD的患病风险.     

Hepatic steatosis in overweight/obese females： New screening method for those at risk

AIM: To identify which parameters could help to distinguish the "metabolically benign obesity", which is not accompanied by insulin resistance (IR) and early atherosclerosis.METHODS: Eighty two of 124 overweight/obese females formed the study population, which was divided into two groups (52 and 30 subjects, respectively) with and without IR according to a HO meostatic Metabolic Assessment (HOMA) cut-off of 2, and were studied in a cross-sectional manner. The main outcome measures were waist circumference, serum uric acid, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol and triglycerides, alanine aminotransferase,blood pressure and the two imaging parameters,hepatic steatosis and longitudinal diameter of the spleen, which were measured in relation to the presence/absence of IR.RESULTS: A variable grade of visceral obesity was observed in all subjects with the exception of three. Obesity of a severe grade was represented more in the group of IR individuals ( P = 0.01). Hepatic steatosis,revealed at ultrasound, was more pronounced in IR than in non-IR subjects ( P = 0.005). The two groups also demonstrated a clear difference in longitudinal spleen diameter and blood pressure, with raised and significant values in the IR group. Metabolic syndrome was frequent in the IR group, and was not modified when adjusted for menopause ( P = 0.001). At linear regression, the β values of waist circumference and body mass index predicting HOMA were 0.295, P = 0.007 and 0.41, P = 0.0001, respectively. Measures of spleen longitudinal diameter were well predicted by body mass index (BMI) values, β = 0.35, P = 0.01, and by HOMA, β = 0.41, P = 0.0001. Blood pressure was predicted by HOMA values, β = 0.39,P = 0.0001). HOMA and hepatic steatosis were highly associated (rho = 0.34, P = 0.002). Interestingly, IR patients were almost twice as likely to have hepatic steatosis as non-IR patients. Among the MS criteria,blood pressure was very accurate in identifying the presence of IR (AUROC for systolic blood pressure 0.66, cut-off 125 mm of Hg, sensibility 64%, specificity 75%; AUROC for diastolic blood pressure 0.70, cut-off 85 mm of Hg, sensibility 54.5%, specificity 75%).CONCLUSION: As health care costs are skyrocketing,reliable and mainly inexpensive tools are advisable to better define subjects who really need to lose weight.     

The effects of clonidine hydrochloride versus atenolol monotherapy on serum lipids, lipid subfractions, and apolipoproteins in mild hypertension

The study objective was to determine the effects of monotherapy with clonidine and atenolol versus placebo on serum lipids, apolipoproteins, and blood pressure in patients with mild primary hypertension. The protocol comprised a double blind, randomized, placebo-controlled 5-month prospective study carried out in an outpatient general internal medicine clinic in a university medical center. There were 92 patients ages 18 to 70, with mild primary hypertension (sitting diastolic blood pressure of greater than 90 mm Hg and less than 105 mm Hg) without significant cardiac, renal, cerebrovascular, hepatic, neoplastic, or hematologic disorders. Patients with severe hyperlipidemia or peripheral vascular disease were also excluded. All factors known to effect serum lipids were held constant throughout the study (i.e., diet, weight, exercise, caffeine, tobacco). Atenolol and clonidine significantly reduced blood pressure when compared with placebo. Atenolol caused significant increases in serum triglycerides and apolipoprotein B (p less than 0.05) and significant reductions in high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, apolipoproteins A-I and A-II (p less than 0.05). Atenolol also induced a significant adverse effect on all lipid ratios, increasing total cholesterol/high density lipoprotein-cholesterol, low density lipoprotein-cholesterol/high density lipoprotein-cholesterol, apolipoprotein B/apolipoprotein A-I and apolipoprotein B/apolipoprotein A-II ratios and decreasing low density lipoprotein-cholesterol/apolipoprotein-B ratio (p less than 0.05). Clonidine caused significant reductions in high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, apolipoproteins AI and AII (p less than 0.05 but was neutral on all other lipids, lipid subfractions, and apolipoproteins. Clonidine did not significantly alter any of the lipid ratios.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Microalbuminuria in relation to the metabolic syndrome and its components in a Chinese population

Background

Although the positive relationship between insulin resistance (IR) and central obesity is well known, the direct relationship between waist circumference and IR is not clear yet and there is no consensus regarding the cut off value for waist circumference as a surrogate index for central obesity. The present study was aimed to determine the optimal cut-off value of waist circumference (WC) for predicting IR in reproductive aged Iranian women.

Methods

Using the stratified, multistage probability cluster sampling method 1036 women were randomly selected from among reproductive aged women of different geographic regions of Iran. Following implementation of exclusion criteria, complete data for 907 women remained for analysis. Insulin resistance was evaluated by the homeostasis model assessment (HOMA-IR) and its cut off value was defined as the 95th percentile of HOMA-IR value for 129 subjects, without any metabolic abnormality. The optimal cut-off of WC in relation to HOMA-IR was calculated based on the receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve analysis using the Youden index and the area under curve (AUC).

Results

The mean age of the total sample of 907 subjects was 34.4 ± 7.6 years (range, 18 - 45 years). After adjustment for age the odds ratios (OR) of elevated HOMA-IR were progressively higher with increasing levels of waist circumference; the age adjusted OR of IR for women with WC > 95 cm in comparison to those subjects with WC < 80 cm, was 9.5 (95% CI 5.6-16.1). The optimal cutoff value for WC predicting IR was 88.5 cm; with a sensitivity and specificity of 71% and 64%, respectively.

Conclusions

Waist circumference is directly related to insulin resistance and the optimal cut-off value for waist circumference reflecting insulin resistance is considered to be 88.5 cm for reproductive aged Iranian women.